Chen Ziang (66 1 ~ 702) was born in Shehong (now Shehong County, Sichuan Province). When he was a teenager, he showed a distinct personality. Lu Zang wrote in Chen Biezhuan:? Zi Ang began to get angry with Haozi Chixia, and by the age of seventeen or eighteen, his books were unknown. I tried to study in the countryside from a scholar, but I made up my mind. Because he refused to be a guest, he specially studied the canon of tomb raiding. ? Chen Ziang mentioned him again and again in many articles? Good three emperors and five emperors? Say, Learn less vertical and horizontal techniques? . Twenty-four years old, buried as an official. He used to be Lin Tai's orthography and right addendum. In the meantime, political enthusiasm is high, plus being a man? Courage and perseverance? (Biography of Chen Ziang) He often writes books and criticizes current politics, so many progressive ideas and suggestions, such as caring for people's livelihood, strengthening the border and being honest, are not only ignored, but are met with all kinds of suspicions. When Ren You gleaned, it was also a false accusation? Anti-Party? 、? Rebellion was imprisoned for more than a year. Chen Ziang went to the frontier twice at the age of 26 and 36. The last time, because of disagreement with general Wu Youyi, he was repeatedly excluded. At the age of 38, he resigned and returned to his hometown. Finally, Wu Sansi ordered Duan Jian, the county magistrate, to be killed in prison. Throughout his life, although his political views are basically inseparable from Confucian orthodoxy, his chivalrous spirit is very strong, quite like Li Bai. His motto can reflect this characteristic very well: Pay attention to openness, prudence, honesty and integrity from the official point of view. Defense is the only way to deal with litigation, and prison inspectors must judge the situation. If you don't complain enough, you should be surprised if you insult me. . White silicon can be destroyed, but gold cannot guarantee anything. ?
In the process of getting rid of the legacy of the Six Dynasties and establishing the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chen Ziang played a more important role than the Four Masters and enjoyed a lofty position in the history of literature. Great writers and critics Du Fu, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Zhu, Yuan Haowen, etc. all admired him. For example, Du Fu and Han Yu all took him as the forerunner and called him? The name is linked with the sun and the moon? (Du Fu's Hometown of Chen)? The country is rich and strong, and the child begins to dance high. (Han Yu, Recommended Teacher). Bai Juyi called him Du Fu. Du Fu and Chen Ziang are famous for their world. ? Ouyang xiu said:? The style of writing in the Tang Dynasty inherited Geng Xu's imperial style, and the ancestors in the world were still good, and Zi Ang began to become elegant and upright. ? ("New Tang Book"? The Biography of Chen Ziang) Yuan Haowen "On Poetry:? Shen Song traversed the field of calligraphy, and Qi Liang did not fail at the beginning of romance. On merits and demerits, are you equal to Wu's role model and close to Jin Ping Mei? . Gao Yun's Collection of Tang Poetry clearly points out:? Tang Xing's articles inherited the disadvantages of Sui Chen. Ziang began to become elegant and upright, but became independent, ultra-fashionable, connecting the past with the future, becoming a mainstay, restraining the smallness of chastity and deciding the decency of Kaiyuan, alas. ?
The reason why Chen Ziang has such a high position is that he criticized the style of Qi and Liang more clearly than the four masters, and pointed out the correct direction for the development of literature in the Tang Dynasty. In his famous Preface to Zuo's Bamboo Making in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he talked about:
The article has flaws for 500 years, and it was strong in Han and Wei Dynasties, and it was circulated in Jin and Song Dynasties. However, literature can be collected. In his spare time, servants taste poems between the beams, adopt beauty and complexity, and don't send them. Every time I sigh through the ages, I often fear decadence and elegance when I think about the past. Yesterday, in the third place, I saw Ming Gong chanting lonely tung articles, full of vigor and vitality, and his voice was frustrated. He is brilliant, well-cultivated, and has gold, so he decorates his eyes with his heart and displays his melancholy. I didn't think of a good sound. Watching it again can make Jian 'an writers smile at each other.
Here, he not only explicitly criticized the Six Dynasties? Beautiful. Is it complicated? ,? Despair? Bad writing style, vigorously advocating the voices of Han Wei and Zheng, and accurately summarizing its main characteristics:? The power of character? With what? Jixing? . Chen Ziang pointed out at the beginning: The article is not good, 500 years? , very accurately grasp the problem of the history of literary development, which is much more practical than Si Jie and others only advocate the Book of Songs, and even Qu, Song, Ma Mei and Wang Cao deny it.
Secondly, he did practice his own creative theory, and the appearance of his works is not only different from Qi Liang and the court poets in the early Tang Dynasty, but also different from the four outstanding poets. There are less boring offerings and praises, and more works that express personal feelings by feeling social life. Moreover, there is no frivolous breath, and the sweet and colorful forms are completely removed. Instead, they are old and vigorous, calm and depressed, very close to the beginning sound he pursues. As Liu Kezhuang commented:? In the early Tang Dynasty, Wang Yang Shen Song's fame was acceptable, but he did not break away from Qi Liang's style. He picked up the chess pieces and sang an elegant and diluted voice alone, sweeping away the charm of the Six Dynasties and tending to Jian 'an in Huang Chu. ? ("The Later Story"). In order to highlight this feature, his poems are rarely rhythmic, especially seven-character rhythmic poems, but a large number of them are five-character archaic, especially thirty-eight "Feeling".
Chen Ziang's thirty-eight Poems "Feeling for the Heart" is an imitation of Ruan Ji's eighty-two Poems "Singing for the Heart". It forms a lyric series with Guo Pu's Fourteen Poems about Fairy Wandering, Bao Zhao's Eighteen Poems about it is hard to go, Yu Xin's Twenty-Seven Poems about Homesickness, Zhang Jiuling's Twelve Poems about Love and Li Bai's Fifty-nine Poems about Ancient Style. These 38 poems are not temporary works, and their themes are different. Some criticize the reality, deeply feel the state affairs, some feel the life experience and express their ideals, and the most noteworthy are those frontier poems with strong sense of reality. Among them, some reveal the great disasters brought by the belligerence and incompetence of Wuhou to the frontier soldiers and civilians, such as:
At the end of Ding Hai's life, Xishan became a soldier. Take the grain to Qiongdao, and take the lotus halberd to return home. Born in the peak valley, lamenting the snow and ice. The sage governs the universe, and the Tao is peaceful. What's wrong with eating meat? There are many kinds of weeds.
In the middle of the county, looking at the north in Taiwan Province, Hu Qin is so close, and Sha Shuo is so energetic! Born in Tianjiaozi, madness is back. The castle wall is unknown and the pavilion is empty. Duh, why do I sigh? People are drawing grass.
Some expressed the generosity of defending the border and defending the country, which caused a sense of rise and fall and a sigh of life. For example:
I am your son, and I really love talents all my life. I feel that I want to serve my country and draw my sword to help. Dingling in Xichi was blocked, and Taiwan Province was in the north. Seeing thousands of miles in mountain climbing, homesickness is long. Who said he didn't forget the disaster and turned to dust?
Later, he concentrated this feeling in seven poems, such as Qiu Ji's visit to the ancient times to give a gift to Lu Jushi for hiding, and Youzhou Tower became the most powerful masterpiece:
No one can see the ancient wisdom of the ancient king, only those wise men who can't see the afterlife can see it. Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness.
Expand great feelings into great time and space in the smallest space. Words are in the eyes and ears, and feelings are sent to the table of eight shortages? (Poetry), coupled with the rhythm of anger, has an earth-shattering appeal.
There are still some chapters in the poem Feeling that criticize the bad politics at that time. Like what? Saints are not selfish? Accuse Wu Hou of killing Buddha. ? Smart people are hard to be proud? Ironically, Wu Hou is suspected of killing the tyranny of his liegeman, which increases its reality.
From the above examples, we can also see that the style of the poem "Feeling" is also very close to Ruan Ji. Try your best to cut the wind. Zhen guya? (Hu Yinglin's poem? Internal Volume II)? The meaning of the word is profound and the syllable is magnificent. (Zhu's "Living in an Indefinite Order") The artistic conception is rich and the language is mature, which reflects? Lucky spine, frustrated voice? The characteristics of. He also made special use of Bi Xing, such as:
Lan Re was born in spring and summer and flourished in. Lonely and empty forest color, Zhu Changzi stems. It's getting late, the autumn wind is blowing, and the age of China is declining. How can it smell fragrant?
With the withering of grass, the sorrow of ideal failure is expressed.
In addition to Experience, there are many masterpieces of farewell, travel and nostalgic poems. Such as "Late Lexiang County":
The hometown is vast and the sunset is lonely. Chuanyuan lost his old country and entered the border town. The wilderness is broken and the mountains are ancient and flat. How to hate at this time, the night screams.
The law is ancient, the style of writing is like love, simple and vigorous.
Chen Ziang's prose, especially ancient prose, also occupies an important position in the history of literature. Although he has some parallel prose, his ancient prose is obviously much more than that of his contemporaries, especially some practical styles such as countermeasures and sparseness. At that time, many people wrote parallel prose, but Chen Ziang really liked to write in simple and fluent ancient prose, which was also a new creation in the Tang Dynasty, so not only Han Yu praised him, but also other ancient prose.
Chen Ziang's poems also have obvious defects. In theory, pragmatism and anti-glitz are sometimes overemphasized, and the article is regarded as? Ji Bo? , so often in the creation? Overcome feelings with reason? ,? Speak louder than words with anger? It's not enough to rhyme. When will Gu Zhuo, whose quality is too literary, inherit the beginning of Jian 'an? Less and less? (Jiao Ran's poetic style)? How can an author look like Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" but lose his body? (Ye Xie's Original Poems), coupled with the influence of metaphysical words, some poems are too old-fashioned and seem boring.
At the same time as Chen Ziang or later? What about Wu? And Zhang Jiuling. They can be regarded as poets from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty. ? What about Wu? He, Zhang Xu, Bao Rong and Zhang. He is light, romantic and carefree, calling himself? Deadly lunatic? Li Bai is a senior, and his short poems, such as Homecoming Book, are natural and simple, without any carving, and have their own tastes. Although Zhang has only two poems, one is "Moonlit Night on a Spring River"? Lonely? That? Loneliness overwhelmed the whole Tang Dynasty? . It eulogizes the vibrant spring with beautiful words, harmonious melody and deep love. Although there is a traditional description of boudoir feelings, there is no frivolous and flashy element, which leads to deep thinking about life and society:
There is no dust on the river, and the lonely moon is clear. Who saw the moon for the first time by the river? When did Jiang Yue take the photo at the beginning of the year? Life is endless from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue is only similar year after year. I don't know who Jiang Yue is waiting for, but I see the Yangtze River delivering water.
It can be said that the fundamental discussion between human and nature from the beginning is full of philosophy.
Zhang Jiuling (678 ~ 740) was a famous figure in the early years of Xuanzong, but his works were definitely different from those of court poets in the early Tang Dynasty. He often expresses his feelings of loneliness and self-pity, and then directly criticizes reality. Its style is elegant and peaceful, and Wen Ya is mellow. If you don't run it at all, as Du Fu and Hu Zhenheng commented, it is full of charm and subtle natural beauty? Poetry is more than enough, and the end of the text is clear? ("Eight Sorrow Poems"? Zhang Jiuling)? Who started the frivolous school and followed the prosperous Tang Dynasty? Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian and Wei Wuying all benefited from their frivolous school in Qujiang (that is, Zhang Jiuling)? ("Tang Yin Guiqian"), such as:
The moon, at this time is at sea, over the end of the world. People who love hate long nights and sleepless nights and miss their loved ones. Put out the candle to love this moonlit room, and I wander in the deep night dew in my clothes. You can't have beautiful moonlight, just want to meet you in your dreams. (Looking at the moon, thinking of a distant one)
Now that you're out, you don't care about the disabled machine anymore. I miss you like a full moon, and the brightness is decreasing every night.
Clever conception and delicate expression fully reflect the author's pursuit? Nature is infinite, growing in a sunny morning? The natural beauty style of "ribbon-cutting" On the Relationship between Zhang Jiuling and Chen Ziang in Tang Poetry:? In the early Tang Dynasty, the five ancient characters gradually became regular, but the style was not rapid. Chen Zhengzi's declining poetic quality began to be positive, while Zhang Qujiang's continuing poetic quality began to be mellow. ? This feature is also reflected in the poem Feeling with the same title. For example, Zhang Jiuling's Twelve Feelings has seven sentences:
Here, south of the Yangtze River, there is a red orange tree. Its leaves are green all winter. Not because the soil is getting warmer, but because it is accustomed to the cold by nature. Although it may serve your distinguished guests, you leave it here, far below the mountains and rivers ... Fortunately, cause and effect is an infinite cycle. You plant your peach trees and plums, but forget the shade of another tree?
Ji Xing is as good as Qu Yuan's Ode to an Orange as Chen Ziang. Natural and smooth, it means mellow, without the astringency of Chen Shi.