Darwin.

Evolution theory.

How many rich meanings do these six words have?

Darwin's theory of evolution is a "great synthesis" of biological science, which marks the complete formation of biological evolution thought. Since then, biological science has entered a brand-new historical period.

It was the most scientific and perfect theory of evolution under the historical conditions at that time, and it was the main theoretical basis of modern evolution. It was on his theory, coupled with the theory of genetics, that the modern scientific theory of evolution was established.

Creationism and species invariance have been dealt an unprecedented blow.

Charles Darwin, 1809, was born on February 12, 2002, in Herlopshire, England.

His grandfather was a doctor, a naturalist and a poet. Grandfather once expressed his theory of evolution in his poems, and he was also one of the pioneers of evolution. He has also published many books such as Zoology.

Darwin's father is a generation of famous doctors with profound attainments and profound knowledge. Darwin's mother is the daughter of a porcelain collector. She likes planting flowers and trees.

Darwin grew up in a family with a strong tradition of natural history. His grandfather and grandfather were members of the British scientific community, and they were closely related to inventor Watt, chemist priestley and engineer Bolton.

Darwin liked nature since he was a child, and he was very playful and his grades were not good. Even parents and teachers think that his intelligence is relatively low and they don't have much hope for him.

Darwin entered a missionary school, but he was not interested in studying the Bible. He likes all kinds of natural objects in the wilderness or on the beach, as well as fishing, touching birds' eggs on trees and collecting other objects.

What makes adults even more angry is that he likes hunting, raising dogs and catching mice, so much so that his father angrily reprimanded him: "If you go on like this, you will bring shame on our family."

/kloc-before the age of 0/6, Darwin went to a prestigious school, but he learned nothing. But in his mind, there is also such a view: nature was created by God, and God deliberately created the earth for the survival of mankind, and once God created the earth, the species of the earth will never change.

1825, Darwin, 16 years old, was sent by his father to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine and inherit his ancestral business. However, Darwin didn't like medicine and even felt dizzy. During this period, his main achievement was reading Mark's books on evolution and mastering a lot of biological knowledge.

The father transferred his son to the Christian College of Cambridge University to study theology, hoping that his son would become a decent priest. However 1828, Darwin did well when he first entered the seminary. Before long, he began to hate theology and wanted to change his subject.

Father got angry and left him alone. Thus, Darwin spent three years in Cambridge. In Darwin's own words, these three years have been "completely wasted". He gambles, hunts, drinks and plays with some rich loafers.

However, he has gained something in the past three years, that is, he met a botany professor Henslow and a geologist sedgwick. He prefers to study biology and geology.

Before 183 1 left Cambridge, Darwin and sedgwick went to North Wales for a geological survey. In this investigation, he actually used and mastered the scientific thinking method: drawing general conclusions from facts and summarizing and analyzing abstractly.

183 1 August, a major turning point in Darwin's life came. The British Navy's Beagle is going to South America for investigation, mainly mapping maps and investigating hydrology. The ship is short of a naturalist. So Professor Henslow recommended Darwin to go. In this way, Darwin excitedly went to his post.

It is said that thanks to Professor Henslow, the captain and Darwin's father didn't agree at first.

183 1 10 On February 27th, the ship Beagle sailed from Devon, England, crossed the Atlantic Ocean to South America, first arrived in Brazil, stayed on the coast of South America for about two years, then crossed the Pacific Ocean from the Galapagos Islands on the west coast of South America to New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, then bypassed the Cape of Good Hope from the Indian Ocean and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to return to Brazil.

In this way, I spent five years traveling around the world and returned to England on June 1836.

Everywhere he went, Darwin actively took away all kinds of biological and geological specimens. He saw: First of all, a huge ancient animal fossil was found in the stratum of Pumba in South America, which has many collection characteristics of modern animals. Secondly, most creatures in the Galapagos Islands have the characteristics of South American creatures. In particular, the creatures of the islands in the archipelago are slightly different. He examined 14 ground finches and found that these birds were similar to those in South America. He further proved that these ground finches did come from South America, and they changed in order to better adapt to the environment.

In addition, when Darwin was in South America, he observed a clear clue: closely similar species gradually changed from north to south.

Ryle's geological principles helped Darwin even more. He accepted the idea of geological gradual change. From the book, Darwin deeply understood the method of comparative history.

Species are so diverse and changeable that Darwin thought that species can only be assumed to be gradually mutated.

Darwin established the seeds of gradual evolution of species in these five years. He said: "When I was sailing on the Royal battleship as a naturalist, I saw some facts about the geographical distribution of creatures and the geological relationship between ancient and existing creatures in South America, and I was deeply moved by them." These have become the dawn of the mysterious origin of species.

Darwin's most direct thought is: What did God do to create these similar, complex and uneconomical species?

When he returned to England, Darwin was already a mature and elegant gentleman. He is well-trained, knowledgeable and personable. Father was overjoyed.

Darwin became a famous geologist by sorting out the investigation report. 1838, Darwin was elected secretary of the Geological Society.

At this time, he has not found a rigorous and credible explanation and proof of evolution, but the viewpoint of evolution is becoming clearer and firmer.

1838, Darwin formed his own happy and harmonious family, and he married his childhood cousin Emma. Their family is very close, but because of the marriage of close relatives, Darwin's children have physical defects, which often add trouble and anxiety to the elderly.

Darwin's family was well-off and rich, and his elders gave them a lot of money, which enabled Darwin to do research at will. After their marriage, they settled in Tang Village, a suburb of London. There, Darwin further sorted out information and studied evolution.

1838, the theory of population jumped into Darwin's eyes. Population theory is the work of Malthus (1766~ 1834), which studies social and human problems.

Malthus believes that human beings have fought and competed for resources and survival, which may lead to both negative consequences and positive effects. If it is not controlled, the population will increase geometrically, while the grain can only increase arithmetically. This imbalance will eventually lead to overpopulation, and then there will be hunger and plague to balance control.

This concept of natural selection and survival of the fittest suddenly touched Darwin. Darwin said: "From the month of 1838 to the month of 10, that is, 15 months after I started systematic research, I occasionally read Malthus's" Population Theory ",originally for recreation, and because of long-term observation of the habits of animals and plants, I have good conditions to experience the struggle for existence that is going on everywhere, so I. The result is likely to be the formation of new species. So I finally have a theory. "

In this way, under the influence of Ryle and Malthus, Darwin wrote an outline in 1842. 1844, he wrote a long outline, and the theory of life evolution based on natural selection has begun to take shape.

However, it took Darwin another 65,438+00 years to reconsider this issue. He is a rigorous person and should continue to observe and study artificial selection and variation. To this end, he did a lot of experiments. He wants to write a famous book with sufficient reasons and clear logic.

1857, Darwin comprehensively discussed this issue in his letter to Asha Gray. However, something unexpected happened, because the viewpoint of evolution has been widely circulated, so many people are aware of this problem. Ryle urged Darwin to hurry. When Darwin started, he received a letter and a paper.

Wallace, a young biologist, asked Darwin to give his opinion and recommend it for publication on the premise of value. Darwin took a closer look, and it turned out that he had been thinking about the problem for 20 years. The most surprising thing is that many words and sentences seem to be said by Darwin himself.

Later, I learned that Wallace was younger than himself 14 years old, and I also inspected the species in the islands and read the population theory. No wonder so. So Darwin was ready to give up his plan. He thinks Wallace can publish an article. This kind of mind is impressive.

After learning about this, Ryle published Wallace's paper and Darwin's two outlines, and then persuaded Darwin to step up his writing. In this way, an epoch-making masterpiece that almost aborted was born.