Starworm is a small class of unsegmented worms.
Marine coelenterates. At present, there are about 16 recorded starworms in the world.
There are more than 250 genera and 36 species in China, belonging to 2 families and 8 genera. Starworm animal
There is only one starworm and one starworm, which are divided into four families.
They are golf, Coccidae,
Asteraceae and arachnidae. In ...
Golf has the largest variety, accounting for nearly half of the total. Starworm movement
Things mainly inhabit sand, sediments and rocks from intertidal zone to shallow sea.
Coral reefs and algae fields live in sedimentary sand and mud environments and in temperate zones.
It is distributed in tropical waters. Most species of starworm have economic value.
Value, not only is a high-quality natural bait for benthic economic fish and crustaceans,
Many kinds are seafood. Starworm (starworm)
Nudus) is processed into dried products, commonly known as "sand worms" and "sea intestines".
Precious seafood treasures. Echinococcus
Esculenta) can be made into jelly snacks, commonly known as "frozen bamboo shoots".
It is a unique traditional snack in southern Fujian, and its reputation is far-reaching. In the Indian Ocean ~
Edible starworm is widely distributed in tropical areas of the Pacific Ocean.
Something [1]. Because of its rich nutrition and taste, sipunculus has great economic value.
The road is delicious, and the development prospect of artificial breeding is broad. Currently at home and abroad
It has been used in the classification, morphology, histology and reproductive biology of starworm.
People have done a lot of research work, but its artificial seedling raising technology has not been reported so far. work
In this paper, the research progress of reproductive biology of starworm is reviewed, in order to be a starworm animal
It provides reference for the development of artificial seedling raising and aquaculture.
1 the reproductive process of starworm
The reproductive process of starworm animals can be summarized as follows: most starworms
This species is hermaphrodite, but the appearance of females and males is very similar. Siphon worm
The gonad is not obvious, located at the base of the contraction muscle, and its gamete is early.
Released from gonad, absorbed nutrient solution from body cavity fluid and developed.
Education. Mature gametes enter the renal duct from the body cavity through the peritrophic membrane of the renal duct.
After staying in the renal duct for a period of time, it is produced in seawater and brought out.
In vitro fertilization. The development form of starworm fertilized eggs is spiral cleavage, and its embryos
It develops into gastrula by invagination or outsourcing, and then there are some kinds.
It can directly develop into a young starworm, such as the dark sac star worm. , and
Most species of free-swimming bear wheel larvae must undergo yolk nutrition.
Insect (trochophore) stage, and then go through the second larva.
Body stage, commonly known as pelagosphaera.
Planktonic larvae developed from trochophore (except one species),
Usually they feed on plankton, which are usually very large (several millimeters long).
It lasts for a long time and can float for a long time. Development of floating larvae
The posterior ciliary ring replaces the anterior ciliary ring of the early trochanter larva and is bleached.
Floating and eating. The head and posterior ciliary ring of floating larvae can be retracted into the trunk.
At this time, the larvae of starworm are spherical, so some scholars will.
Floating larvae are called sea ball larvae. The floating larva morphs into the shape of a young starworm.
Physical changes include trunk elongation, tail organ disappearance and head elongation to form a snout.
And tentacles. From then on, the young starworm began to turn to underwater life.
The breeding season of Diptera
At present, the breeding season of starworm animals has been investigated and studied
Three genera and five species are reported, which are Sipunculus and Sipunculus respectively.
vulgare，Golfingia pugettensis，Phascolosoma agassizii，
P. luko
[2~6]
. The spawning period of common mackerel in Roskov, France
It's from June to September. In San Juan on the Pacific coast of Washington, USA.
The spawning period of the ticks is from 10 to 12. Also located
The spawning period of Agassishellfish population in San Juan Islands is from June to August.
The spawning period of Monterey Sea population in California is 3-5 years.
Month. The spawning time of channel catfish in Queensland, Australia is 12.
February to February of the following year. The bare square is produced along the Aoguan coast in Xiamen, China.
Starworm lays eggs from May to September every year, which is produced in Beihai City, China.
The population number of Sipunculus nudus in intertidal zone of Baihutou and Gaode sea area is as follows
Laying eggs from April to September. The above shows that the breeding season of starworm is not only related to species.
Class, but also related to the latitude of distribution.
Sex ratio of tristar worm
Most starworms are hermaphroditic, but there is no obvious difference in appearance.
Features. The diagnosis is usually made by anatomical examination of sperm and eggs in body cavity fluid.
Distinguish between men and women. There are few reports about the sex ratio of starworm.
At present, nudus nudus along the coast of Aoguan, Xiamen, China was reported only in August.
The sex ratio is 1: 1.
[7]
. In addition, the author makes a survey of the production in Tongan Bay, Xiamen.
Breeding season of Sipunculus nudus and Sipunculus deliciosus
The specimens in June were dissected, and the body cavity fluid was taken to distinguish between males and females.
The sex ratio is 1: 1.2, and the latter is 1: 1. Determine the sex ratio of the same species.
This difference may be related to different breeding months.
Germ cells of tetranychus tetranychus
Starworm is a kind of marine benthic organism with great variability, and its geographical ring
The adult size of the same species is also obviously different with different environments. Therefore, success
Mature egg cells are also different in size. For example, Florida, USA
Mature egg cell plane of Sipunculus nudus in Tampa Bay
The average diameter is120μ m.
[8]
, and China Xiamen Aoguan Coast is 155.
micron
[7]
, located in the intertidal zone of Baihutou and Gaode waters in Beihai City, Guangxi Province, is
170μm
[2]
No matter what kind of starworm, the yolk membrane of egg cells in its body cavity will change.
This is obvious, because the yolk membrane stores enough nutrients.
Future development of embryos and larvae. rice
[8]
Put P.agassizii's
The yolk membrane is divided into outer, middle and inner layers, while Zetian
[9]
And then G.ikedai
The yolk membrane is divided into two layers, the inner layer and the outer layer. Pay attention to the inner layer when the egg matures.
A diffusion substance is filled between the yellow membrane and the plasma membrane. Guo [7] thinks that eggs
There are two layers of yellow film in the early stage. With the growth of egg cells, the outer layer of yolk membrane
Transfer between the inner yolk membrane and the plasma membrane through the micropores of the yolk membrane to form
Three layers of yolk membrane. When the egg cell matures, the yolk membrane is double-layered.
This is because the original outer yolk membrane has completely transferred into the inner egg.
Because of porn.
On the developmental stages of female germ cells in starworm animals,
Gonce
[ 10]
He studied this on the basis of optical microscope observation, and he will
Egg cells in the body cavity of coccidia were divided into 6 groups.
Different stages of development. And Sawada.
[9]
According to the junction studied by electron microscope
Results: The coelomotor eggs of Eriocheir sinensis were divided into five different developmental stages.
Duan. Wu Bin [2] exposed light in the microscopic observation results after stained sections.
The coelom egg cells of Sipunculus nudus can be divided into five different developmental stages. Last/better/previous/last name
The research results are mainly based on histological characteristics. There are also some scholars.
According to other characteristics of egg cells, such as cell shape and yolk density.
Dividing the developmental stages of egg cells, such as Echinococcus.
[5]
Taxus agassima
[ 1 1]
As for the structure and development of male germ cells, the current research is
Not deep enough, basically limited to the level of the light mirror. rice
[ 1 1]
、
Gonce
[ 10]
, green
[4]
Scholars believe that the male reproduction of starworm is no problem.
In the primary spermatocyte stage, cells are expelled from testis, and spermatocytes are in the primary spermatocyte stage.
Divide twice in body cavity fluid to become sperm cells, which differentiate into
Sperm, in the form of sperm balls, exists in body fluid. The essence of starworm
This subgroup may be the same as many other coelom animals with sperm balls.
One was sent to the cell, cytephore.
[ 12]
. Wu Bin studied North China [2].
Sipunculus nudus from Buwan pointed out that male germ cells are good.
There are cell clusters in body cavities, and sperm cell clusters exist all the year round.
In the non-breeding season, the sperm cell mass is small, only 60~ 100μm, which is not bad.
The cells are tightly combined. In the breeding season, the sperm cell mass is large, with 150~200.
Micron, sperm cells are loosely combined. After the sperm falls off from the sperm mass,
Free in the body cavity and differentiate into mature sperm, the sperm head is 3~5μm,
The tail is about 30 μ m long, and the sperm in the body cavity can't swim and have no fertilization ability.
Force. These conditions are similar to Guo [7]' s research results on Sipunculus nudus produced in Xiamen.
The research report is consistent. As mentioned above, the sperm in the cavity fluid of Sipunculus is agglomerated.
Whether it exists formally or dispersedly and whether it is related to species remains to be studied.
Further study.
Embryology and Genetics of Five-Star Insects
The embryological study of starworm should be traced back to Germany.
[ 13]
work
As early as 1907, he studied the cleavage of G.vulgaris fertilized eggs.
The cell lineage was studied, and it was pointed out that the fertilized egg of this algae came from the third fertilization.
Cleavage begins, that is, it presents spiral division, and it is good to find 48.
There is an animal-like crossing in the cell phase, that is, four cells are formed in the animal body.
Rose-shaped, with four cross cells forming an auxiliary arrangement. There are two in each rose-shaped cell.
Intermediate units are connected with them and arranged in a line,
The other 32 cells form an annular area in two circles, which is the climax of the future and
Basal cells of the anterior trochanter. The spiral phenomenon of starworm egg cleavage began from the fourth time.
Division has just begun to appear. See you later, rice
[ 14]
Some studies are consistent with this.
This report. On the genetics of 48-cell annelid hybridization,
The foundation needs further study.
When starfish eggs divide, there is another special phenomenon, that is, four cells.
The small splitting ball may be larger than the big splitting ball, which is found in all six kinds of stars.
Found in insects, namely: common gram-positive bacteria, Phaeocystis hupehensis,
Scylla, Scylla, and Syzygium oblongata.
Paederus skrjabini and Paederus skrjabini
[ 1 1, 13, 15~ 18]
Early larval development and histology of starworm.
Planktonic larvae were once considered as free-swimming adult stars.
Insects, classified as the now dead geranium. Erguan
It was not until the 1960s that people began to study the early larval development of Eupolyphaga sinensis.
Great progress has been made since then. During this period, some scholars made a living.
Taking planktonic larvae as materials, many taxonomic fallacies in the past were corrected.
The morphology, development process and ecological habits of planktonic larvae are accurate.
Description and explanation of [19~2 1]. Hall and Shertema [19] according to the floating juvenile
The morphological structure of the body divides them into 10 different types.
Not a, b, c, e, f, j, l, o, p, s type. siphon worm
Floating larvae are part of marine plankton. In recent years, many schools
When studying plankton, researchers also pay attention to the morphology, distribution and division of planktonic larvae.
I have studied all the classes and so on. If floating starworm larvae are collected in the wild
Body, but it is not easy to identify which kind of starworm its adult belongs to, so it is necessary.
It should be confirmed by experimental observation that floating larvae are cultivated and metamorphosed into larvae.
Types of floating larvae of stargazers.
Since 1970s, American scholar Condoleezza Rice
[ 1 1]
In starworm embryos,
Research on larval morphology, behavior, histology and genetics has been completed.
A lot of research work has reported the research results of 15 species of starworm.
The developmental patterns of the early larvae of Sipunculus are summarized, that is, four ways: (1)
Directly, without going through the ciliated larva stage; (2) indirectly,
Trochophore is nourished by yolk and directly develops into a worm-like starworm.
(wormlike stage); (3) Indirect occurrence, responsible for yolk nutrition.
Wheel larvae metamorphose into floating larvae with yolk nutrition, and the latter develops into
Wormlike starworm; (4) Indirect occurrence, with yolk nutrition.
It transforms into a floating larva nourished by plankton, which takes a long time.
After a floating life, the body grows up, and after a second transformation, it becomes young.
Starworm (Jupiter form). Wormlike starworm will take some time.
Develop and become a young starworm. These four different ways reflect the stars.
Different directions of insect and animal evolution. rice
[22]
It is believed that the ancestors of starworm
First, there are eggs with high yolk and camps with low yolk.
Larval stage of nutrition and benthic plankton habits. From this major development aspect,
Type a, gradually differentiated in two directions, that is, increasing yolk and becoming straight hair.
Reproduction, or reducing yolk, prolongs the trophic period of plankton, which is called symbiosis.
Grafting development.
Different species of starworm have different shapes and health conditions.
Living habits. For starworm, because it develops into a front wheel.
Null cell is formed due to the extreme expansion of basal cells along the inner surface of yolk membrane.
The unique structure of the spider wheel, that is, the cilia of the anterior rotor are covered by the whole.
Larval surface [7]. The wheel of other starworms is in the larva.
A part forms a wheel belt around the larvae, such as herring,
Long-leaved wood, common wood, etc.
[ 13, 16]
. Wheel-bearing
It is characterized by a tuft of hair at the top and cilia on the hair wheel.
The equatorial belt with prominent cells. Trochophore's metamorphosis leads to the second stage larvae.
Form, namely floating larvae. In the stage of floating larvae, back-loading rotation is dominant.
Important motor organs replaced the front shoulder chakra, and the mouth and anus opened to complete digestion.
Road, body cavity enlargement, tail attachment organ formation.
The envelope (yolk membrane) of some starworm animals plays an important role in embryonic development.
Verticillium plays an important role in the growth process, and it is used as a nutrient film.
Almost completely absorbed, and the rest participated in the ventral sulcus of planktonic larvae.
The formation of [3]. This is obviously different from the change of mollusk wheel.
Same. However, some species of starworm are overnourished during development.
The rest, the capsule disappeared. Such as the posterior part of echinococcosis cysticercus.
Part of the epidermis of the larva is in front [1 1], snakehead and g.
During the metamorphosis of the trochanter, the common capsule disappeared.
[ 13]
And p.
The capsule of agassizii becomes the stratum corneum of floating larvae.
[23]
Artificial propagation of septempunctata and its prospect
At present, the artificial propagation of starworm has not been reported abroad. country
It can be seen that Guo [7] uses the temperature-raising method and the dry-wet method to artificially promote cross.
In order to produce larvae, Wu Bin [2] obtained mixed fertilization of sperm and eggs by dissecting the renal duct.
Methods The floating larvae were reported. In recent years, the author has devoted himself to studying the common problems in China.
Two kinds of starworms with great economic value-Coriolus versicolor and light.
The artificial seedling raising technology of Sipunculus was studied, and induced fertilization was realized.
Preliminary study on artificial culture of embryonic development, trochophore and planktonic larva development
At the same time, we also cooperated with Quanzhou Dongshi Seedling Farm to develop delicious leather goods.
Artificial seedling raising of Ascomycetes in soil pond was carried out to obtain young Ascomycetes, and the culture experiment was carried out.
Testing. In recent years, due to excessive logging, environmental change and environmental pollution.
The resources of Sipunculus nudus and Sipunculus deliciosus decreased obviously. for
In this paper, the reproductive biology and artificial seedling raising technology of starworm will be deeply studied.
This study not only fills the gap in this field, but also opens up the prospect of industrialization for the increase and reproduction of starworm.
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