② Modal words. At the end of the sentence, expressing doubt is equivalent to "horse" and "fulfilling the mission": "Is your majesty angry at the news?" Hongmen banquet: "A strong man, can you drink again?" Used at the end of a sentence to express a rhetorical question, equivalent to "mom" and "that" Hongmen Banquet: "Looking at the general day and night, how dare you violate it?" Chen She family: "Is there another kind of prince?" 3. Used at the end of the sentence to indicate speculation, which is equivalent to "ba". "The Battle of Dishes": "The teacher is tired, and the master is far away. Is there anything wrong with it? " "Bao Zhuang meets Mencius": "What about Qi?" 4. Used at the end of the sentence, indicating imperative, equivalent to "ba". Feng Xuan Guest Meng Changjun: "Is the Great Wall back? No car. " ⒌ Used at the end of a sentence to express exclamation, which is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". "Come home to Xi": "How long has it been?" And "On the Snake Catcher": "Who knows that the poison is connected with snakes?" Used in sentences to indicate pause or relief. "Zhao Gong admonishes the king": "Words from the mouth are also good." Travel Notes on the Beginning of the Western Mountain Banquet: "Then I knew that I had traveled to it before I started, and the trip began."
③ Used after adjectives and reduplications. Know the Cow: "Easy to restore." "Red Cliff Fu": "The wind is so vast that I don't know where it ends." Monument to the Tomb of Five: "So there are almost five people in the tomb today."
2. The usage and meaning of "Hu" in classical Chinese (1) indicates interrogative tone, which is equivalent to "Yao" and "you".
Is it difficult to do things in the world? (2) Isn't this far small, but near big? (3) Will you use real beans to sacrifice for the guests? However, isn't Hu himself? Does the husband also love his little son? What if it is poisonous? ⑦ Will you be born with sadness? Does your majesty smell the anger of Buyi? Pet-name ruby QiGu theft? Attending but after the new defeat in Yuzhou, can Ann resist this difficulty? (1 1) Brave, can you drink any more? (12) So far? Have you ever heard of Qi Huan and Jin Wen? (14) How can I protect the people if I am alone? (2) It means rhetorical tone, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you". Example: ① Who is Zhihu? (2) study from time to time, not to mention? (3) people take it, and they never say enough? (4) What kind of prince would you rather have? If you want a sword, isn't it confusing? 6 The friendship between Heyi and Yi has not been deceived. What is the situation in the whole country? I am a teacher, and my husband knows that his years were born in me. Isn't it from Confucianism that Mencius is abolished today? Pet-name ruby unkind person? Attending skills and experience, but how bad? ③ Adjective suffix, sometimes equivalent to "land".
Exodus: ① Nowadays, those who wear tiger symbols and sit in high places are almost as good as Gancheng. (2) so today's tomb is full of five people.
(3) If there is no room for thickness, there will be room for recycling. Suddenly, I did it.
(4) means measurement and adjustment, which is equivalent to "Ba". For example: (1) Did you drink well during the eclipse? (2) The reason why saints are holy and fools are stupid is because? (3) The King of Qi is very happy, so the state of Qi is almost average.
(4) the teacher is tired and the teacher is far away. Is everything all right? 5] with "in". Example: (1) clamoring for things, running north and south.
(2) Although this is death, it is later than my neighbor's death. I doubt it.
(Almost: Right. The meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers.
(5) during this period. 6. The law of the first king came from the world.
⑦ The period of a good sword is almost broken, but it won't break unexpectedly. (almost: the object of introducing action. )
Was born before me, and its smell was solid before me? Pet-name ruby it is no wonder that its private. It is learned to join a gentleman, but you can save yourself by taking part in one day.
(Almost: Right. ) (1 1) words have not been exported, and sorrow and joy are ahead.
(12) Covering gold is almost a skill. (13) Wang changed color.
(14) I like Tao best: I am better at it. (15) According to Heaven, approve and guide.
I grow taller every day. (er: than. )
(17) was taken in this big country. (18) was written by an extraordinary person.
(19) bath and release. (20) You are alone in the mountains.
(6) Expressing sigh tone, which is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". Example: ① Alas! Who knows that Fu Lian's poison is very snake! (2) Hehe, the swallow knows the ambition of the swan! 3 days, people, already! (7) The tone of discussion is equivalent to "horse" and "handle".
Exodus: (1) If you die today, you will die if you plan a great event. If you wait to die, how can you die? (2) come, then the king? Used in sentences to indicate a pause. For example, this is just a book.
Its tone, strong and decisive, is used at the end of a sentence. As a positive modal particle, it is mainly used in declarative sentences, and its meaning is more obvious than other similar words. Biography of Historical Records and Sun Tzu: "I hope I don't behead."
Historical Records Biography of Huaiyin Hou: "Use it or not, listen or not." "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han": "The three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition."
Strong tone, all means yes. Because the pronunciation of the word "Ye" is homophonic with evil, it is sometimes considered as the use of interrogative modal particles "Hu" and "Ye".
"Guo Yu Zhou Yu Xia": "Dare to ask Heaven and restrain others?" This sentence "Hu" and "Ye" are intertextual. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books —— Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan, page 4 12).
3. In ancient classical Chinese, the meaning of "Yu" was combined with nouns, pronouns or noun phrases to form an object-object structure, which was used as adverbial or complement in sentences. 1. Introduce the places related to the action. (1) indicates the place where the action takes place, appears or takes place. A. The object-object structure of "Yu" is used as a complement after the verb or predicate. It can be translated as "in". It is better to lead yourself to the evil hidden in the cave (Bao Ren An Shu). B the prepositional object structure where "Yu" is located can be used as an adverbial before the verb or predicate. It can be translated as "in". For example, Han Sui and others rose up in Liangzhou and became corps commanders, refusing to make the Western Expedition. In the north, surrounded by tens of thousands of Qiang Hu, food is scarce ("Yu" is a complement, which can be translated as "from", "you" and "zi". For example, a son's self-indulgence did not win the favor of the King of Qi, and he could not count his only son, which led to Zhao's death (Xinlingjun stole the charm to save Zhao). (3) The object-object structure of "Yu" is used as a complement after the verb or predicate. It can be translated as "knowledge" and "Tao". Let Wei Gongzi say ("Xinlingjun steals the charm to save Zhao") 2. Introduce the time related to the action. (1) indicates when the action occurs or appears. The object-object structure of "Yu" can be used as an adverbial before the verb predicate or as a complement after the verb predicate. It can be translated as "in". For example, a scholar can go to prison as picturesque as a picture, but he can't go to the DPRK, so cutting wood is an official and there is discussion. [2], [2], [3], [4], [4], [7], [7], [2], [7], [2], [2] and [2] are not far from the 933 Division (to keep people at ease). 3. Introduce the content of the action. The object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate and can be translated into "one" and "ba". For example, give it a heart and a heart and tell people to learn from me (Xia Shangshu Pan Geng). 4. Introduce the people directly involved in the action. "Teaching is cautious, and promoting talents is (reporting). 5. Introduce the objects related to the action and indicate to whom the action is sent. The prepositional structure of "Yu" is located after the verb or predicate and can be translated as "Xiang". For example, the younger sister of Gongzi is Zhao Huiwen's younger brother's wife, and there are several names left by Wang Wei and Gongzi Shu. Please save Wei (Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao). 6. Introduce the recipients of delivery and transmission. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate as a complement. It can be translated as "give" or it can still be "Yu". For example, Gong Jing loves his daughter, so please marry Yan Zi (The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, Chapters and Miscellanies) 7. It shows the relationship between people, events and actions. (1) The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate as a complement, which can be translated as "dui" and "dui". For example, although we want to carve our own words, it is not conducive to popular belief and is enough to insult our ears (Bao Ren An Shu). (2) The object-object structure of Yu is located in the verb predicate. Sitting in the meditation room, it will be opened in about 100 days (continued Yi Jian Zhangzhi Jushi). 8. Introduce that Party B is related to Party A's actions, indicating that Party A and Party B have jointly completed or carried out actions. In the process of actions, Party A plays a leading role and is active. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb as a complement. It can be translated as "heel" Because it does not form an alliance with Qi (Historical Records Qi Taigong Family) 9. Introduce objects for comparison or analogy. Generally used to illustrate similarities and differences. Yu's object structure is located after the predicate and can be translated into "follow" and "and so on. For example, I dare not compare myself with others at this time (Xin Lingjun steals symbols to save Zhao) 65438+. As a complement, it can be translated as "bi". For example, people are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, and their uses tend to be different (Baoren An Shu) 1 1. The introduction of active person in passive sentences indicates passivity. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb as a complement. The foreign bully is Zhang Yi (Biography of Qu Yuan) 12. Introduce the object interests of actions and behaviors, and explain who actions and behaviors are for. The prepositional object structure of "Yu" is located before or after the verb and can be translated as "Wei". For example, ministers who don't try their best to serve Lu Jun will have to serve him (Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Twenty-six Years). It is often used in Shangshu, which can be translated as "harmony" and "harmony". For example, it is said that your virtue lies in the trip of punishment (Shangshu is anti-fat). Reporter: Tell you what the doer said and the reason for the punishment. Edit paragraph 3, auxiliary word 1. Used to mark prepositional objects in sentences. For example, declare, educate and defend the four countries, and educate in all directions. 2. Used in sentences, before verbs, after subjects, and sometimes after words or adverbials indicating time. It makes sentences harmonious and strengthens the meaning of reciting. For example, Wang Yuxing, as a teacher, cultivated my spear and shared hatred with his son (The Book of Songs, Qin Feng, No Clothes). Used at the beginning of a sentence, sometimes in parallel. (Lv Chunqiu Shen Ying) Edit this paragraph 5. Verb (1) (pictographic. Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, indicating that the gas is blocked and there is still crossing. Original meaning: go beyond (2); The son who went there belongs to his family. -"Poem Nan Zhou Yao Tao". Mao Chuan: "Yes, go." At that time, (3) take [take] the sky high, and he is in the hair. All right.
4. The ancient meanings of all the following words, in classical Chinese, are the meanings in the ancient Chinese dictionary. Also, the modal particle 1 at the end of the (1) sentence indicates the mood of judgment. (1) Xu Gong in the north of the city, the beauty of Qi State ("Zou Ji's satire can be taught") ② Zhang: "Pei Gong participated in Fan Kuai" ("Hongmen Banquet"). Therefore, sheep are very studious ("Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi"). Thunder suddenly appeared, and the palace car passed by. (Epang Palace Fu) 3. Used in or at the end of a sentence to express affirmation and exclamation. ① Hoo! Those who destroy the six countries are not Qin. Those who belong to Qin are also Qin, not the world. ("On Qin") As for swearing, the sky would fall and tears would fall, how bad! (Biography of Lingguan) ③ The ancients did not bully (Biography of Shi Zhongshan). 4. Used at the end of a sentence to express doubt or rhetorical tone. 1. Are you afraid of death and evil? Why are you crying? ("Xin Ling Jun steals the charm to save Zhao") How can my king play drums when he is less ill? ("Bao Zhuang Meets Mencius") 3 Those who make Qin love the Six Kingdoms again will be handed over to the third generation forever, and whose family will be destroyed? 5. Used at the end of the sentence to indicate imperative mood. (1) can't attack it, not from it, then back. (The Battle of Carmen) (2) and * * *, don't let your sister worry about the end of the road (Du Shiniang's Angry Box) (2) The modal particles in the sentence. Used in sentences to indicate that the tone has stopped. People often doubt it. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) It depends on me first. (Shi Shuo) ............................................................................................................................................................................ (Sick Plum Restaurant) What a shame to be alone! (Introduction to Lingguan) Hu ① is used as an modal particle. 1. The tone of doubt. It can be translated into "Mo" and "Ne". How cold is it? Want to eat? (Selected Annals of Ji Xiang) What about the technical cover? ("Knowing Cows") 3 Do you want to return to safety? (Battle of Red Cliffs) 2. Expressing rhetorical tone is equivalent to "it" and "it". The friendship of cloth has not been deceived, but what is the domestic situation? I am a teacher, and Fu Yong knows that his years were born in me. ("Shi Shuo") 3 However, after the new defeat of Yuzhou, is it hard for Ann to resist this? (Battle of Red Cliffs) 3. It can be translated as "ba", indicating the tone of measurement or discussion. Wang is happy, but he is almost as ordinary as himself. ("Bao Zhuang Meets Mencius") ② What makes saints holy and fools stupid? (3) There is no decline in the eclipse ("Touching the dragon and telling the Queen Zhao") (4) If you die today, you will die. If you die, you will die. (Chen She Family) (5) If there is nothing, what about the king? (Qi Huan King Shi Zhi). Used in exclamatory sentences or imperative sentences, which can be translated as "ah" and "ya". It is right to say I love you to people (history); (2) regret that you didn't follow the Tao; 3 I will oppose (Li Sao); I look at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east. The mountains and rivers are mixed and gloomy. Get off ("Feng Xuan Meng Changjun") 5. Used for the pause of a sentence. As a result of the book. (2) As a preposition, it is equivalent to "Yu", which has different translations in this paper. The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, but also in mountains and rivers. Although I died here today, I died worse than my neighbors. ("Shi Shuo") (former "Hu": in; The latter "Hu": Bi. I doubt it is true. (Hu: Right. A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by participating in daily activities. (The Analects of Confucius) Hu: Right. No wonder his privacy is also true. (Hu: Right) He covered up his skills. ("My Skill") (Hu. Used as an auxiliary word (1). It is often placed in front of verbs and combined with verbs to form the structure of "suo". The structure of "suo" is a noun phrase, which means "person", "thing" and "suo". Then the word structure plays the role of attribute. For example, at night, soldiers surround the house. (Preface to Southern Notes) I visited Zhu Hai, the butcher. This sage is famous all over the world, so he hides his ears in the slaughter. (Xin Lingjun stole the charm to save Zhao) 2. In some sentences, "Wei" and "Suo" echo each other and form a component. It means passive. For example, Zhuang was forced to death by patrolling the mausoleum. I heard that her father was killed. (Xin Lingjun stole the charm to save Zhao) 3. The disyllabic function word "so" has two main purposes: one is to express the reason. For example, people who are close to the sages are far away. I am a humble person and a distant Confucian, so I was depressed in the Han Dynasty. I did this because I was anxious about my country first, and then I took personal grudges. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) It is a means and an end, so I am a teacher, so I am taught truth. (Teacher's Notes) 1. Reasons, feelings. "Wen Zi" naturally: "There are masters who don't know the truth, and only saints can know the truth." "Historical records? Preface to Taishi Gong: Thirty-six princes in Spring and Autumn Annals destroyed fifty-two countries. Countless governors have fled and failed to protect their country. If you look at the reasons, you will lose their original position. "A poem by Tang Hanyu, Li Hua, said:" I don't want to know the past, but I am alone with my grandson. " Jin Dong explained the situation in the West Room. All the counties along the Yellow River are ruled by the river, and Tianlu's houses are gone. 2. They can form noun phrases with adjectives or verbs, and still express reasons and feelings. "Zhuangzi? Tian Yun: "He knows beauty, but he doesn't know why." "Historical records? Wei Kangshu's family: "We must seek the sages, gentlemen and elders of Yin, and ask them why they prospered the country, so they died and served the people." 3.
5. "Wen" means 1 in ancient classical Chinese. The texture or image caused by the complexity of things: can be as golden as gold. 2. Tattoo pattern: body. 3. Symbols of recording language: characters; ~ hey; 4. What does writing down in words have to do with: contributing (referring to books and materials with historical value and reference value) and adopting (a. literary talents; B. colorful) 5. Overview of human labor achievements: culture. 6. Some phenomena in nature: .. 7. In ancient times, it refers to etiquette. Festivals (too many ceremonies). 8. Mandarin poetry is gentle compared with "quality" and "emotion". 9. Gentleness: fire, quietness and elegance. 10. refers to non-military: post, martial arts (refers to music education and military achievements). 1 1. refers to the written language based on ancient Chinese: 552~ characters. Moral knowledge and prose; Kindly love the people and speak for them; Yu Wen; Give the people a title; Diligent and good at asking Japanese; Learn more and watch more Japanese; Loyalty and accepting gifts; Can set up ceremonies in Japanese; The state decided to praise Wen Hou; Sensitive and eager to learn Japanese; Pay, be polite; Xiu De came running from a distance to talk; Combine rigidity with softness; The training course system is written in Japanese; Germany and the United States show their papers; All nations are constitutional, and Deyun Emperor Wen Guang; Strong but not violent; Hui Ruan Gong Yi Wen Yue; Saint Moppi expressed his words; Become Japanese in the world; Pure mu manyan; Kos Yin Hui Wen Yue; Jing zhi's ci; Rise to Japanese with saints; Shaoxiu Xu Sheng Wen Yue; Sound teaching can be accomplished in four ways, such as Emperor Wendi.
6. Interpretation of ancient prose and Yueyang Tower Fan Zhongyan celebrated the fourth spring, and Teng (téng)(zhé) guarded Baling County.
In the second year, the government was harmonious and everything went smoothly. Is to rebuild Yueyang Tower, add its old system, and engrave Tang Xian's poems on it.
The genus () is recorded in the composition (the rest should be two tones). Yu (fú) Baling wins the case in Dongting Lake.
Holding the distant mountains, swallowing the Yangtze River and making endless soup (shāng); It's sunny in the morning and cloudy at night. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower, which was prepared by the elder (yǐ).
But the northern martial arts, the Antarctic Xiaoxiang, and the poets who moved abroad will all be here, and they will look at things well. If it rains (fü) and it rains (fü i), it will not open for several months, and the evil wind will roar (háo) and the turbid waves will be empty. The sun, moon and stars are hidden in Yao, and mountains and rivers are hidden in Qi.
Business travel is not good, but it is a disaster. At dusk (míng), the tiger howls (xiào) and the ape cries.
When you climb the stairs, there are people who are homesick, people who are worried (don't write "greedy"), people who are afraid of laughing (don't write "hungry") and people who are extremely sad. If the spring is peaceful, the scenery is beautiful, the waves are calm, and the sky is high and the clouds are light (qǐng).
Li Jing swims in Ji Xiang, Sha Ou. On shore, ZH (ZH ǐ) TΡ ng (Tó ng) is blue and green (qóng).
Or the long smoke is exhausted, the bright moon is thousands of miles away, the light is shining, the static shadow is sinking, and the fishing songs are answered. How happy I am! If you climb the stairs, you will feel relaxed and happy, and you will feel embarrassed and humiliated (xié) (don't write "all"). If you leave the wine in the breeze, you will be happy. Oh, honey! Try to seek the heart of ancient benevolent people, or do something different from them.
What? Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself. If you live high in a temple, you will worry about your people. If you stay away from the Jianghu, you will worry about your king.
It's worrying about going in and going out. But when will it be fun (yé)? It must be said that "worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world"! Yǔ！ Hey (y: and)! Wes, who are we going home with? September 15th, six years.
Description: In the spring of four years, Teng was demoted as the prefect of Yuezhou. In the second year, political affairs were smooth, people were happy, and various waste businesses were established one after another.
So (Teng) rebuilt Yueyang Tower, expanded the original building scale, and engraved poems and songs of talented people and modern people in the Tang Dynasty on Yueyang Tower. (Teng) entrusted me to write an article to describe (rebuild Yueyang Tower). I think the beautiful scenery of Baling is concentrated in Dongting Lake.
Dongting Lake (Dongting Lake) connects the distant mountains and engulfs the flowing water of the Yangtze River. It looks like a big water, vast and boundless. Sunny rain changes in the morning and evening of a day, and the weather scene is ever-changing.
This is the magnificent scene of Yueyang Tower, which has been described in detail by predecessors. In this case, most officials and poets who were relegated and moved to Wuxia in the north and Xiaoshui and Xiangshui in the south gathered here to enjoy the natural scenery, which would probably be different.
Like continuous rain, it didn't clear up for a month, the cold wind roared, the turbid waves rushed to the sky, the sun (and) stars hid their brilliance, and the mountains hid their traces; Businessmen (and) passengers can't walk, the mast falls down and the oars are broken; The dark appearance of the coming dusk, the whistle of the tiger and the cry of the ape. When you climb this building, you will have the feeling of leaving Kyoto and missing your hometown, fearing that (others) will speak ill of you and ridicule (yourself). Your eyes will be full of depression and your feelings will be extremely sad.
As for spring, the climate is warm, the sun shines, the waves can't afford it, and the sky above and below the lake is endless. Sha Ou sometimes flies and sometimes stops, and beautiful fish swim (on the water); The fragrant grass on the shore and the orchid in Xiaozhou are rich in fragrance, full of green. Sometimes the smoke disappears completely and the bright moonlight pours thousands of miles. When the lake fluctuates, the moonlight floating on the water shines golden. When the lake is calm, the moon shines into the water as if a piece of jade had sunk.
Fishermen sing and answer each other, so the fun is endless! When you climb this building, you will have an open mind and a happy spirit. You have forgotten your own glory and humiliation, and you will raise your glass to the wind with great happiness. Alas! I have also discussed the thoughts and feelings of ancient virtuous people before, which may be different from the above two kinds of people.
Why? Don't be happy or sad because of the environment (good or bad) and yourself (gains and losses). Be an official in the court and worry about its people; If he is not an official in the imperial court and retreats to a remote place, he is worried about his monarch.
Therefore, being an official in the imperial court is also worrying, and so are retired people. When will you be happy? They will definitely say, "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later"! Ah! Without such a person, who am I with (not, but Teng)? Written in September of Qing Dynasty, this famous article will definitely be liked by your teacher, who said you have a good eye.
If it is too long, choose this one: Carving a boat for a sword. Some Chu people waded in the river and their swords fell from the boat into the water. He made a mark on the side of the ship with his sword and said, "This is where my sword fell." . "
The ship stopped at the destination, and the Chu people jumped into the water from the marked place to find the sword. The boat can, but not the sword.
You won't be confused if you ask for a sword! Explanation: A man in the State of Chu crossed the river by boat and his sword fell into the water. He quickly carved a mark on the boat and said, My sword fell from here. After the ship stopped at the shore, he went ashore from the mark and went into the water to look for his lost sword.
The author said: the boat has been gone for a long time, but the sword has not moved. It looks like this. /\ {} p！ ; : ; |:| |:| l； l ll I； Me, me; Me, me; Me, me; I d | b H | H H | H H I H，； ，H I H，； , ; H @ H； _ H _, ; H @ H`\Y/d_，； | 4H @ HK |，_ b \ Y/' ' \； MMMMM $ @ @ @ $ MMMMM/' "~~~*; ! 8@8! ; *~~~" ; 888; ; 888; ; 888; ; 888; Isn't d8@8b O8@8O T808T silly? .