The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "Building ecological civilization is a long-term plan related to people's well-being and the future of the nation. Faced with the severe situation of tight resource constraints, serious environmental pollution and degraded ecosystems, we must establish the concept of ecological civilization that respects, conforms to and protects nature, put ecological civilization construction in a prominent position, and integrate it into all aspects and the whole process of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction and social construction, and strive to build a beautiful China and realize the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. " The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China regards ecological civilization as an independent article, juxtaposed with economic, political, cultural and social construction. As a result, the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's cause has expanded from the "four in one" of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction and social construction to the "five in one" including the construction of ecological civilization. This is the CPC Central Committee's new plan to take overall care of the overall situation at home and abroad and implement Scientific Outlook on Development, a leap in our party's important thought of leading the people to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and a realistic choice for China to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
Ecological civilization refers to the sum of material and spiritual achievements made by human beings following the law of harmonious development of nature, society and human beings, and refers to a civilized form with the basic purpose of all-round development, harmonious life, virtuous circle and sustained prosperity between man and nature, man and man, and man and society. Ecological civilization represents a higher form of human civilization, the premise is to cherish and protect nature, the purpose is to realize the harmonious relationship between man and nature, man and man, man and society, and the requirement is to establish a sustainable mode of production and consumption in order to guide people to embark on a healthy, harmonious and sustainable development path. The construction of ecological civilization is the result of deep reflection on the problems brought by industrial civilization, the transcendence of fishery civilization, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization, the great progress of human civilization form and its development concept, road and mode, the emerging and developing new civilization, and the higher-level ideal and pursuit of human beings on the basis of material enjoyment and spiritual needs.
With the development of science and technology and the enhancement of human's ability to transform nature, the gross national product in the industrial age has increased exponentially, and human's plunder of natural resources, environmental pollution and ecological destruction are also accelerating and globalization. Global resource crisis, environmental crisis and ecological crisis show that human beings are at a critical juncture of life and death. At present, the main problems facing our country and even the whole human society are the increasing shortage of natural resources, serious environmental pollution and deteriorating ecosystem.
The shortage of resources is becoming increasingly prominent. Due to the rapid economic development, China is facing increasing pressure of resource shortage, and the contradiction between land, fresh water, energy, mineral resources and economic and social development is more prominent. First of all, China has a large population and relatively scarce resources, resulting in less per capita resources in China. Some important mineral resources are relatively poor, with oil reserves accounting for only 1.8% of the world, natural gas accounting for 0.7%, iron ore less than 9%, copper ore less than 5% and bauxite less than 2%. The per capita arable land in China is 1.43 mu, which is only one third of the global average. The per capita fresh water is only a quarter of the global per capita; The per capita timber reserves are only one-eighth of the global average; The per capita oil reserves are only one tenth of the global per capita reserves; The per capita possession of natural gas is 4.5% of the global average; The per capita coal reserves are only half of the global average. Secondly, China's mode of production and operation is extensive, the technology and management level of resource development and utilization are relatively backward, and the efficiency of resource utilization is relatively low. For example, at present, the efficiency of irrigation water use in China is only 25%-40%; The water consumption per unit output value is more than 10 times of the average level in developed countries; The comprehensive utilization efficiency of energy is about one third, which is 10 percentage point lower than that of developed countries. The recovery rate of coal resources is less than one fifth. Third, the contradiction between supply and demand of resources in China is prominent, and some minerals are no longer self-sufficient and need to be imported in large quantities. For example, China's oil, iron, copper, aluminum, potassium salt and other bulk minerals are no longer self-sufficient, and the import volume has increased substantially. The dependence on foreign countries is: oil 54.8%, iron ore 53.6%, refined aluminum 52.9%, refined copper 69% and potassium salt 52.4%. By 2020, there will be a shortage of 25 minerals in different degrees, among which 1 1 is the pillar mineral of the national economy.
Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. Over the past 30 years, the achievements of China's economic development have attracted worldwide attention. However, at the same time of economic growth, we are also facing extremely heavy environmental pressures, such as water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, solid waste and harmful chemicals pollution, and environmental physical contamination, which are far beyond the environmental carrying capacity. Statistics show that the annual discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater in China is 68 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Three-fifths of the monitoring sections of the seven major water systems in China are polluted, and 90% of the urban river sections are seriously polluted; Most freshwater lakes are eutrophic. The annual emission of sulfur dioxide is 2 1.59 million tons, ranking first in the world; The annual emission of carbon dioxide is second only to the United States, ranking second in the world; The air quality in most cities has been seriously polluted. There are about 65.438+0.5 billion mu of polluted farmland in China, and the grain polluted by heavy metals reaches 6.5438+0.2 million tons every year. Over the years, industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste have occupied an area of more than 1.300 square kilometers, and the accumulated storage is nearly 1.35 billion tons, resulting in a large number of harmful parasites. The harmless treatment rate of municipal solid waste is much lower than that of developed countries, and the phenomenon of secondary pollution is very serious. Toxic and harmful chemical pollution, electromagnetic radiation pollution and hazardous waste pollution are increasingly prominent. Among the 20 most polluted cities in the world, Chinese mainland accounts for 16. These environmental pollution problems have begun to hinder and restrict the all-round development of China's economy and society. The pollution caused by "three wastes" has become an important reason for people's physical illness, occupational diseases and even incurable diseases in some places. According to the calculation of relevant departments, about 654.38 billion people in China can't breathe fresh air every day, and about 654.38+05 million people suffer from bronchitis every year. 360 million people in China lack safe drinking water. According to the data calculated by Chinese Academy of Sciences, the development cost of China is 7% higher than the world average, and the losses caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction account for 15% of GDP.
The ecosystem continues to deteriorate. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China has mobilized outstanding scientific and technological personnel, the latest scientific and technological achievements and trillions of economic forces to develop environmental protection. Although many achievements have been made, the trend of ecological deterioration has not been reversed so far. China's huge low-quality population and coal-based energy structure have brought great pressure to China's ecological environment. At present, China's four natural life systems, including forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem and farmland ecosystem, and three natural environment systems, including atmospheric ecosystem, water source ecosystem and energy and mineral ecosystem, have been damaged to varying degrees. The area of soil erosion in China is 3.56 million square kilometers, and the area of desertified land is 6.5438+0.74 million square kilometers. More than 90% of the natural grasslands have been seriously degraded, and now there are only more than 3 million square kilometers of land available for farming. Rocky desertification is expanding at a rate of 2,500 square kilometers per year, and desertification is spreading at a rate of 3,436 square kilometers per year. The annual soil loss in China is 5 billion tons. The average annual loss of topsoil in the black soil area of Northeast China is 0.4-0.7 cm, and the black soil layer in the black soil area of Northeast China will be exhausted after 50 years. After inspecting the Yellow River basin, a foreign expert lamented that "the Yellow River is not flowing with sand, but with the blood of the Chinese nation". In our life, environmental pollution and ecological deterioration have not been effectively controlled, and a series of ecological problems, such as greenhouse gas emissions, water crisis, desertification, abnormal climate and soil acidification, have not been effectively controlled and are getting worse. Unpredictable risk factors in the environment have increased, such as sudden landslides, mudslides, ground subsidence, sudden local climate and so on. Long-term environmental problems in China have seriously damaged the habitats of wild animals and plants, resulting in a sharp decline in biodiversity in China.
Throughout human history, whether from fishery civilization to agricultural civilization, or from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization, its development process is driven by its social contradictions (that is, the social relationship between people and the ecological relationship between man and nature). However, the social contradictions accumulated by the development of a civilization can not be solved in the same civilization form, but only in the new civilization form beyond the old civilization model, which has been proved by the historical process of mankind. At present, the construction of socialist ecological civilization should proceed from the world situation and national conditions, and take changing the development concept, cultivating environmental awareness, establishing ecological environmental protection system and mechanism, developing environmental protection green technology and carrying out international cooperation as the basic ways.
1. Implement Scientific Outlook on Development. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China listed "Scientific Outlook on Development" as the party's guiding ideology, which shows that our party's understanding of the laws governing the party, socialist construction and the development of human society has reached a new height. Scientific Outlook on Development pursues comprehensive and sustainable development in economic, political, social, cultural and ecological fields. Ecological civilization and Scientific Outlook on Development are basically the same, respecting and maintaining the ecological environment, emphasizing the coordinated development of man and nature, man and man, economy and society; They are all based on sustainable development, with the ultimate goal of production development, affluent life, good ecology and all-round development of people. Therefore, the construction of ecological civilization must be guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, conform to the international trend of ecological protection and sustainable utilization of resources, completely reverse the view that economic growth is the first, change the production and lifestyle with high input and high consumption, form a moderate view of material consumption, and realize the harmonious development between man and nature.
2. Strengthen publicity and education on ecological civilization. The first is to enhance the vision of ecological beauty. The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has pointed out a beautiful vision for the construction of ecological civilization for all Chinese people, that is, "the production space is intensive and efficient, the living space is livable and suitable for industry, and the ecological space is beautiful, leaving more room for the restoration of nature, more fertile land for agriculture, and a beautiful home with sky blue, green land and clear water for future generations". It is necessary to combine this beautiful vision, promote environmental ecological culture, comprehensively improve citizens' awareness of environmental protection and social morality, create a good atmosphere in which the whole people care about, participate in and support the construction of ecological civilization, and guide people to "have both Jinshan Yinshan and green mountains and green hills". The second is to advocate environment-friendly ethics. We should confidently publicize the excellent environmental ethics in our traditional culture, advocate moderate consumption, fair consumption and green consumption, and promote the production of environmentally friendly products and services through environmentally friendly consumption choices; Through the support and help of education, literature, art and science and technology, people can establish the concept of ecological civilization of respecting nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature, and make it become the values and ethics recognized and pursued by the whole society. The third is to strengthen the awareness of ecological responsibility. Using various means and media, through special training, seminars and other forms, we will focus on strengthening the publicity of leading cadres and business leaders at all levels and enhance their sense of responsibility in building ecological civilization. Long-term ecological civilization education is carried out through school education. Education affects students, students affect parents, and families affect society. Give full play to the role of public opinion supervision, promote the organic combination of media public opinion supervision and administrative law enforcement, and grasp the typical illegal cases, analyze them in depth, track them for a long time and report them continuously.
3. Establish and improve the ecological civilization construction system. The first is to make strategic adjustments to the economic structure. In the adjustment of industrial structure, it is necessary to optimize the industrial structure, continue to eliminate and close backward production capacity, processes, technologies and equipment that waste resources and pollute the environment, transform traditional industries with high energy consumption and heavy pollution with high-tech and ecological technologies, support the development of energy-saving and low-carbon industries, new energy and renewable energy, and actively develop high-tech and ecological technology industries that save energy and reduce pollution. In the adjustment of agricultural structure, we will vigorously develop ecological agriculture and organic agriculture, establish production bases for organic food and green food, and greatly reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers. The second is to improve the relevant political guarantee conditions. From the national level, we should comprehensively use political, economic, legal, administrative and scientific means to do a good job in environmental protection and comprehensively promote the construction of ecological civilization. Establish and improve the green assessment system for cadres, and incorporate resource consumption, environmental damage, ecological benefits and EIA results in the economic development evaluation system. In addition, it is necessary to establish and improve the green national economic accounting system, the strategic environmental impact assessment system and the public participation system. Third, vigorously develop circular economy. Carry out the division of ecological functional areas nationwide and develop circular economy with different characteristics according to local conditions. According to the principle of "reduction, reuse and recycling", we will carry out ecological design and transformation in industries and industrial parks, implement clean production in the process of product production, circulation and consumption, strive to realize waste recycling, implement environmental labeling, environmental certification and government green procurement systems, and improve the recycling system of renewable resources. Industry and agriculture, production and consumption, urban and rural areas should make overall planning with ecological chain as the link to effectively develop circular economy.
4. Improve the long-term mechanism of ecological civilization construction. First, scientific and reasonable policies are introduced, relevant laws and regulations are formulated and improved, and production and consumption behaviors are guided and regulated. It is necessary to write the construction of ecological civilization into the constitution, formulate a unified and perfect Law on the Protection of Natural Resources, and highlight the environment-friendly ecological economy in various economic laws and regulations. At present and for a long time to come, we should pay close attention to adjusting the policy orientation of ecological civilization construction and do everything possible to tilt towards the ecological environment. With the overall reduction of global forest resources, China's forest area has increased from 2.39 billion mu to 2.93 billion mu, with more than 800 million mu of artificial forests, ranking first in the world. This is inseparable from comprehensively promoting the reform of collective forest right system and confirming more than 2.7 billion mu of forest land. When greening barren hills is not only a routine activity in the annual Arbor Day of government agencies and units, but also combined with the long-term interests of individuals and families and the potential labor resources in urban and rural areas of China, it will produce great power to improve the environment. The second is to implement the strictest farmland protection system, water resources management system and environmental protection system. Establish and improve the technical system of environmental policies, regulations and standards that conform to the characteristics of economic and social development and environmental protection decision-making, formulate a scientific and strict environmental assessment standard system, train a group of professional and qualified law enforcement teams, and promote effective and long-term law enforcement means. Severely punish and put an end to all illegal and criminal acts that damage the environment. All units and individuals that damage the environment should be punished accordingly, and urge them to compensate for environmental losses. In addition, it is necessary to deepen the price and tax reform of resource products, establish a system of paid use of resources and an ecological compensation system that reflects market supply and demand, resource scarcity, ecological value and intergenerational compensation, and actively carry out pilot transactions on energy conservation, carbon emission rights, emission rights and water rights.
5. Develop environmental protection technology and green technology. Ecological civilization requires material production to adopt new technologies with high efficiency, low consumption and environmental protection, save energy and raw materials, improve resource utilization and reduce waste discharge; Develop recycling technology and recycle waste to achieve the purpose of pollution control; Develop green environmental protection technology, minimize waste and realize ecological safety production. The research shows that by 2020, if the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP is reduced from 2.68 tons of standard coal in 2002 to 1.54 tons of standard coal, the total energy consumption can be controlled at 3 billion tons of standard coal. If the proportion of recycled aluminum can be increased from the current 2 1% to 60%, it can replace the demand of 36.4 million tons of aluminum ore; If the efficiency can reach the advanced level in the world, the emission of sulfur dioxide can be reduced by about 4 million tons every year; If the comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste is increased by 1 percentage point, the annual emission reduction can be about100000 tons; If the comprehensive utilization rate of fly ash can be increased by 20 percentage points, the annual emission reduction can be about 40 million tons. If these technologies make a breakthrough, it will greatly save resources and improve environmental quality.
6. Respond to environmental challenges with the international community. Clean air, warm sunshine and prosperous nature are the necessary foundations for human survival and reproduction. Environmental problem is a global problem, and it is one of the major problems facing the whole world and mankind. It is an effective way for human beings to deal with and solve environmental problems by strengthening international cooperation and formulating standards to be observed. Only by strengthening international cooperation and jointly dealing with and solving public environmental problems can countries in the world achieve real results. This requires China to actively participate in the establishment of global and regional cooperation mechanisms, formulate common action goals, strengthen communication, dialogue and cooperation, "adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, fairness and respective capabilities, and work with the international community to actively respond to global climate change."