1. Ancient Greece and Rome are the cradles of European civilization. Ancient Greek literature is the source of European literature. The ancient Greeks were called "normal children" by historians.

2. The period from 12 century BC to the 8th century BC was a transitional period from clan commune system to slavery society in ancient Greece, which was called "heroic era" or "Homer era" in history, and its main achievements were myths and epics. At first, myths were circulated in the form of oral literature. Hesiod's Divine Spectrum, Homer's epic, ancient Greek tragedies and historical works all record a large number of fairy tales. 3. Ancient Greek mythology mainly includes stories of gods and legends of heroes. God in Greek mythology-

Mother Earth: Gaia; God: Uranus; God of thunder and lightning: Zeus; Tianhou: Hera; Sun God: Apollo; Goddess of wisdom: Athena; Luna: Artemis; God of War: Ares; Love and beauty: Aphrodite; Vulcan: Hercules; Angel: Hermes; Poseidon; Saturnalia: Demeter. The highest achievement of ancient Greek literature is Homer's epic. 5. hesiod's teaching poem Work and Time is the earliest narrative poem with real life as its theme in ancient Greece. (Narrating that human beings have experienced five times of gold, silver, bronze, hero and iron) Divine spectrum, the earliest mythological work that systematically records the origin of the universe and the genealogy of the gods. 6. The representative of solo lyric poetry is Sappho. Plato called Sappho "the tenth muse".

7. Anacreon's poems were later called "Anacreon style". Pindar's poems praised the winners of the Olympic movement and had a great influence on the classical literature of17th century. 8. At the same time as lyric poetry is Aesop's fable. The more famous ones are wolf and lamb, fox and grape, farmer and snake, tortoise and rabbit race, crow and fox. 9. Plato's main theoretical work is The Republic, and his literary theory is Idealism. He believes that the real world is an imitation of the conceptual world, and literature and art are an imitation of reality, that is, "imitation imitation." He emphasized that the source of literary and artistic creation is inspiration, and his "inspiration theory" has an influence on later romantic literature and even modernist literature. 10. Aristotle's main work is Poetics.

1 1. From the end of the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD, the period called "Hellenization" was characterized by new comedies and pastoral poems.

12. The main representative writers of Roman comedy are Plautus and Terence. Plautus's major works "Twin Brothers" and "An altar of gold"; Terence's major works, Mother-in-law and Two Brothers.

13. The highest achievement of ancient Roman literature is poetry, which is embodied in Virgil, Horace and Ovid. Virgil was the greatest poet in ancient Rome. His main works are Pastoral and Aeneas (masterpieces). Aeneas used the metaphor and contrast of Homer's epic. It is the first literati epic in the history of European literature. 14. Horace: The Collection of Songs is his masterpiece of lyric poetry. The Art of Poetry is his masterpiece of literary criticism. It inherits Aristotle's representative theory and puts forward the principle of "entertaining through education". 15. Ovid's Metamorphosis is a systematic arrangement of ancient Greek and Roman myths.

16. The achievements of ancient Rome in prose and novels surpassed those of ancient Greece. Cicero was a master of prose in ancient Rome, and his Syntax of Cicero was handed down from generation to generation.

17. Aplus: Known as the "father of novels", the main work "Golden Donkey" is the most important and complete novel in Roman literature.

18. The two great epics of ancient Greece, Ilion and Ode, have always been regarded as models of European narrative poetry. Homer's epic is also called "heroic epic". 19. Illion: the cause of the war-"the golden apple of discord". The hero is Achilles; The most beautiful woman in the world is Helen. In Ilion, Achilles was the main commander of the Greek side, Agamemnon was the head coach, and Hecktor was the military representative of Troy.

20. Ancient Greek drama flourished in the heyday of ancient Greek slave-owner democracy (Athens era), so it is also called "Athens drama". The original meaning of "tragedy" in ancient Greek is "the song of the goat" and the original meaning of "comedy" is "carnival musical".

2 1. Ancient Greek tragedies generally take the form of "trilogy" (three plays are relatively independent stories, but they are coherent in plot and characters, so they are one and three.

22. Three tragic poets in ancient Greece: Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides.

23. Aeschylus: The first film adopted the form of "trilogy" and was called "the father of tragedy". His important works include Orestes trilogy (Agamemnon, Drunk, Avenger); Prometheus trilogy (Prometheus bondage, Prometheus liberation, Prometheus and fire), in which Prometheus bondage is his masterpiece. 24. Sophocles: Breaking the form of "triple play" is called "Homer of dramatic art". The most famous work is King Oedipus, regarded by Aristotle as a model of tragic art, which is the first "final" classic in the history of world drama. 25. euripides: the earliest founder of "problem drama" in the history of European literature. He first discovered the "woman" in Greek drama and was called "the philosopher on the stage". The best work is Medea, and Jason is the hero. This love tragedy has prototype significance in the history of western culture and literature.

26. The representative writer of ancient Greek comedy is aristophanes, who is the only old comedy writer with a complete script and is called "the father of comedy". His masterpiece is Akanai (one of his best political satires); Birds is the only work in his comedies that expresses his ideals and wishes with mythical themes, and it is also the earliest literary work that describes the ideal society in the history of western literature. And frogs.

27. European medieval literature can be divided into church literature and secular literature according to the nature of its content. Heroic epics in the late Middle Ages mainly include French Song of Roland, Spanish poema de mio cid, German Song of Nibelungen and Russian Igor Expedition. Song of Roland is a representative heroic epic.

28. Knight literature is a unique literary phenomenon in medieval Europe. It is the product of knight system, including knight lyrics and knight legends.

29. Urban literature is also called civic literature. The representative work of urban literature is the French satirical narrative poem The Legend of Lena Fox. Engels called Dante "the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era".

The woman that Dante worshipped was Bayard Lizzie, but she died young. Dante wrote her own lyric poems to express her sadness and named them "New Life". 3 1. Dante's New Life is fresh and natural under the influence of "gentle new poetic style", which embodies the highest achievement of the "gentle new poetic style" school and is also the first autobiographical work in the history of European literature to reveal the author's most secret thoughts and feelings to readers. Dante's Divine Comedy is divided into three parts: hell, pure world (purgatory) and heaven. Hell is divided into 9 layers; According to Aristotle's ethics, unforgivable crimes can be divided into three categories: indulgence, cruelty and malice. The net world is divided into nine layers, and the seven layers of the main part are inhabited by people who have committed seven deadly sins: arrogance, jealousy, anger, laziness, greed, food and lust.

33. The birthplace of humanistic literature is Italy. Poet Laureate is Petrarch, who is known as "the first person in modern times". His work "Song Collection" is dedicated to his sweetheart Laura, similar to Dante's "New Life". Song Collection, which adopts sonnets, is the first masterpiece to express the joy and pain of secular life since the Middle Ages, depicting love as a flesh-and-blood emotion.

34. Boccaccio: decameron, the masterpiece, is a short story with binding, which tells 65,438+000 short stories by setting stories in the story. "decameron" not only laid the foundation of Italian prose, but also created the precedent of modern short stories in Europe.

35. Italian humanistic literature in the late Renaissance is represented by Ariosto and Tasso. The former is represented by the legendary epic Crazy Orlando, while the latter is represented by liberated Jerusalem.

36. The representative of French humanism with democratic tendency is rabelais. The masterpiece is Biography of the Giant, in which the protagonists are the giant king КаΥан Du Ya and his giant son, the giant Gue.

Montaigne: The founder of modern European prose. His collection of essays composed of his daily feelings is the first collection of essays in modern France. Cervantes: A representative writer of Spanish humanistic literature, his masterpiece Don Quixote.

40. Veigar: The representative of Spanish national drama, known as "the father of Spanish drama", whose masterpiece is Yangquan Village. 4 1. Chaucer: the father of English poetry, whose masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. Utopia, written by British humanist Moore, is the first novel of utopian socialism in modern times, which points out the bloody fact that "sheep eat people" in the "enclosure movement". 43. Spencer (England): The representative work The Fairy Queen, whose metrical poem is called "Spencer Style". Bacon: English essayist, philosopher, experimental scientist and essayist. He is recognized as the founder of English prose or argumentative style.

45. The highest achievement of English humanistic literature is drama. The main screenwriters are Li Li, Green, Kidd and Marlowe. Marlowe is the greatest achievement. He was the most important figure in English drama before Shakespeare and the real founder of English Renaissance drama. His masterpieces are Timur, The Jews in malta island and The Tragedy of Doctor Faust. Ben Jonson said that Shakespeare "belongs not to one era, but to all centuries". 47. Shakespeare's works: 39 plays, two long poems, 154 sonnets.

48. Henry IV is a masterpiece of Shakespeare's historical plays, but in the author's mind, Henry V is a perfect and ideal king. The funniest character is Falstaff. 49. Shakespeare's long poems: the shame of Venus, adonis and Lucretius. 50. Shakespeare's comedy: A Midsummer Night's Dream is a sign that Shakespeare's comedy creation is maturing; The Merchant of Venice is a masterpiece of his plays. The main characters are Antonio, a merchant in Venice, and Shylock, a usurer. There is also much ado about nothing, everyone is happy, and there is the twelfth night. Romeo and Juliet is his tragicomedy. 5 1. Shakespeare's four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. 52. The most terrible of Shakespeare's tragedies is Macbeth. The protagonist degenerates into a tyrant, and the contradiction between ambition and kindness. 53. Timon in Athens: It shows the theme that money makes people "alienated" and reveals the essence of capitalist currency. 54. Shakespeare's legendary plays: cymbeline, A Winter's Tale, The Tempest, etc. The Tempest is a masterpiece of legendary drama, and some people call it Shakespeare's "poetic will".

Italian marino and Spanish gongola represent the aristocratic tendency of baroque literature, and Spanish dramatist Calderon is regarded as the representative of baroque literature.

56. The famous epics of literati are: Aeneas by Virgil, Divine Comedy by Dante, Paradise Lost by Milton, paradise regained by Luxor and Samson.

57. Paradise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, which is based on the Old Testament and tells the story of Adam and Eve being banished from heaven for stealing forbidden fruit. 58. paradise regained, based on the New Testament, tells the story that Jesus was not tempted by Satan and restored paradise for mankind. 59. The poetic tragedy Samson is based on the Old Testament, and Samson is an idealized image of a bourgeois warrior. John bunyan: His masterpiece is Pilgrim's Progress. Influenced by it, Thackeray wrote Vanity Fair. 6 1. The representative writer of English classicism is john dryden, who is known as "the founder of English criticism". 62. German writer Grimelhausen's Biography of Idiot Ximu is an autobiographical vagrant novel. 63. Louis XIV: Known as the "sun king", "I am a country".

64. Descartes is a representative writer of French classical literature, and his dualist philosophy provides guidance for classicism. 65. Gao Naiyi: a pioneer of classicism. The masterpiece Sid features Roddick and Schmanna. Racine: a rising star of French classical tragedy. His tragedy "Ender Laumark", the hero of which is Ender Laumark, the king of epilepsy.

67. La Fontaine: The most outstanding fable poet in France. The Art of Poetry is a theoretical work of poetic style and an authoritative work of classicism.

Just dig a space for yourself.