The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the separatist regime of princes since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established a unified multi-ethnic centralized state for the first time in the history of China, which was inherited and developed in the Western Han Dynasty.
economically
Initial economic development. During this period, the economic development was mainly in the Yellow River Basin of China, and then it began to move south.
Ethnic relations
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the effective management of frontier minorities was strengthened, the territory was expanded, and the economic and cultural exchanges between the mainland and the frontier were strengthened.
Diplomatic relations
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the communication with neighboring countries and regions was developed, the East Asian cultural circle with China as the center was expanding day by day, and the land and sea Silk Road was opened one after another, which made the Qin and Han civilizations spread to the west continuously.
The geography of Qin and Han dynasties has made great progress, and geographical works have created a new system. The earliest geographical work in the history of China is Shan Hai Jing, an ancient book by China, which was generally written by Chu or Bashu people from the middle and late Warring States to the early Han Dynasty.
In addition, this is also an absurd book. The author of this book has no detailed records.
Extended data:
Shan Hai Jing has extraordinary literature value, which provides a reference for studying China's ancient history, geography, culture and transportation at home and abroad, among which the mineral records are the earliest related documents in the world. Sima Qian first mentioned Shan Hai Jing. In the Biography of Historical Records in Dawan, he said that the contents in Yu Benji and Shan Hai Jing were too absurd to be used as a reference in making history.
It is pointed out in the Biography of Dawan that The Classic of Mountains and Seas is inconsistent with the actual geography at that time. References:
Baidu encyclopedia-shanhaijing.
How to study history, especially the history of Qin and Han dynasties, we must first understand history, combine historical facts and background, and make a comprehensive analysis of events or research objects (because all aspects are related, such as politics, economy, geographical environment and so on ~)
And compare before and after (what is the difference between before and after, what is the impact), sum up all aspects of it, and finally see if you understand it? What have you learned? What did you find? What did you get?
To talk about the history of Qin and Han dynasties, we can also look at it from the "two lines" that are often said in learning history, but we still have to combine three aspects!
(The so-called two lines are: 1. The contradiction between imperial power and relative power; 2. The conflict between the central and local governments. )
If you want me to see it, the history of Qin and Han dynasties is mainly about the central and local governments.
For example, we can carefully study the measures, effects and influences during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Let's stop here. I'm going to eat.
I hope my answer is helpful to you.
You are a Chinese teacher, right? I want to know about the postgraduate direction of history in the history department of your school. According to the plan of the Ministry of Education, there are eight two disciplines majors in history: historical theory and history, archaeology and museology, historical geography, historical philology, specialized history, ancient history of China, modern history of China and world history.
Every major needs a profound academic foundation and long-term accumulation of professional knowledge. Most graduates of this major work in institutions of higher learning, scientific research departments, state organs, press and publication and other cultural institutions or cultural relics and archaeological research, museums and other units.
Moreover, these units still have high requirements for academic qualifications. 1. The research scope of historiography theory and historiography history includes philosophy of history, China ancient historiography history, China modern historiography history, modern historiography thoughts, modern historiography research, historical classics research, academic master research, local chronicles, historical research methods, western historiography theories and methods, and western historiography history.
Cultivate senior professionals in historical theory and historiography who meet the needs of China's socialist construction, face modernization, face the world and face the future. Eventually, he will become a senior talent who can master the basic theories, methods and latest academic trends of this discipline, have the ability to engage in academic research independently, be competent in the teaching, research and management of history-related disciplines after graduation, and make exploration and research achievements with theoretical and practical significance in this discipline.
You can work in institutions of higher learning, scientific research departments, state organs, press and publication and other cultural institutions, cultural relics and archaeological research institutions, museums and other units. At present, universities offering this major in China include Peking University, Jilin University, Fudan University, Beijing Normal University, China Renmin University, Nankai University, East China Normal University and Tianjin Normal University.
2. The research object of historical geography is the relationship between man and land in historical period, which is an ancient and young subject, born out of traditional geography. Its research field is mainly divided into four parts: (1) the theory and method of historical geography, including the determination of subject attributes, geographical methods and historical methods.
(2) Historical physical geography research: including landforms, hydrology, climate, animals and plants, natural disasters, land and sea changes, etc. (3) Historical human geography research: including administrative region, territory, economy, city, population, transportation, military, society and culture.
(4) Research on historical and geographical documents: including handed down documents, lost articles and unearthed documents. The major of historical geography mainly cultivates professional knowledge to master the basic theory and system of historical geography, has the ability to independently engage in historical geography research, and can make theoretical and practical achievements in this discipline and related disciplines.
After graduating from the major of historical geography, you can engage in the teaching and scientific research of historical geography and its related disciplines in China, and you can also be competent in regional planning, environmental protection, press and publication, local chronicles and place names, water conservancy construction, and do special research for the decision-making departments of * * *. At present, Fudan University, Shaanxi Normal University, Peking University, China Renmin University, Xiamen University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Nanjing Normal University and so on offer this major in domestic universities.
3. The research object of historical philology is mainly all historical documents of Chinese language with historical value at all times and all over the world. It is a comprehensive subject with profound cultural background and broad development prospects. It discusses and studies the generation, development, expression and circulation of documents, as well as the content categories, arrangement and utilization of documents and even the digitalization of documents, and expounds its development law, summarizes its practical experience and then makes theoretical explanations. There are four main research fields: (1) the theory and methods of historical philology, including the determination of subject attributes, the construction of subject system and philology methods.
(2) The history of historical philology: including the historical context of the emergence, development, prosperity and change of philology, as well as the achievements and characteristics of each stage. (3) China's ancient ideology and culture: including the historical context of the occurrence and development of ancient academic ideology and culture, as well as the achievements and characteristics in various stages, especially in the Qing Dynasty.
(4) Document arrangement: including cataloging, editing, arrangement, compilation, discrimination and document digitization. Historical philology majors cultivate professional knowledge to master the basic theory and system of historical documents, have the ability to independently study historical documents, and can make theoretical and practical achievements in this discipline and related disciplines.
After graduating from the master's degree in historical philology, I can be engaged in the teaching and scientific research of historical documents and related disciplines in China, as well as the special literature sorting work, and I can also be competent for the work of publishing houses, news organizations and general administrative departments, with broad demand prospects. At present, domestic universities offer this major: Beijing Normal University, Lanzhou University, Anhui University, Xiamen University, Jilin University, Sichuan University, China Renmin University, Huazhong Normal University and Northeast Normal University.
4. The research directions of specialized history mainly include the history of Chinese frontier nationalities, the theory of Chinese frontier nationalities, the history of Chinese legal system and the cultural history of China. The research contents include: (1) China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times and has formed complex ethnic relations in the long-term historical development. All ethnic groups have made irreplaceable contributions to the territory of contemporary China, the formation of Chinese nation and Chinese culture. Correctly handling ethnic relations is still a major issue related to the political stability and economic development of today's country.
This subject focuses on ethnic origin, territorial layout, inter-ethnic relations, cultural contact and integration, population mobility, ethnic social changes, academic culture of frontier ethnic groups, ethnic theory and other issues in history, and advocates a multi-disciplinary and multi-perspective research paradigm. (2) China has accumulated extremely rich traditional culture, and China's traditional culture has made great contributions to the world's cultural treasure house, providing a strong spiritual impetus for the development of modern society.
This subject mainly studies the great achievements, inner mysteries, origin mechanism and interaction with social and historical development in the branches of ancient traditional culture in China. Through comprehensive, systematic, in-depth and accurate understanding and interpretation, we can summarize and inherit China's ancient excellent ideology and culture, and provide spiritual resources and reserve specialized talents for improving national literacy, forging national spirit, enhancing national cohesion, promoting the ideological and cultural exchanges between Chinese culture and other countries in the world, and enhancing China's influence in international cultural exchanges and competitiveness in the international community. This major has solid professional knowledge in the direction of frontier ethnic history and is familiar with China.
What is the source of literature, archaeology or something to study the history of Qin and Han Dynasties? The circulation of documents and archaeological discoveries are two main sources!
The limited literature handed down from ancient times was once a major factor restricting the study of Qin and Han history. In the past 50 years, a large number of major archaeological discoveries have completely changed the pattern of Qin and Han history research. Its role in promoting the study of the history of Qin and Han dynasties cannot be overestimated.
Since 1970s, three archaeological discoveries (Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips, Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of the First Imperial Tomb and Qin Nifeng) have brought treasures for people to study the legal system, mausoleum system, military system, official system, historical geography and so on of Qin State and Qin Dynasty.
With your new materials, with the help of the study of the Qin law heritage and related legal documents, historians can not only get a general understanding of the Qin law system (Li Jin's General Theory of Qin Law is a masterpiece), but also understand some major institutional issues.
For example, the age of records, the social status of male and female servants, the types and responsibilities of misers, the tax system, and ethnic policies. Academic research centered on Qin terracotta warriors and horses and Qin tombs has formed a scale, with Wang Xue as the center.
A group of scholars, represented by Li, Yuan, Zhang and Xu Weimin, have made remarkable achievements by using their information advantages. If we say that Lin Jianming's Draft of Qin History indicates that the study of Qin history can be taken seriously.
The series of "Qin Figurines and Qin Culture" published in the 1990s (30 planned and 6 published/kloc-0) is a concentrated display of research results in this field. Especially Qin
The book Catalogue of Historical Research Papers divides the research achievements of Qin history in this century into two parts: monographs and papers, and describes and introduces them in chronological order. The data collected is rich (the book has more than 600,000 words, and the collection limit is up to.
1June, 999), which is very convenient for retrieval and utilization. In recent years, the newly published materials (collected in Beijing "Museum of Ancient Pottery Civilization" and Northwest University School History Museum) have attracted great attention from academic circles.
Is Fudan University Historical Geography 20 14 an independent proposition? Yes, it is. 1. The following information is the main reference for the compilation of this outline: (1) National unified entrance examination for postgraduate students issued by the Ministry of Education in 20 13 (historical basis); 20 13 China academy of sciences postgraduate entrance examination (physical geography) outline.
(2) The materials released by the Graduate School of Fudan University in recent years, such as the enrollment brochure for the master of historical geography, the training plan for the master of historical geography research center, and the introduction of the course catalogue; (3) The professional setting of the Historical Geography Research Center of Fudan University and the examination materials such as the re-examination and mid-term examination of postgraduate students in recent years. 2. The main content of this syllabus examination consists of three parts: historical basis (China history), geographical basis (China physical geography) and professional knowledge of historical geography.
First, the nature of the examination The basic examination of historical geography is a unified entrance examination subject with the selection nature for graduate students of historical geography enrolled by the Historical Geography Research Center of Fudan University. Its purpose is to scientifically, fairly and effectively test the basic professional knowledge and basic theory of historical geography related disciplines mastered by candidates at the undergraduate level. The evaluation standard is the passing level or above that can be achieved by undergraduates in history, geography and other historical geography related disciplines in colleges and universities, which is convenient for Fudan University Historical Geography Research Center to select the best candidates and ensure the enrollment quality of master students.
Two. Examination objectives 1. Grasp the basic historical facts and understand the main process, basic clues and stage characteristics of China's historical development; Grasp the basic context of the evolution of geographical environment, and understand the main process, reasons and basic characteristics of the formation of natural geography and human geography in China. 2. Grasp the basic theory and correctly use dialectical materialism and historical materialism to analyze, compare and evaluate important historical events and historical phenomena; Can correctly use the scientific knowledge of geography, analyze and evaluate the evolution and process of natural, human and other geographical environments.
3. Understand the basic situation of the development and research of historical geography in China. 4. Understand the basic documents and materials of historical geography research, and analyze and explain them with scientific theories and methods.
Be able to identify the value, bias or limitation of data and obtain effective information. 5. The arguments are conclusive, rigorous, logical and accurate.
Ⅲ Examination Form and Paper Structure —— The full score of the paper and the full score of the examination time are 300 points, which are composed of "professional knowledge of historical geography" (required content, 150 points)+"history (China history)" or "geography (China physical geography)" (selected content, both are 150 points). The content of the selected test is answered by the candidates in any category.
Examination time 180 minutes. Second, the answer method The answer method is closed book and written test.
Third, the content and structure of the test paper history (history of China) is about 50%+ professional knowledge of historical geography is about 50% = 100%. Geography (physical geography of China) is about 50%+ professional knowledge of historical geography is about 50% = 100%. Fourth, the question structure of the test paper mainly includes: noun explanation, historical data interpretation, short answer questions. Ⅳ. The examination contents are divided into three categories: history (China history), geography (China physical geography) and professional knowledge of historical geography.
A history (the history of China) 1. Human and major cultural relics in prehistoric stone age II. Pre-Qin historical archaeology found the politics, economy, culture and its system and social structure in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. History of Qin and Han Dynasties During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the social and economic development, ethnic relations and frontier management of the Yellow River Basin were 4 pages. Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties History Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties political situation, economic development and ethnic relations Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties culture 5 pages. State system and social economy in Sui and Tang Dynasties, ethnic relations in Sui and Tang Dynasties and exchanges between China and foreign countries 6 pages. Politics and Economy of Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Countries 6. The establishment of Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin, Yuan, Liao and Jin and the relationship between the important political, social and economic systems of Song, Liao and Jin and other frontier situations; the unity of Yuan Dynasty and ethnic relations; the political, economic and social systems in Song and Yuan Dynasties and foreign exchanges in Song and Yuan Dynasties 7. History of Ming and Qing Dynasties (to the end of Qing Dynasty) The territory of political, social and economic systems and ethnic relations in Ming and Qing Dynasties, social and economic development, foreign relations and trade in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the invasion of China by foreign powers and the unequal treaties in the late Qing Dynasty, the frontier crisis and the disintegration of the tributary system, the modernization process and its influence "the spread of Western learning to the east" and the exchange culture of ideas, culture and science and technology between China and foreign countries in Ming and Qing Dynasties II. Geography Elective Examination (Physical Geography of China) 1. Basic concepts, principles and methods of geography, research objects, main branches and research contents of geography, basic forms of earth's crust structure, surface structure, crust structure and types, geological year representative, general situation of biological evolution on earth and natural geographical environment elements (climate, meteorology, water body, hydrology, landform, soil, vegetation, animals, etc.). ), concept, type, division, movement, distribution, change characteristics and their causes, disasters affecting geology, geomorphology, meteorology, biology and other phenomena and causes, spatial differentiation law of physical geography, regional concept and theory of physical geography division, theory and method of man-land relationship, history of major foreign geographical thoughts II. China's physical geography, China's topography (mainland, ocean), China's landform types, zoning and its basic characteristics, China's main climate types, zoning and its basic characteristics: China's main water system, distribution and its basic characteristics, China's main vegetation and its global changes, and China's dynamic geographic information system for physical geography research III. Professional knowledge of historical geography 1. Basic concepts, theories and methods, subject attributes, research objects, contents, methods and branches of historical geography in China: History of Historical Geography in China II. Historical and cultural geography of China: the evolution of territory and administrative divisions in past dynasties: central and local administrative systems; China history and national geography; Ethnic relations in past dynasties; The thought and practice of border management: the relationship between Chinese and foreign traffic routes and economy, trade and culture; Historical and economic geography of China and regional development of major agricultural areas in China: The development and changes of immigrants in China; History and demographic geography; Urban geography and towns in China: The development and evolution of rural system: China's historical culture and social geography (including regional society), China's historical military geography, transportation and commercial geography, the history of Chinese and foreign geographical thoughts, and China's ancient geographical classics 3. Historical physical geography of China, historical climate change of China, historical river landform change of China (including lakes and swamps) and historical plant geography of China.