Keywords: leading cadres' power management influence
Starting from the fundamental plan of ensuring the long-term stability of the party and the country, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that "efforts should be made to train and select outstanding young cadres, and efforts should be made to help them strengthen party spirit cultivation, theoretical study and practical exercise, and comprehensively improve their own quality." The author believes that this requirement not only clarifies the political responsibility of party organizations at all levels on this major strategic issue, but also points out the correct direction for the healthy growth of current leaders under the new historical conditions. Leaders who want to make contributions in the journey of building a well-off society in an all-round way and creating a new situation in Socialism with Chinese characteristics and live up to the great trust and lofty mission of the party and the people must strive to improve their own quality and effectively enhance their work influence.
First, leadership and the meaning of modern leaders
What is leadership? Or, what is the specific connotation of the concept of leadership? In this regard, the theoretical circle has not yet formed an indisputable authoritative definition. Etymologically, the word "leadership" comes from the English word "leadership", which means leadership and guidance. At present, when people use the concept of "leadership", they often understand it from different meanings, so the definitions are varied. Generally speaking, there are mainly the following viewpoints: First, the theory of leadership service or leadership activities. Some people think that leadership is service; Others believe that leadership is a series of activities that leaders lead, guide, organize, command, coordinate and control subordinates in certain forms and methods in order to achieve predetermined goals and complete predetermined overall tasks in a certain social organization or group. The second is the theory of leadership behavior or leadership relationship. Some people think that leadership is the behavior that the leader exerts influence on the led in a certain way and works together with the objective object to achieve the predetermined goal. Others believe that leadership is a special form of interpersonal relationship in society, that is, certain people and collectives lead and guide others or collectives in a certain way, which is reflected in the process of moving towards the goal of * * *. The third is the theory of leadership process. Some people think that leadership is the process in which leaders convince others by persuasion. Others believe that leadership is a process of motivating, organizing and controlling social behavior with the prestige, influence or status of the leader. Others believe that leadership is a behavior process in which leaders make full use of their influence to guide and lead the leaders to achieve the same goal under the premise of being consciously followed and obeyed by the leaders.
In my opinion, all the above definitions are reasonable. Because any leader is first manifested as an act or activity. And this kind of behavior or activity can't be one-off. This must be an uninterrupted and repetitive process. In the process of this behavior or activity, the leader and the led will inevitably form a certain social relationship. Therefore, I think it is more appropriate to define leadership as the behavioral process in which leaders exert influence on the led in some way and work together with the objective object or environment to achieve a certain goal. Therefore, leadership is an organization-oriented behavior, which can be divided into subject and object. The subject is the leader and the object is the leader. Without leaders, leadership cannot be achieved. A man's army is not a realistic leader. Any leadership behavior is carried out in a specific social and cultural environment, and the cultural concept, value pursuit, goal selection, goal reference and the way to achieve goals of the leader and the led are all influenced and restricted by the level of culture, politics and productivity. The behavior of the same leader in different environments should be different.
So, what is a leader? As the name implies, a person is also a person with some kind of leadership responsibility. And this kind of person's identity plays a role by virtue of its own morality and influence, and is recognized by the masses. Under normal circumstances, he is recognized by the masses as having both ability and political integrity, and his social status is equivalent to that of a leader. It can be concluded that modern leaders are individuals or collectives who perform certain leadership positions in modern social management activities. In other words, modern leaders are individuals or collectives who occupy a certain position in modern social organizations, assume certain responsibilities and represent the interests of a certain group of people. Modern leaders are the main body of modern leadership activities, occupying a leading position and playing a leading role in various elements of leadership. Modern leaders generally have the characteristics of holding office, having power, being responsible, being innovative and having multiple roles.
In other words, modern leaders are commanders, commanders and organizers in the process of modern leadership. Power, responsibility and service are the three basic elements of a leader. Any leader has legal power commensurate with his position. Without power, it is impossible to implement leadership. Power is the most basic power of a leader. In this sense, a modern leader is a person who is given certain power by the organization and uses this power in a specific period. The power of modern leaders includes two categories: legal power and ruling power. Compulsory right, legal right and reward right belong to legal right, while expertise right and personal influence belong to adjudication right. Coercive force is a kind of power based on the fear of the leader, which requires its members to abide by and implement the norms or orders of the organization by coercive means. Let the leaders realize that disobeying the boss's orders will be punished. Coercive force is necessary to maintain the order and development of its organization, and it is also necessary for leaders to achieve leadership. However, the coercive effect of coercive force is limited. Beyond a certain level, the abuse of coercive power will become absolutism, and it will inevitably lose people's hearts and lose leadership. With the development of people-oriented management, the democratization of management is a new trend of management development, and the scope and degree of coercion will become smaller and smaller; Statutory power is a kind of power formally granted to leaders by organizations. Leaders, whether appointed or elected, have legal power and scope; Reward right is a kind of right to grab the material or spiritual needs of members, which is opposite to mandatory right and is mastered by leaders. In my opinion, to be an effective leader, it is not enough to have only the right of legal system, but also the right of domination, which is determined by the personal morality and talent of the leader. The right of expertise consists of the sense of respect and admiration formed by the leader's certain professional knowledge and special skills. Personal influence refers to the influence of leaders' excellent moral quality, work style, diligence and honesty, selflessness and other factors. Practice has proved that the influence of modern leaders is the most important force to achieve effective leadership.
Second, the meaning and characteristics of the influence of modern leaders
Stephen R Covey, the most famous American leader, believes that the essence of modern leaders' influence is their leadership ability. Or "the talent of a modern leader is his influence, and a real leader is someone who can influence others and make others follow him." According to modern leadership theory, "the influence of modern leaders mainly comes from two sources. The first is the influence of power. This influence is related to the position. Where there is a position, there is a right; where there is no position, there is no right. It includes punishment right, reward right and legitimacy. The second is the influence of non-power. This influence has nothing to do with the position, but only depends on the personal quality. It includes the right to set an example (noble character, excellent style) and the right to expertise (rich knowledge, excellent technology and extraordinary ability). " The author mainly studies the second aspect in this paper, that is, the non-power influence of modern leaders.
The influence of modern leaders mainly has the following characteristics: First, the times. The influence of modern leaders has grown up under the specific social and historical conditions in modern times, so they are bound to be deeply influenced by factors such as politics, economy, culture, science and technology, ideas and so on, thus inevitably branding them with that era. The second is comprehensiveness. The influence of leaders is a comprehensive reflection and embodiment of their political thoughts, knowledge level, personal talents, moral quality, cultural literacy and other factors. The above factors interact, influence and restrict each other in leadership activities, which makes the influence of leaders present comprehensive characteristics. The third is the hierarchy. Different levels of leadership positions have different rules of leadership activities. Therefore, leaders at different levels should have different influence. The fourth is plasticity. The influence of any leader is not immutable. It will constantly change with the change of the subjective and objective conditions of the leaders themselves. The fifth is diversity. Leadership positions in different fields, positions and levels have different rules of leadership activities, so objectively, leaders with different influences are required to enrich each leadership position, so that the influence of leaders presents the characteristics of diversity.
Third, the significance of the influence of modern leaders in management activities
Power is the foundation of management, and reputation is the premise of management. Without power, management cannot be carried out, but management is not only the use of power, but also the personal influence of managers. Therefore, without influence, there is no authority. Real authority is based on the reverence, belief and dedication of managers, and it is impossible to establish the influence of managers by forcing orders. With the development of people-oriented and democratic management, the use of coercive power is gradually weakening, and it is against the development of the times to use only management means such as control, coercion and supervision. Therefore, modern leaders emphasize that the essence of leadership is influence, or that the essence of leadership is communication. Both of them have the same characteristics, that is, they emphasize that only leaders with high prestige and prestige have extraordinary leadership influence, which is of great significance in modern management activities.
(a) is conducive to the communication between modern leaders and subordinates, workers.
The establishment of a leader's influence is first of all a communication process, which can only be realized after he has gained the trust of the masses through his words and deeds, his own quality, the fairness of dealing with problems, his working methods and efficiency. In modern management, leaders who are not good at communication are not good leaders. Pinker believes that communication includes information communication and emotional communication. Communication is a two-way interaction. Information communication helps managers to keep abreast of the business dynamics, internal production and external market changes of enterprises, so as to make corresponding strategies according to the information they have. Without information communication, it is bound to bring disadvantages to the unit, and even in such a competitive era, it may be a disaster. Emotional communication is a manifestation of attaching importance to people. Emotional communication between top leaders and middle leaders, between top leaders and employees, and between unit leaders and employees has attracted more and more attention from management scientists. Emotional communication is of great significance to further establish leadership prestige and improve leadership influence and appeal. The higher the influence, the easier it is to communicate, and the better the communication, the higher the influence.
How to communicate? Confucianism believes that everything in the universe is in a harmonious state, and everything is interactive and interrelated; Yin and Yang in the universe are complementary, and the relationships between people in society, including those who rule others, officials and people, and leaders and leaders, are also complementary, just as Yin and Yang cannot exist alone, so are monarch, officials and people, and leaders and leaders. For this reason, leaders should have "benevolence" and "love" for the people, instead of absolutizing the relationship between superiors and subordinates and emphasizing sympathy from top to bottom. Only when the people above have to go down to the people will they have sympathy. For example, in the Book of Changes, the Thai hexagrams are dry on Kun, dry for the sky, dry for the land, and dry on Kun. From the point of view of everything in the universe, the light yang rises, the heavy yin falls, and the upper and lower are sympathetic, so it is prosperous; As far as social affairs are concerned, it symbolizes that the superior leaders go deep into the grassroots, the people, the workers, the people's feelings, and the needs and aspirations of the workers. Such leaders win the support of workers and are easy to communicate with. Therefore, the Thai haiku says: "Up and down are concentric, up and down are connected", that is, up and down are concentric, up and down are concentric, winning the hearts of the people; Another example is money melon. Thousands of hexagrams are mountains, and the mountains are above the ground, but thousands of hexagrams are below the ground, which is like modesty. Divination is "constant, a gentleman has an end". "Heng" is also a level. It symbolizes that leaders have the image of humility, winning people, communicating with people and winning people's support, so leaders are prosperous and have good results. Secondly, we should implement the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", treat people with sincerity and loyalty, respect employees, don't do to others what you don't want, take care of your heart, don't impose what you don't want on employees, let employees be satisfied with what you want, and let employees develop what you want, that is, "If you want to stand up, you will get people." By taking care of others, it is easy to communicate with subordinates and employees. According to the Confucian principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", we should also be strict with ourselves and others, just as Confucius said, "Bow from the thick, and blame others lightly." Han Yu also said, "An ancient gentleman is responsible for himself, but also pays attention to Zhou (all) and treats others lightly (about, less). Being strict with yourself and being lenient with others is one of the important conditions for communication. In interpersonal communication, or problems or mistakes in work, we should do more self-criticism and admit our own shortcomings, so as to communicate with subordinates easily. Han Yu also said: "In the absence of a gentleman today, it is also detailed (detailed) to blame others and inexpensive (simple) to oneself. It is difficult for an old friend to do good, but it is not expensive to take it. On the contrary, if a person severely blames others and forgives himself, he thinks that everything is right, all achievements are his own, and all shortcomings and mistakes are others'. Such leaders are divorced from the masses, let alone communicate with subordinates and workers, and what influence has been formed.
(B) is conducive to the effective play of the power of modern leaders.
The power of modern leaders should be realized through practice and the interaction between leaders and leaders. An influential leader, nobody listens to what he says. An influential leader, people sincerely obey him and trust him, so his orders and plans, his subordinates are willing to seriously implement, convinced that following his instructions, will certainly achieve benefits and success. I once read such a true story in an article. During the Cultural Revolution, the author worked as a theory teacher in the propaganda department of a factory. There is a workshop manager who always keeps a straight face. The author thinks his face is not smiling. Later, someone told him that the person in charge regarded a straight face as "serious" and thought that it was necessary to be "serious" to have influence, and he dared not smile at the employees and dare not fight with them. Because of this wrong idea, the person in charge of this workshop is out of place with the workers, has no influence at all, and no one listens to what he says, so he can't play his leading role smoothly. Thus, does the power of leadership come from keeping a distance from the leadership or from communicating with the leadership? Obviously it is the latter rather than the former. In good times, especially in adversity. An influential leader has become the backbone of the masses in times of difficulty, adversity and crisis. He can lead the masses to overcome difficulties, get out of difficulties and turn the corner, because he has won the support of the masses, he can unite the hearts of the masses, and the masses will undoubtedly follow him, convinced that the dawn must be ahead. Influence is a prerequisite for modern leaders to exert their leadership.
According to Confucianism, leaders should be "self-disciplined", and only "self-discipline" can have prestige and influence. With influence, leadership can be played more effectively. In Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong, Wei Zhi emphasized that governing the country should be based on the source, and what the source is is called virtue and righteousness. Wei Zhi suggested that Emperor Taizong should be "dedicated", not "indulgent in pride", "dedicated to wuyue as a whole, proud to be the same as flesh and blood", dedicated to making friends with others, and proud to betray relatives with others. In this case, even if "Dong (the governor) severely punished them and angered them", people would be dissatisfied and could not achieve effective management. Wei Zhi put forward ten principles of self-discipline to Emperor Taizong: "If you want to do something, you must think of Zhi Zhi to help others;" If you are high-risk, you will be modest and self-sufficient (self-cultivation); If you are afraid of being full, you will think of rivers and seas; If you travel by music disc, you will think of three drives (Zhouyi: Wang uses three drives, which means that you are not close when hunting); If you are worried about slacking off, start cautiously and end with respect; If you care about harmony, you will think modestly; If you are afraid of evil, just think about it; If you add grace, you will think there is no reason to be happy; If you are punished, you will be punished without anger. "Wei Zhi believes that if we can achieve the ten principles of self-discipline full of benevolence, righteousness and morality, the wise will do their best, the brave will do their best, the benevolent will benefit widely, and the believers will be loyal, so as to achieve the effect of' hanging arch rule'.
(C) is conducive to modern leaders to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees.
The influence of modern leaders can set an example among workers and play an exemplary role. The power of example is infinite, and it has a great role in inducing, prompting and inspiring. People's enthusiasm comes not only from material stimulation, but also from spiritual needs, including the return of leadership influence. A role model should be manifested in actions, not just verbal promises. According to Mr Gong Jinhua, director of Sichuan Tobacco Monopoly Bureau and general manager of Sichuan Company of China Tobacco Corporation, the core of a leader's exemplary role is to set an example. He believes that a leader should play a good exemplary role in four aspects, namely: firm ideals and beliefs, play an exemplary role, and cast a solid spiritual pillar; Strengthen spiritual cultivation and give play to the exemplary role of being a man; Correct use of power plays an exemplary role in practicing the party's purpose; Paying attention to learning has an exemplary role in improving theoretical quality and cultural literacy. Gree, as a leader, plays an exemplary role and is a silent command, which can completely play the role of "having orders but not doing them". It is a huge spiritual motivation factor. A leader who is selfless, honest and self-disciplined, hard-working and diligent in running an enterprise must be a person who has won the trust of employees and has lofty influence. According to newspaper reports, director Jiang Zhongyang of Shanxi Datong Automobile Factory is such a leader. Under the influence of director Jiang, many workers have made selfless contributions to the revitalization of the factory. For example, Yang Jianguo, a salesperson, suffered from oral melanoma and had five operations in Beijing and Taiyuan. Although the leaders and doctors advised her to rest, she still insisted on going to work. Because of his illness, he was not suitable for business work, so he volunteered to be a cleaner. She goes out early and comes back late every day and works hard. In order to save money for the factory and clean it, she picked up the waste paper on the ground and sold it before buying a broom. For another example, the welder got lung cancer, and the leader asked him to go to Beijing to see a doctor, but he didn't go; Let him rest at home, but he refuses to go to work in the factory. He endured the illness and fainted in the workshop several times. He worked hard for 106 days and wrote the last page of his life with his life. This cohesive force, which is influenced by Jiang Zhongyang, the factory director, and formed with the concerted efforts of Qi Xin, is the internal driving force for the revitalization of Datong Automobile Factory and the spiritual force to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees.
(D) is conducive to the realization of modern leaders' management goals.
Any organization, enterprise or company, its management purpose is to achieve the established goals. The realization of the goal brings benefits or benefits to the enterprise, and the continuous realization of the goal marks the development of the enterprise. An influential leader, the goal he set is easy to achieve, because he can easily establish a network with talents, and talented, skilled and idealistic talents all hope to realize their values and ideals under the authority of influential and knowledgeable leaders; An influential leader has a strong centripetal force and cohesion to the masses. He is easy to concentrate the wisdom of the masses and turn their creative spirit into material strength, so that they can form a strong cooperative spirit in the group and strive to achieve the goals of their own enterprises. The goals set by influential leaders are also easily accepted by the masses. The goal that is easily accepted by the masses must be realistic, have market demand and have benefits. In this way, the masses have enough confidence in achieving their goals, and they will certainly create wealth with great enthusiasm and achieve the goals of enterprises. Every progressive enterprise should have a strong and influential leading group, and there should be an influential monitor in this group.
Fourthly, the cultivation of modern leaders' influence.
With the development of humanism and management democratization, the exercise of leadership power will be more civilized and more in line with the requirements of human nature. It is wrong to think that you can command and control everything as long as you have power in your hands. The management practice of all countries in the world has proved that the real exertion of leadership power depends on prestige and influence. Therefore, how to use leadership power has become the focus of many management scientists, who put forward a new view that is completely different from the traditional view.
As far as management practice is concerned, we should focus on the management mode with China characteristics, establish a leadership theory with China cultural tradition and the characteristics of the socialist era, absorb the excellent qualities of advanced typical figures, and explore how to cultivate the influence of modern leaders. In real life, many leaders often pay too much attention to the use of power influence, that is, excessive use of legal power, compulsory power and reward power, while ignoring the use of non-power influence. Therefore, as a leader, while using power influence, we must also use non-power influence to make subordinates feel awe and achieve the expected purpose and effect. So, how can we have such influence? Below, the author will discuss this issue.
(A) Moral cultivation
Virtue here includes both political character and moral character. The ancients said: "Its body is upright and it goes without orders; His body is not straight, although he does not obey. "