Cultivation techniques of peach trees-high quality and pollution-free cultivation techniques of peach trees
Abstract: Peach is one of people's favorite fruits, which is not only gorgeous in appearance, delicate in meat quality, but also rich in nutrition. Peach has wide adaptability and is not strict with soil. Mountain, plain and sandy land can be cultivated, both north and south. Early fruit, high yield and early income. It is an ideal choice to optimize planting structure and improve fruit industry income. According to my years' research on the high-quality pollution-free cultivation techniques of peach trees, this paper introduces the high-quality pollution-free cultivation techniques of peach trees from the aspects of variety selection and pollination tree configuration.
[Keywords:] variety selection, reasonable pruning, pollution-free cultivation
[China Library Classification Number] S662. 1 [Document Identification Number] A [Document Contribution Number]1003-1650 (2015) 06-0155-0/kloc.
1 Correct selection of varieties is the key to cultivation and benefit.
In order to ensure the cultivation benefit, it is necessary to select suitable fine varieties first. If the variety is wrong, all the financial, material and energy invested will be wasted. As fruit farmers, we should consider the following three issues when choosing varieties: first, the advanced nature of varieties themselves; Second, varieties should have good adaptability; The third is to have market potential. Otherwise, it is useless for us to appreciate the fruit ourselves. Therefore, we think that Zhong You 16, Qingyan 1, Hongtian, Chongyang Red, Rose Red, Super Red Pearl and other high-quality peaches should be mainly selected in Huanghuai area of China. The above peach varieties generally have the advantages of advanced characters and great market potential.
2. Rational density and correct planting of pollinated trees
2. 1 planting period and planting density
Peach trees can be planted from autumn defoliation to spring germination, but they should be planted early. Early planting can make fruit seedlings heal wounds in time, grow new roots early, provide nutrients for fruit seedlings to branch and spread leaves in time, and the plants grow rapidly.
Planting density should be determined according to the site conditions, management mode and variety characteristics in the park. Generally appropriate? Wide row and narrow plant? The planting method is 2-3 meters between plants and 4-6 meters between rows.
2.2 Configuration of pollination trees
Although the self-pollination rate of most varieties is relatively high, the yield and quality of cross-pollination have improved. Especially for varieties with less pollen, it is more important to configure pollination trees. The ratio of main varieties to pollinated varieties is 4: 1-8: 1. The main varieties and pollinated varieties can be cultivated in determinant form or in the form of 1-2 plant spacing center point.
2.3 Soil preparation and planting methods
Before planting, make the garden into ridges or ridges according to the row spacing, and clean the ditches between the ridges. The ditch is generally 30 cm deep and 40-50 cm wide, and the side ditch is connected with the side ditch to facilitate irrigation and drainage. When planting, first pull the wire at the top of the border according to the row spacing, and dig 80 cm square planting holes. If the soil is barren, it is advisable to dig big pits, increase fertilizer and change soil to improve the soil. In areas with heavy rainfall or clay land, it is best to dig through the drainage ditch before planting to facilitate drainage in rainy season and prevent rotten roots and dead trees.
The general fertilization standard for soil preparation is 5000kg farmyard manure+100kg phosphate fertilizer per mu. According to the calculation of each plant, not less than 100 kg of farm manure plus 1 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and fully mixed with soil. When backfilling, fill the surface soil first, and then fill the core soil after mixing with the base fertilizer. In the south or areas with high groundwater level or heavy rainfall, desktop planting method can be adopted, that is, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out according to the above method, and planting holes or ditches are filled with backfill soil. Then cultivate the soil and plant seedlings at the top of the planting hole or ditch so that the roots of the seedlings are 20 cm above the ground. When planting seedlings, the roots of seedlings should be spread out and the seedlings should be righted. When cultivating the soil, we should lift it gently and put it down slowly, so that the root system can be fully and closely combined with the soil, and sufficient root water can be poured. The root system should be cultivated into steamed bread mound within 1-2 square meters to prevent dead seedlings or slow growth caused by accumulated water in the cave. No crops were intercropped within 2 meters around the trunk. Don't plant deep-rooted or tall-stalk crops in a 2-meter-square jacket. Row spacing can be intercropped with vegetables, beans, peanuts, potatoes, strawberries and other short crops to increase income.
3 Fertilizer and water management
The fertilization characteristics of peach trees are: early application, heavy application of base fertilizer and timely and appropriate topdressing. Young trees should not be biased to apply nitrogen fertilizer, and fruit trees should emphasize pre-flowering fertilizer and expanding fertilizer, and maintain a certain amount of potassium fertilizer. In production, basal fertilizer is usually completed in August-September, so it is not advisable to do it too early, otherwise the growth of autumn shoots will be large, which will affect the quality of flower buds. The application rate is 0/00-150kg of soil fertilizer or manure per plant, and 0.5- 1 kg of phosphate fertilizer or 0.5kg of compound fertilizer is mixed. Symmetrical ring hole method is adopted, that is, two holes with length, width and depth of 100 are dug symmetrically around the trunk at the outer edge of crown projection. 50? Fertilize a 35-50 cm round hole and cover the soil with water. Fertilization acupoints change every year, and fertilization will not be carried out in the same position for 5 years. On this basis, only 0. 1-0.2 kg of urea is topdressing for young trees in early June every year. One week before flowering, apply 0.1-0.2kg urea to each plant, supplemented by a small amount of potassium fertilizer or combined with spraying 0.5%-0.6% potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice. When the temperature is high, the concentration of spraying fertilizer should be reduced. After fruit picking, topdressing 0.1-0.2kg of urea per plant, adding appropriate amount of potash fertilizer, compound fertilizer or applying 20-30kg of human excrement in holes.
When applying base fertilizer in autumn or topdressing in early spring, part of 20% Zhuangguosu wettable powder can be properly added according to the variety, tree age and tree nutritional status, which can effectively promote fruit expansion, increase the weight of single fruit and improve fruit benefits. The use of su, which needs to be put forward, must be based on big fat water and thin fruit in place.
Note: In the hot and dry season, apply fertilizer according to the lower limit of fertilizer consumption and water it. Leaf topdressing should be stopped within 20 days after fruit harvesting. Drainage shall be carried out in time through ditches in rainy season, so as to prevent rain and water and ensure that there is no water in the park.
4 plastic decoration
Peach tree modeling and pruning, there are three main branches at the base and two main branches at the base. The pruning methods of the three main branches at the base are as follows: the stem height is 30-40 cm, which can be increased to 40-50 cm in the southern region. Three new shoots with uniform distribution, uniform plane distribution and strong branches were selected as the main branch culture. Sparse competitive branches, cross branches and overlapping branches. The rest of the branches control their growth by holding the branches and twisting the tips to help nourish the trees. When the trunk grows to 50-60 cm, pick the core to promote secondary branching. Cultivate fruiting branches on the main branches. The angle of main branches is not ideal, and proper positioning of branches will promote the basic formation after autumn.
The shaping method of two trunk shapes is to choose two main branches for each plant, which are separated from the left and right and extend into the row, with only two main branches. Can you refer to the culture methods of main branches and lateral branches? The shape of natural happiness? Based on plastic method. This method is suitable for wide row and narrow plant close planting garden. In the whole plastic surgery process, we should always observe the growth of branches and erase them as soon as they are found, so as not to affect the tree shape. Pruning is mainly based on light cutting and slow release, especially young trees. Summer scissors mainly solve the lighting problem. The big branches with small upper opening and shade should be thinned out as soon as possible, and should not be retracted for utilization, otherwise a large number of new shoots will be caused, which will affect the differentiation of flower buds. If the main branch is too long and idle, it can be opened by falling bricks and pulling ropes.
In order to ensure the early high yield of Wang Qiangshu, 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder can be sprayed 200-300 times in mid-May and early June respectively. Growing point of main spray branch. In order to increase the number of flower buds in the current year and improve the quality, it is necessary to cooperate with summer cutting and controlling potential to promote flowers.
When the tree is pruned in winter at the initial fruit stage, after removing pests and diseases, dead branches, overgrown branches and overlapping branches, only the peripheral main branches and the side branches planted on the main branches are lengthened and shortened, and other fruiting branches are not pruned, so that the fruit droops and new branches sprout from the back, and then they are recovered and updated in the next winter pruning. The winter pruning of 2-3-year-old trees is divided into three steps: 1, and new shoots that are open to the outside are selected at the top of each main branch along the elongation direction of the main branch for cultivation. When cutting in winter, there are strong outward buds for cutting, and the left and right sides of the main branch are equipped with corresponding side branches. 2. Remove the overgrown branches, diseased branches and dead branches from the back of the big branches and other parts of the borehole. 3, 2-3-year-old flourishing trees, generally thick fruiting branches with many flower buds can not be cut in winter, but for some horizontal or drooping fruiting branches or fruiting branches on trees with medium tree potential, they can be cut off at the flower buds appropriately. Pruning peach trees in winter at the full fruit stage for more than five years, on the premise of selecting and retaining regeneration branches, the length of fruit branches is slightly longer, about 1 m, with 6-8 flower buds; The weaker branches are about 10- 12 cm with 4-5 flower buds. Branches that are too strong and too weak are cut off.
5 Other management
5. 1 Measures to improve fruit setting rate
Strengthen autumn management, strengthen pest control and reduce autumn leaves. Pruning during the growth period can change the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the crown, enhance the storage of nutrients in the tree, enrich the development of various parts of flower organs, increase resistance and improve pollen activity.
Besides comprehensive management, spraying plant growth regulators after flowering can also improve the fruit setting rate.
5.2 flower thinning and fruit thinning
The fruiting rate of peaches is very high, especially for adult trees. The fruit setting exceeds the load and must be drained. Reasonable fruit thinning is one of the important measures to achieve stable, high-yield and high-quality peach.
The fruit thinning period of peach generally begins after the second physiological fruit drop, when the fruit setting is relatively stable and ends in hard core. Before fruit thinning, the reserve should be determined according to the comprehensive analysis of fruit setting, tree potential in the current year and yield over the years. Then the yield per plant is determined according to the fruit size and crown size of the variety. Generally, 3-5 long fruit branches, 2-3 middle fruit branches, 1 short fruit branches and bouquets do not bear fruit.
Generally, mechanical and chemical fruit thinning is not advocated, and artificial fruit thinning is adopted. The method of artificial fruit thinning firstly removes wilting fruit, small fruit, pest fruit, deformed fruit and pedicled fruit, and secondly removes leafless fruit near the fruit. The middle and upper fruits are better on the middle branches, and the top fruits on the middle and short branches are better. The fruit thinning sequence should be carried out from top to bottom and from inside to outside to prevent leakage and thinning.
Bagging should be done after fruit thinning and before the occurrence of main local fruit borers. You should spray pesticides and fungicides before bagging. The sequence of bagging has advantages, early maturity and late maturity, and low fruit setting rate can be bagged late to reduce the empty bag rate. Generally, 3-4 days before unpacking before harvesting, the bag is torn to facilitate coloring. Where the light is not good and the variety is not easy to be colored, the packaging bag can be torn and unpacked in advance.
6 pest control
Common peach diseases and insect pests include scab, leaf shrinkage and canker. The main pests are aphids, geometrid, mites, peach moth, peach moth. The comprehensive control measures are as follows: before germination, spray Pomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture once during flower bud expansion, or spray 1: 1: 100 times Bordeaux mixture. Spraying 2.5% imidacloprid powder for 2000-3000 times when the leaf buds germinate and the leaves are partially unfolded before flowering. After flowering, use 500 times 80% mancozeb wettable powder or 800 times 40% carbendazim gel suspension to spray pesticides once. When the Sophora japonica blooms at the end of April, the tip of the peach fruit borer is removed and pesticides and fungicides are added once. Trees with serious scale can be cleaned with a hard brush, and pesticides or limewater can be applied to biennial branches and trunks in winter. You can also use 1 part quicklime and 4 parts water to add sulfur mixture residue or sulfur powder or sulfur mixture stock solution. In mid-May, the middle and late-maturing peaches were treated with urea No.3 for 3000 times or hexaflumuron for 8000 times, or 30% peach Xiaoling EC 1000 times or 20% cyanogen EC 1000 times. Choose one of the above pesticides, and add acaricide and bactericide alternately to control fruit borers and pests. Repeated medication after the beginning of June. Usually once every half a month. It rains on the day of application, and it should be sprayed again after the rain. After fruit picking, it should still be prevented until mid-September. Before defoliation, apply 1: 1: 100 times bordeaux protectant to kill germs.
Click the next page for details >>& gt Peach Tree Cultivation Technology Paper