I. Research background and significance
Based on the acceleration of global urbanization, the expansion of population and the increase of urban building density, people begin to realize the pollution of environment and building energy consumption and the crisis of ecosystem. In order to curb this trend, green buildings came into being. The definition of green building is to save energy, land, water and materials to the maximum extent, protect the environment, reduce pollution, provide people with healthy, applicable and efficient use space, and live in harmony with nature. One of the important ways to realize green building is vertical landscape, which has an inestimable compensation effect on urban ecological landscape.
As a populous country, China is short of urban land resources, and at the same time, a large number of people continue to flood into cities, resulting in more and more crowded cities such as North, Shanghai and Guangzhou. These big city centers with rich land and gold integrate business, entertainment and culture. There are many high-rise buildings and there is a serious shortage of public green space. Some people suggest building more green squares and parks to solve this thorny problem. The original intention is good, but the actual national conditions are difficult to implement. It is predicted that in 2020, 3 million rural people in China will move to cities. A large number of rural people are pouring into cities at an alarming rate, and the urban land capacity is saturated. How to balance the construction land and green area is an extremely serious problem we are facing. On the other hand, with the improvement of material and cultural level, urbanites' pursuit of quality of life is also constantly improving.
They are eager to get close to nature, and the demand for enjoying green is increasing. According to statistics, Shanghai's GDP in 20 10 has reached 1 10,000 USD. With the improvement of economic consumption capacity, high-quality living standards, environment and quality standards have become more and more concerned topics for urban residents. Investment in public green space environment makes the living and working environment more comfortable and pleasant, which has become a kind of knowledge and pursuit of people. Therefore, it will become a trend to seek the availability of vertical greening of high-rise buildings when the expandable area of horizontal greening is basically zero. The skin greening of high-rise buildings can not only achieve green plant coverage in a short time, but also be consistent with the green building goal of building energy saving and consumption reduction, which is a multi-purpose method.
At the same time, vertical landscape is also of great significance for improving the ecological effect of the city. The vertical landscape function of high-rise buildings is located in ecology, which has immeasurable social and economic benefits such as absorbing and blocking dust in the air, reducing dust particles, cleaning and purifying the air, reducing noise radiation, adjusting room temperature, saving building energy consumption, beautifying the environment and making people feel happy.
Second, the research status at home and abroad
Urban vertical landscape design has sprouted as early as the classical hanging gardens in Babylon. Of course, the early vertical three-dimensional greening was more of an unconscious climbing of natural plants, with a single variety and no systematic theory. It was not until the 1990s that the western developed countries began to systematically study vertical greening, and it gradually became the frontier topic of future urban ecological landscape development in the field of landscape design. The vertical landscape in some developed countries has been supported and promoted by government policies in improving the ecological environment of emerging cities, bringing ecological, economic and health benefits to urban residents, eliminating the "urban heat island effect" to a certain extent, and promoting the scientific construction of ecological gardens.
Among them, Yang Jingwen, a Malaysian architect, can be said to be a pioneer in realizing the "hanging garden". His architectural design is famous for the combination of organic and vibrant vegetation. He advocated the organic growth of architecture and plant ecosystem. In his practice of ecological architecture, he always adhered to the design principle of bioclimatology and created many amazing vertical landscape ecological buildings. One of his famous works is Singapore EDITT? Tower, 1998 won the tropical ecological architecture design award.
From a distance, the whole building stands like a towering tree, surrounded by green plants. The harmony between plants and buildings not only reaches the aesthetic height, but also plays the role of heat insulation. The ratio of green space to living area in this building has reached 1:2. The building also has several sets of green energy-saving systems such as rainwater recovery, photovoltaic power generation and sewage purification. The eco-architecture in Yang Jingwen has realized the harmonious growth of green plants and buildings, and also demonstrated the colorful space forms that may be formed by carefully configured plants, so that buildings and nature can be perfectly combined. As Yang Jingwen said: "Architecture can often be regarded as the accumulation of a large number of inanimate substances, and the goal of vegetation is to integrate organic and living substances with inorganic and inanimate substances."
In addition, vertical landscape ecological buildings have also appeared in Japan and France. For example, in the ACROS building in Fukuoka, Japan, the underground space of 1/4 is removed from the whole building, and the above-ground building is designed as a step, and the roof part is completely covered with green vegetation. After several years of construction, lush vegetation has been integrated with the greening of South Park, which seems to form a green island in the center of the city. While harvesting beautiful visual landscape, it makes the temperature of the whole building more comfortable and creates a good ecological effect. At present, in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chongqing and other big cities, the research and discussion on urban vertical greening has formed a certain understanding, and some practical cases of greening skin have appeared on the fa? ade of urban buildings, but these practices can only be called vertical greening to a certain extent, which is far from vertical landscape. It can be said that the vertical landscape design of high-rise buildings in China is still in its infancy, and there are still many experiences to learn.
Third, the vertical landscape in high-rise buildings to create techniques
It needs to be clear that vertical landscape and vertical greening are two different concepts. Vertical landscape is a landscape design that makes full use of the vertical space of buildings to realize the growth of plants (including trees) and high-rise buildings. The essence of vertical greening is the climbing greening of the vertical plane of the building, which is the plane greening of the climbing plants turning 90 degrees. However, there are some similarities between the two, such as less land occupation and vertical three-dimensional greening design. In vertical landscape design, plants are the main means of architectural landscaping. Through different combinations of plant landscaping, the unique space creation of plane layout and vertical building structure design of high-rise buildings is formed, which forms picturesque and beautiful landscape and enriches the functional requirements of indoor space of high-rise buildings. The analysis of these construction technologies needs more practical possibilities, but at present we are more empirical and only have theoretical arrangements. According to Yang Jingwen's experience in using bioclimatology to organize space in high-rise buildings, we can learn from the following design methods:
(1) spatial organization
By analyzing its plane layout, the outlines of high-rise buildings in Yang Jingwen are mostly irregular, and open spaces with different concavities are used for greening. The overhanging space on the vertical floor is patchy, which not only allows different households to enjoy more sunshine, but also allows plants with staggered arrangement to get enough light and growth space, especially arbor plants. Embedding a large number of green plants not only effectively reduces the heat island effect of the building itself, but also produces oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, enriches the single skin of the building, and does not affect the possibility of window opening in the shadow area.
Further analysis of its vertical space shows that the vertical landscape structure of high-rise buildings is the product of the combination of natural beauty and artificial beauty of plants and buildings, so we should consider the growth space reserved for plants and attach importance to the design arrangement of their elastic space. Various facilities are convenient to set up to meet the needs of space-time development. Therefore, the design of facilities such as fire fighting and evacuation should be considered from the aesthetic level. We can make full use of the building refuge floor required by the fire protection code of super high-rise buildings, focus on vertical landscape greening, create a vibrant building facade and enhance the aesthetic feeling of the whole building.
(2) Factory configuration
As an important element of vertical landscape ecological architecture, green plants intuitively show the ecological effect and visual feeling of the building. Excellent vertical landscape ecological architecture must be a high degree of integration of plants and architectural aesthetics, so the collocation of plants is particularly important. The construction of vertical landscape is not simply to attach a layer of climbing green plants to the building, but to pay attention to the collocation of rich plants, the change of color seasons and soft lines, and to create a building full of vitality in time and space.
In the design process, the cantilever planting trough, as an independent plant unit, should be fully equipped with plant communities, enrich varieties and form a natural layered green landscape. For example, in the uneven staggered open space, ground cover plants can be laid, trees can be shaded, and shrubs and flowers with ornamental value can be inlaid and decorated. At the same time, drooping plants and vines are selected for hanging beautification, which makes up for some rigid structural lines of the external wall of the building and creates a natural plant community landscape that is harmonious with the building, patchwork and beautiful in all seasons.
(3) Energy saving cycle
Just as Yang Jingwen thought that many postmodern buildings added too many meaningless shapes to the facade treatment, which caused a lot of waste of building materials. These irrational design quirks ignore the rational use of energy and the constraints of energy consumption. Facing the increasingly severe energy consumption problem in the world, architects should undoubtedly strengthen their awareness of energy conservation, especially in high-rise buildings. From the perspective of bioclimatology, this paper explores the possibility and methodology of building energy conservation, and ultimately promotes people's spiritual enjoyment and reduces building energy consumption.
In ecological planning and design, the vertical landscape of high-rise buildings should be optimized. At the beginning of design, we should pay attention to the recycling of the whole artificial ecosystem, so that the raw materials and waste materials in the green environment can be recycled as much as possible, and the energy consumption generated by ourselves can be digested and decomposed to reduce losses. The challenge of design is to make full use of resources and energy, reduce floating dust, absorb noise, adjust the room temperature, and get the maximum benefit with the least investment, thus embodying the environmental protection and low-carbon concepts of energy-saving, water-saving and material-saving of vertical landscape ecological buildings.
(d) humanistic care
According to the research in Britain and Japan, more than 40% people who work or live in high-rise buildings are eager to get close to nature, such as opening windows to see the green or going outdoors, and vertical landscape is a better way to put this desire into practice. Vertical landscape not only beautifies the external architectural environment, but also introduces natural beauty into indoor space. Not only in the indoor leisure space of high-rise buildings, but also in the balcony space, a dreamy green garden in the air has been built.
In the shade of balcony space, the layered plant landscape makes people feel the wonderful experience of drawing blue sky with the rhythm of plant landscape as the framework. The goal of vertical landscape design of high-rise buildings is not to simulate nature, but to bridge the rigid gap between ecology and architectural design, form a lasting and stable connection, create suitable nature and create a reasonable artificial ecosystem. Therefore, in the design of high-rise buildings, while emphasizing the basic conditions such as lighting, ventilation and thermal insulation, the vertical landscape must pay attention to people's comfort, meet the requirements of ergonomics from the micro level, pay attention to people's health and pay attention to people's use safety.
Four. conclusion
Vertical landscape adheres to the concept of ecological diversity, skillfully combines the structural design of high-rise buildings, creates a unique three-dimensional green landscape of buildings, and seeks a balance point with green plants in the vertical design of buildings, which can solve the problem of lack of green space resources faced by big cities in China to some extent. However, the vertical landscape of high-rise buildings will inevitably have some shortcomings. The first is the issue of capital investment. Vertical landscape needs more financial and technical support, and the cost and return are slow.
Secondly, the later maintenance of greening is a long-term project, and of course there will inevitably be concerns about waterproofing and load. Therefore, the quality assurance in the early stage and the capital investment in the later stage are the key, which also requires more policy support from the government and the improvement of social recognition. However, under the current national conditions, vertical landscape can be regarded as a quick and effective method to improve the greening of urban central areas. Imagine that if a large number of high-rise buildings in our city are wrapped in green and the urban landscape presents a green ocean, then under the fast pace, the quality of the living and working environment of urbanites will be greatly improved.
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