Personality psychology paper 1500 words 1
On the Influence of Personality Psychology on Design Team Cooperation
Abstract: Teamwork refers to the process in which a group of specific people support each other and work together for a common goal in a specific team. At the same time, in the design industry, teamwork is an indispensable part. The sparks generated by the collision between creativity and different ideas are often the process of sublimation of the whole design. But the team in the design industry is different from other teams, because everyone in this team has more prominent personality characteristics than ordinary people, so the differentiation will be more obvious. But if we can achieve perfect cooperation and keep everyone's thinking relatively independent, the team will show unprecedented strength in generate.
Keywords: personality; Psychology; Team; cooperate
Personality psychology and team spirit are two relative concepts. As a branch of psychology, personality psychology can be simply defined as psychology that studies a person's unique behavior patterns. ? Personality? Usually translate? Personality? Psychologists translate it into? Personality? . ? Personality? Not only personality, but also faith, self-concept and so on. To be exact,? Personality? Refers to a series of consistent behavioral characteristics of a person. The characteristics of personality vary from person to person, so everyone has their own uniqueness. This uniqueness causes everyone to react differently to the same situation. Personality psychologists will study the characteristics and formation of personality, so as to predict its influence on shaping people's behavior and life events. And in 1994, Stephen? Robbins first proposed it? Team? Concept: a formal group of individuals who cooperate with each other to achieve a certain goal. In the next ten years, about? Teamwork? The concept is very popular all over the world. If teamwork is voluntary, it will certainly produce strong and lasting power.
Everyone belongs to a cluster with consistent behavior characteristics, but not everyone necessarily meets all the characteristics of this cluster, which is what we often call dual personality, so this paper will borrow Helen? Palmer's "Nine Personality" roughly classifies personality. The classification of personality is not limited to one or more personalities, and each personality contains defects, so it is an important part of teamwork to constantly improve oneself according to the defects of different personalities.
Nine personality types are summarized: perfectionist, devoted, accomplished doer, artistic romantic, intelligent observer, loyal skeptic, positive hedonist, leader and peacemaker. No matter what kind of personality has its own unique code of conduct and characteristics, it has its own special code in material and spiritual aspects. Therefore, it is very important to classify different partners with relatively correct personalities, especially summarize their respective behaviors, and arrange them to cooperate with each other wisely.
One of the most important factors of a design team is a reasonable division of labor. A successful design team often has the following four kinds of people: leaders, organizers, technicians and dreamers. Then, these four kinds of people play different roles in the design team.
First of all, in a design team, the position of leader is very important. A leader should not only have excellent business ability, but also take the overall situation into account, see the current situation clearly, and be able to clearly make correct decisions that are most beneficial to the long-term interests of the team. Among the nine personality types, nothing is more suitable to be a leader than a competent leader. Its characteristics are: pursuing power and having a sense of justice. Like to do great things; Is an absolute activist who takes action to solve problems as soon as he meets them. Aggressive, self-centered, despising cowardice and respecting the strong. However, this article says that any personality has its inevitable weaknesses. When cooperating with such people, partners should pay attention to protecting their strong self-esteem and communication characteristics, and what needs attention is to control the expansion of their vanity and avoid impulsive harm to others.
In the second part of the team, the choice of organizers should be diverse, and people with the following personalities can be qualified for this job, which means that the organizers have a wide range of work. This team position needs to integrate the thinking of the whole team and apply all scattered creative inspiration and ideas to reality through complete planning. The people who are suitable for the positioning of this team are: intelligence, observer, peace and mediator, both of which are full of rich personality traits. Among them, the observer is characterized by looking at the world coldly, pulling away from emotion, loving thinking and analysis, knowing a lot, but lacking in action, not demanding material life and loving spiritual life. Mediators, however, take a long time to make decisions, it is difficult to refuse others, and they don't know how to vent their anger; It is important to pay attention to the importance of communication when getting along with partners of these two personalities, and it is also important to keep them enthusiastic about the team all the time. Long-term indifference will make them tend to be dull and content with the status quo.
The third part of the design team, technicians, technicians need to realize the scattered inspiration and ideas of the whole team through technical means, which is the technical pillar of the whole team. The sense of accomplishment that is valued is almost all his motivation, so in this team position, he is an achievement-oriented, doer, with strong competitive spirit, who likes to recognize prestige, often compares with others, measures his value with his achievements, pays attention to his image, is a workaholic, and is afraid to express his inner feelings; I hope to get everyone's affirmation. To cooperate with this kind of person, besides his strong self-esteem, we should also pay attention to unstable factors such as his ambition expansion. Excessive praise and support for the important work characteristics of the team's technical work will make him show his self-affirmation and self-worth, but he also needs to be careful not to be too strong and need to reach an understanding with the leader's personality. At the same time, organizers need to mediate and put aside all neglected factors.
The last part of the design team, the dreamer, needs to have perceptual thinking different from ordinary people, as well as keen perception and observation. It needs to be able to integrate and fully express the inspiration from generate, and provide the whole design team with its boldest and most innovative ideas. Then there is no doubt that it is artistic, romantic, easily influenced by emotions and tends to pursue unusual, artistic and meaningful things. Working with such people, we need to pay close attention to their words and deeds at all times. Their keen sensitivity may lead to misunderstanding between teams. Colleagues themselves need to strengthen their correct mentality. The psychological characteristics of pessimism and depression sometimes bring the atmosphere of the whole team to the bottom.
In the design team, the existence of these four kinds of people is essential, and in today's society, teamwork is the fundamental place to play the greatest role of the team. Combining personality psychology with the golden rule of design team cooperation can give full play to the real strength of a team. When everyone is in a specific team, they support each other and work for a common goal. It can mobilize all the resources and talents of team members, automatically drive away all disharmony and injustice, and give appropriate rewards to those sincere and selfless devotees. If teamwork is voluntary, it will produce strong and lasting power and maximize it.
Personality psychology paper 1500 words 2
On the Nature of the Category of Personality Psychology
Sex is closely related to people's life, and sex and personality influence each other. This paper introduces the main research results of psychologists on the relationship between sex and personality, including the personality research of homosexuals and perverts, personality variables affecting individual sexual attitudes, and the similarities and differences between men and women's attitudes towards sex. Finally, the article proposes to explore the role of sex in personality development.
Keywords; Character; Homosexuality; Sexual perversion; Sexual attitude
For thousands of years, descriptions of sex have frequently appeared in literature, paintings and other works, but only for nearly a hundred years have they been systematically studied, and people's research on sex has involved various disciplines. At present, psychologists' research mainly focuses on two areas: one is the relationship between sexual psychological abnormality and personality, and the other is the study of sexual attitude. This paper summarizes the main research results in these two fields, and attempts the future development direction of this field.
1 Sexual Psychopathy and Personality
1. 1 gay
Some scholars believe that there are physiological differences between homosexuality and heterosexuality, while others believe that there is no physiological difference between them, but the choice of sexual partners is different. Most studies have found that there is no difference in the number of dates between homosexuals and heterosexuals, but there is a significant difference in sexual attitude, and homosexuals are more indulgent than heterosexuals; There is no significant difference in relationship involvement and sexual behavior towards partners, but homosexuality is even less exclusive than heterosexuality [1]. In short, the study did not find that homosexuals have certain personality traits.
1.2 sexual perversion
Sexual perverts usually seek sexual satisfaction through abnormal sexual behavior, and there are many studies on the personality of sexual perverts. It is generally believed that sexual psychopaths may have some personality characteristics in common. If someone makes MMPI comparative analysis of male sexual perversion and male obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is found that they have the same characteristics in personality: withdrawal, sensitivity and formality, which shows that sexual perversion is a compulsive behavior, and the pervert is weaker and lacks self-confidence [2].
At present, there are many studies on the personality characteristics of sex offenders, and the results suggest that sex offenders are more likely to be personality problems than mental disorders. For example, sex offenders score higher on neuroticism, but lower on extraversion and conscientiousness; Rapists have strong self-esteem, a strong sense of male superiority and a strong sense of self-superiority [3]. Criminals who enter prison for sex show more compulsion and evasion than criminals who are imprisoned for other crimes [4].
1.3 sexual dysfunction
Another field related to sex is sexual dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction and personality (psychological) problems are mutually causal. Studies have confirmed that men with erectile dysfunction and ejaculation have higher levels of self-punishment, confrontation, guilt, sensitivity to rejection, higher levels of external control, fear of intimacy, commitment, loss of control over relationships and higher sexual guilt [5].
In contemporary times, when it comes to sex, AIDS cannot be mentioned. There is no direct relationship between AIDS and personality, but some personality characteristics, such as feeling seeking, may increase the risk of sexual behavior, and high-level external control may also be related to this. Higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness and lower agreeableness scores are related to high-risk behaviors, while high-risk groups have lower scores on self-efficacy, self-restraint and achievement motivation [6].
2 Research on sexual attitude
The sexual attitude scale can test several dimensions of sexual attitude at the same time: the degree of sexual indulgence-individuals think they can maintain sexual relations with many people without commitment; Sexual practice-sexual behavior has the obligation to control fertility at the same time, so it is necessary to educate teenagers about sex; The ideal of sex-sex is the expression of love; The instrumental tendency of sex-sex is only a tool to pursue physical pleasure.
2. 1 The influence of personality variables on sexual attitudes
As mentioned above, psychologists are most interested in the relationship between personality and sex. Five personality factors are related to sexual attitude and three sexual behaviors. Men scored significantly higher in sexual excitement and curiosity than women, while women scored higher in sexual satisfaction than men. In addition, neuroticism and extroversion are the best predictors of individual sexual attitude, followed by responsibility and openness to experience, and individual sexual behavior is related to neuroticism, responsibility and agreeableness [7]. At present, psychologists often pay attention to the following personality variables:
2. 1. 1 self-esteem A person's self-esteem level is related to his physical attraction, success or failure experience and popularity in the group, so his attitude towards sex is influenced by the norms of the group to which he belongs. If the group attitude is open, individuals with high self-esteem will have higher recognition of sexual indulgence, sexual practice and sexual ideal. When a social group's sexual attitude is conservative, or semi-open and semi-conservative, members will join. There are also different results: there is no significant correlation between self-esteem and sexual attitude, but there is a weak negative correlation between self-esteem level and instrumental attitude towards sex. People with low self-esteem often regard sex as a tool to meet their physiological needs.
Women's self-esteem level will affect contraceptive behavior [8]. Women with high self-esteem feel less risk in contraceptive behavior, that is, they think they are less likely to get pregnant unexpectedly. When the risk of pregnancy increases during sexual life, women with strong self-esteem tend to underestimate this possibility.
2. 1.2 Introversion and extroversion are commonly used dimensions to describe personality. Extroverts score higher on initiative, sociality and impulsiveness, while introverts do the opposite. We can assume that extroverts have sex for the first time earlier, more frequently and have more sexual partners. The research supports the above hypothesis that extroverts acquire knowledge about sex earlier than introverts, are more happy about sex, like to seek novelty, and have a wider range of interests in sexual activities (except homosexuality).
2. 1.3 self-monitoring In the process of interacting with others, people with high self-monitoring level will adjust their behaviors at any time according to social norms, while people with low monitoring level will act more according to their own emotions and opinions. People with a high degree of self-monitoring are more willing to associate with the opposite sex except their partners. They are more willing to have sex with unfamiliar opposite sex, have more sexual partners and participate in more different sexual activities [9]. Why do people with high self-monitoring have more indulgent and free sexual concepts and a wider range of sexual orientation? It is found that high self-monitors describe themselves more as? Tempting? 、? Good at flirting. Describe your date as more like? Kind? 、? Sincerity? 、? Polite? 、? Warm? Perhaps it is this positive cognition of self and the opposite sex that makes high self-monitors have more opportunities to establish sexual relations with the opposite sex [10].
2. 1.4 self-disclosure. Is self-disclosure expressed by one person to another? The real me? Inner activities and self-disclosure are important influencing factors of interpersonal communication. Miller and others used the self-report method to test the self-disclosure level of an individual to his lover and the ability to inspire others to make self-disclosure, and found that sexual indulgence and instrumental tendency to sex have nothing to do with self-disclosure, but sexual practice and sexual ideal are positively related to self-disclosure [1 1].
2. 1.5 Masculinity and femininity are related to femininity and individual's recognition of gender roles, which refer to the characteristics that a person has that are generally recognized by society and belong to men and women respectively, such as fierceness and decisiveness of men and gentleness and delicacy of women. The research shows that the characteristics of masculinity are positively related to sexual indulgence, and conversely, the characteristics of femininity are negatively related to it; Masculinity has nothing to do with the instrumental tendency of sex, while femininity has a negative correlation with it.
In addition, some people have studied the influence of personality characteristics on the sexual relationship of married couples, and found that it is the relationship between partners that affects sexual satisfaction, not personality characteristics [12]. Among the four dimensions of evaluating partnership: intimacy, consistency, independence and sexual relationship, intimacy contributes the most to the satisfaction of partnership, while sexual relationship plays the least role [13]. From this point of view, the influence of personality variables on gender occurs more in unmarried people, who have not yet established a long-term stable marriage relationship; For married couples, long-term intimacy has made personality traits unimportant, but the relationship itself is important.
2.2 Gender differences in sexual attitudes
Gender differences have always been a topic of great interest to psychologists. Gender differences also make men and women have different sexual attitudes. The research results on sexual attitudes show that there are both * * * and gender differences between men and women in their attitudes towards sex.
2.2. 1 premarital sex There are great differences between men and women in their attitudes towards premarital sex and masturbation. Most men agree, while women do the opposite. Men and women have sexual intercourse for the first time at the same age, but in? Why did you have sex for the first time? The world is very different. Women who have sex because of emotional factors are twice as many as men, while men who have sex because of curiosity are twice as many as women. Whether men agree with casual sexual relations or not, men's answers are relatively positive; Men's attitude towards special behavior is more to meet the needs of the body, while women's attitude is more because of love or being needed. As for whether emotional factors are necessary for sexual relations, women are more likely to give a positive answer [14]. In addition, men have sex earlier than women and have more sexual partners than women.
2.2.2 Source of Sexual Attraction Both men and women agree that physical attraction is the most important reason to arouse sexual desire. Interestingly, men often think that economic strength and social status make men more attractive, while women think that gentleness, helplessness and vulnerability will make women more attractive. In fact, women don't value men's social status that much. Similarly, men will not show special interest in women's gentleness.
2.2.3 Evaluation criteria of sexual relations For a long time, society has been more strict and harsh on women than men in terms of sexual concepts. For example, in ancient China, men could have three rooms and four concubines, while women could not remarry for life even after their husbands died. So, are there any differences between men and women's own evaluation criteria for sex? The results show that both men and women have a high evaluation of emotional sexual relations, indicating that there is no gender difference in the evaluation criteria of sexual relations. Both men and women think that the relationship background behind sex is more important [15].
In short, there are differences in sexual concepts between men and women. Among the 102 items in the Sexual Attitude Scale, 73 items are different in gender, including all 29 items to test the degree of indulgence. Almost every related research results show that men are more indulgent than women, and most research results show that men's sexual concepts are more instrumental. However, the scores of men and women are similar in the practice of sexual behavior and the identification of sexual ideals. In terms of sexual freedom and instrumental tendency, it is not that men hold a very favorable attitude, but the degree of disapproval is smaller than that of women. Compared with the differences, sex between the two sexes is still the main thing.
3 the integration of sex and love
Although sex and love are not always linked, the interaction between them is obvious. Many times, love is the motivation for sexual relations, and sex is an important way to express love. They have the same personality background. It is love that distinguishes human sexuality from animals. In order to seek the relationship between sex and love in a scientific way, the researcher also compiled a love attitude scale, which includes six sub-scales: romance, game, partner, reality, possessiveness and dedication love. The six subscales and the four subscales of sexual attitude are mixed together for factor analysis, and the results show that three factors are obtained: the love attitude of play is positively related to sexual indulgence and sexual instrumentality, belonging to factor ⅰ, and the love attitude of dedication is negatively related to it; Romantic, possessive and dedicated views of love, sexual practice and sexual ideal all pay attention to the emotion and commitment between partners and belong to the same factor ⅱ. Realistic and partner love attitudes value the long-term stability of the relationship most, which belongs to factor ⅲ, and has a weak positive correlation with possessive love attitude and a weak negative correlation with sexual indulgence.
4 abstract
From the study of sex and personality, it seems that it can be concluded that sex has an important influence on the development of personality. This is not a new topic. As early as 100 years ago, Freud explained personality with the development of sexual psychology, but Freud obviously exaggerated the role of sex and was widely criticized for his universality theory, so it had no place in his later personality development theory. The research on the relationship between sex and personality reminds us: Have we gone to the other extreme in the relationship between sex and personality? Most research results show that people with abnormal sexual psychology are also people with abnormal personality, and personality disorders often have extreme manifestations in sexual behavior. The clinical study of psychological disorders also shows that personality disorder is related to the obstruction of sexual psychological development in childhood, which can not help but make us reflect: the development of sexual psychology may play an extremely important role in personality development, but it has been ignored for a long time.
It is particularly worth mentioning that at present, the research on the relationship between sex and personality in China mainly focuses on the study of sexual psychological abnormality, and the research on sexual attitude is still blank, which shows that although we no longer? Talking about transsexuality? But it seems that sex has not yet reached the stage of psychological research? Elegant hall? . In addition, we also see that the research results of gender and personality have not been included in the existing personality theory system, which shows that we know little about the status of gender in the process of personality development. What we want to know is not only the personality of sexual perverts, but what role sexual psychology plays in personality development. Therefore, the focus of our research on sex and personality is to put the development of sexual psychology under the background of personality development and seek the important influence of sex on personality development.
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