Mencius' political thoughts and principles are people-oriented, benevolent governance, that is, people are the foundation of the world, and the rulers should establish a system that every farmer has a hundred acres of land so that the people are not hungry or cold. As for the cruel monarch, he can be replaced. Mencius said: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light. So, Qiu Min is the son of heaven, the son of heaven is a vassal, and the vassal is a doctor. When the princes are in danger, the country changes. Sacrifice is complete, prosperous and clean, and sacrifice is timely. However, drought and water overflow will change the country. " (Chapter 14 of Mencius with all his heart) "Autumn" means complexity, and Wang Niansun's "Guangzheng" says: "Autumn is complexity." Mencius:' Rely on Qiu Min for the Son of Heaven'. "Zhuangzi Zeyang Chapter" says:' It is a custom for people who live in the mountains to have 10 surnames and 100 names.' "Interpretation of Names" said:' Four towns are hills. Those who climb mountains gather together. "The meaning of all people is also." "Qiu Min" refers to most people. In the era of Mencius, it refers to the broad class, mainly small landlords without official positions (that is, in opposition), including a large number of small farmers, small craftsmen, small businessmen and so on. The latter "country" in Mencius' passage is the land god and the valley god, while the former is synonymous with the political power evolved from the land god and the valley god. "Change", change is change, "Shuo Wen": "Change is more." "Stand" means to stand. Lu Chunqiu: "Do not set up a concubine's son", Gao: "Set it up." "Transposition" means staying where you are. Mencius believed that the people are the most important, followed by the state power, and the monarch is light. The "country" or "country" here is a country with princes and countries, not what we are talking about now. At that time, the Zhou royal family had been divided into two, and it had become a second-class small country, and the son of heaven had lost the ability to rule the world. In fact, it is no longer the "master of the world". All the great powers are vying for the world, and they don't care about the son of heaven at all. In fact, it seems that there is no son of heaven, so Mencius did not talk about replacing the son of heaven, but said that "when the country is in danger, the princes will move", and his "moving" is the supreme power. Mencius said that only by winning the support of the overwhelming majority can the world be unified. Because Mencius' people-oriented principle is to safeguard the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, it has won the support of the overwhelming majority of the people (in the early Warring States period, "the words of the world are not returned to Yang, but also to Mo", and Confucianism has declined, which is the best proof), thus forming the fearless spirit of Mencius' people-oriented principle, which is also the unique and most important independent personality spirit of intellectuals in the history of China at that time. This spirit lies in Mencius. Mencius also said: "When talking about adults, be reserved and don't take adults as lofty. The hall is several feet high and the questions are several feet high. Before dinner, the abbot waited on hundreds of concubines. I succeeded and was blessed. I like drinking, hunting, and riding in the back thousands of times. I succeeded, and so did I. On the other hand, I do nothing; I'm all ancient: what about me? "The so-called' in my case, everything was made in the past' means that we are on the side of most people. This spirit, in Mencius' words, is the "noble spirit" of his good cultivation. In the second chapter of Mencius Gong Sunchou, Gong Sunchou asked, "What is expensive?" Mencius replied, "It's hard to say. It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. It is also qi, which is consistent with righteousness and Tao; It's okay. I'm sorry, too. It comes from the collection of righteousness and also from the attack of righteousness. If you don't care, you will be embarrassed. " This lofty spirit of "supreme" and "supreme" is born of "collecting righteousness", that is, from his people-oriented "Tao" and "righteousness" In other words, Mencius' "noble spirit", that is, fearless spirit, is closely related to his people-oriented doctrine, which is inherent in his people-oriented doctrine itself.