Keywords: Qige nationality, Guizhou ethnic minorities, living customs
There are about 50,000 to 60,000 Ge Jiaren who call themselves "Gomo". Ge Jia is mainly distributed in Ping Huang, Kaili, Majiang, Guanling, Weng 'an, Fuquan, Zhenning, Xingren, Qianxi and other places, with Ping Huang and Kaili on both sides of Chong 'an River as the most, and huangping county has 2 100 people, accounting for the whole country. They mainly live in 89 villages in Chongxing Township and nearby Chongan Town, Huangpiao Township, Gulong Town, Chongren Township, Xinzhou Town and Langdong Town. The largest village in Ping Huang is Fengxiang Village, with more than 700 households and more than 3,700 people. The second village is Tang Dou Village, with more than 400 households and more than 2,000 people. "There is hope dam village, etc. There are nearly 10,000 people in Kaili City, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, mainly living in Matang, Longchang Town. Matang is one of the most typical stockades, with 98 families and more than 450 people.
The formation of a national culture is inseparable from its geographical environment. Among the four elements of Stalin's national definition (language, region, economy and psychological quality), the regional factor is a very important one. The specific geographical distribution and ethnic relations play an important role. Guizhou is a unique geographical unit with complex and diverse nationalities, among which the Qige nationality is one. Ge Jia's family likes to live in ravines and valleys and the waist of mountains. Most of the houses are three wooden tile houses, and there are hundreds of households living in the village, and there are dozens of households. Most of the houses in Ge Jia are of shingle structure, and the surrounding walls are like courtyards painted with boiler bottom ash. Every household sticks red couplets, such as "fields crisscross, fireworks people are halfway up the mountain." Some people also have two-story buildings with wide yards. The main room is centered on the hall, which is the place where family members eat, rest and entertain guests on weekdays. On the east side of the hall is the bedroom, and on the right side is the small living room with a fire pit, which is the place for heating, eating and entertaining guests in winter. The kitchen is very wide and the cooker is very big. Because Guizhou has a subtropical climate and Ge Jia is a rice-growing nation, rice-growing agriculture is not much different from other ethnic groups.
The origin of the Qige nationality also has an important relationship with its geographical location. For example, the ancestors said that the Ziggy family has always firmly stated that their ancestors came from Jiangxi or Nanjing. Judging from the location of Qiandongnan where they live now, Jiangxi and Nanjing are located in the east of Guizhou on the national map. This is one; Second, the east is where the sun rises. As a rice-growing nation, the worship of the sun has existed since ancient times; There is also a saying that the descendants of Hou Yi said that Wu Ding shot the Tianzhu mountain forest as deep as the sea, and his ancestor Ge Jia made a living by hunting. At that time, people were not buried when they died. They are all placed on high cliffs for birds and animals to peck at until they are finished. Wu Ding's ancestors died, but the three brothers couldn't bear to feed their old people to the birds and animals, so the three brothers invented the crossbow and put it next to their ancestors' bodies to prevent birds and animals from pecking. As long as they see birds and animals coming, they shoot arrows, so the three brothers shoot a lot of birds and animals. It was then that the Ziggy family began hunting with bows and arrows. I don't know from which year, the Ziggy family learned to farm, but it didn't last long. Seven suns appeared in the sky, burning the earth like fire. People are afraid to go out of caves, so they have to put slates or bark on their heads. People really can't live. I asked Wu Ding to shoot six suns. The sun is full of sadness and doesn't want to come out again. People can't live without the sky, so they invited horses, cows and finally roosters to invite the sun out. This is the origin of the Ge family.
The production and life of the Qige nationality
Ge Jia is a rice country, and rice cultivation is not much different from other ethnic groups. Handicrafts in Ge Jia mainly include batik, embroidery, flower weaving, silverware, stone tools, musical instruments and bamboo weaving. Batik leather has a long history and is famous for its uniform pattern, alternating density, unique pattern and unique style. It has been exhibited in Japan, America, Mexico and Canada. In September 1988 and October 165438, Ge Jia batik products won the honorary prize of the 1st Great Wall Folk Art Festival and the silver cup prize of the National Export Exhibition of Township Enterprises. In 65438+February of the same year, Ge Jia batik cultural relics were exhibited in San Francisco, USA, which was well received.
First, embroidery leather embroidery is mostly used to match batik clothing. There are Ping Xiu, plate embroidery, flower arrangement embroidery, pick embroidery and so on. Butterflies, fish, birds and flowers embroidered with geometric patterns are mostly red.
Second, batik batik is an ancient folk printing and dyeing process, which was called "Wax Valle" in ancient times. Together with "twisted valerian" and "sandwiched valerian", it constitutes three basic types of dyeing and weaving technology in ancient China.
The Ziggy family in Ping Huang inherited and promoted the traditional batik process, making it an indispensable part of life. Headscarf, vest, curtain, clothes, skirt, travel bag, umbrella cover, pillow towel, rice basket cover, bed sheet, bag, schoolbag, tablecloth, etc. They are all decorated with batiks, and even the children's suspenders are exquisitely dyed batiks. The pattern combination of Ping Huang Qige batik is mainly composed of lines, geometric figures, national beliefs and totems, and more are flowers, birds, insects, fish and beasts, as well as myths or folklore.
Silver ornaments Silver ornaments are made of leather by folk artists. Silversmith artists are mostly in Tang Dou and Fengxiang Village. The silver decoration process is complicated. Take the plate collar as an example. There are three dragons robbing treasures and four fish and four birds carved on the neck. There is a round silver plate hanging in the middle of the neck, where Wolong plays in the water. Nine different knives, swords, halberds and spears are hung on the plate. There are 48 different strings of lions, tigers, fish, birds, butterflies, horns and bells hanging on both sides. The patterns in silver ornaments are mostly similar to batik patterns. Silver silverware is a traditional craft of Pijia, which is mostly an ornament in women's clothing. No headdress, neck ornaments, hand ornaments. Headdress: there are hairpins, silver forehead and earrings. Neck ornaments: ring collar, hollow collar, large snail collar, plate collar and silver chain. Hand ornaments: there are circle, snail circle, garlic leaf circle, faucet circle, silkworm figure, caterpillar circle, earthworm circle, hollow circle and so on.
Gejiale instruments include lusheng, wooden drum, suona and so on. And their craftsmanship is very particular.
national costume
Clothing is one of the components of national cultural life. As far as the clothing of the Pi family is concerned, according to historical records, as early as the Han Dynasty in Thailand and Thailand, there was a saying of "spiny bun". At present, the spiny bun (height12cm, diameter 5cm) on the top of Pijia women's heads and the waxed clothes they wear can confirm each other. For thousands of years, the clothes of leather women have hardly changed. Long-term stable appearance and tenacious vitality are inseparable from the adaptation to the natural environment and working life, while national fashion and national psychological quality are more important factors. Leather clothes are divided into casual clothes and finished clothes. Clothing is hand-made batik embroidered clothes. Including red tasselled beaded hat, bun, corolla handkerchief, floral dress, see-through dress, apron piece, waist piece, pleated skirt, red leggings, socks, "high spike shoes" and so on. Casual clothes are light, simple, generous, practical and beautiful. It is very convenient to carry them on your shoulders, whether in field labor production or in Shan Ye collection. Jewelry in Ge Jia is mainly divided into three types: headdress, neck ornament, hand ornament, ear post, ring item, hollow item, snail item, plate item, hand item, bell item, snail bracelet, garlic leaf bracelet, silkworm bracelet and caterpillar bracelet. The style of silver jewelry is fixed and the pattern is relatively uniform. Mainly composed of stars, the sun, dragons, phoenixes, insects, fish and some plant patterns combined with batik patterns.
Dietary customs
Ge's life is mainly rice, and he likes to eat glutinous rice, millet, corn and so on. Guests are very attentive, sincere and polite in catering. When eating, the elders are invited to the seat in the middle of the table, and the masters of the elders cross each other. Hakkas (Han nationality) say that "family gifts are more trustworthy", which is true. "Persuading rice" and "wrapping meat" are their traditional customs, which have national characteristics and strong local flavor. They are the same characteristics of stability formed by family members and are worth discussing. (1) Before the meal, ask the guests to sit down, and the host will take the glass and pour the wine. At the same time, add a bowl of rice to the storage table, and give the first bowl of rice and the first glass of wine to the elder master to worship the ancestors. The host uses a pair of chopsticks to cover cooked food such as meat and vegetables in the middle of the rice noodle, and inserts the chopsticks into the rice to stand upright. (2) "Baorou" leather girls visiting relatives and friends, no matter what happy events or occasions are trivial, except "persuading the guests to eat" at dinner, "Baorou" is very ethnic. At the banquet, the host and guests get together, and the hostess takes pieces of meat from the banquet and distributes them one by one on the table in front of the guests and the main seat, each with a small pile (block).
Religious belief
1. Take bows and arrows as incense. At home, except for the Luo family, there is no shrine (in other words, there is no incense), and red and white bows and arrows are hung directly on the main wall opposite the main entrance of the hall. There is a shrine in the lobby of other residents. However, in addition to the ancestral tablet, a small red and white bow and arrow made of bamboo sticks is hung in the right corner of the shrine.
Secondly, in the Ziggy family, the ancestral drum is considered as the place where the ancestors' souls live. The Ziggy family believes that the souls of ancestors have lived in this wooden drum for generations, so they regard the ancestral drum as the lifeblood of the Ziggy family. In the Ziggy family, ancestor worship is the drum of ancestor worship.