1. Organizational sociology refers to the study of the structure, functions, operating rules and problems of professional organizations (including enterprises and institutions).

2. Formal organization refers to a social group formed by people to coordinate and unite their actions in order to achieve a certain goal. Specifically, it includes: first, every organization has its own goals, and everyone in the organization also has their own goals; Second, organizations have certain unique psychological structures, and different organizations have different structures; Third, each organization has its own specific technical structure; Fourth, organization is a structured overall activity.

3. The organizational goal is the future state that the organization strives to achieve and hopes. It is the foundation and motivation for an organization to carry out its activities, and represents the future and development direction of an organization.

4. The goal of balance means that the organization consciously makes decisions that are coordinated with its objective environment and adopts strategies that adapt to the environment.

5. Improvement goal refers to the hope to improve the old work goal and complete the plan with higher efficiency. Due to the rapid changes in modern social environment, organizations often improve or set new goals to meet the needs of environmental changes.

6. Management by objectives is an effective management skill, which means that the upper and lower managers of the organization jointly formulate the organization's goals and objectives, strictly stipulate the scope of individual responsibilities according to the expected wishes, and take this scale as the guiding principle of organizational operation and the standard for evaluating individual contributions.

7. Organizational design has two meanings: first, it refers to the process of establishing an organization, including the establishment of a new organization and the transformation of the original organizational structure, mainly from a dynamic perspective; The second kind refers to a design scheme or result, which is a static investigation, and the main form of expression is organizational schema.

8. Informal groups are social groups formed by a certain number of individuals (usually small in scale) through long-term interaction.

9. Organizational culture refers to the * * same value system formed by members of an organization in the long-term interaction and influence, which includes the sum of outlook on life, ideology, values, ideals, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and codes of conduct used by members of the organization.

10. Brainstorming is a process of making scientific decisions without any restrictions on decision makers in the decision-making environment, so that various ideas in the mind can be expressed. This decision-making method is a scientific method mainly aimed at decision-making problems, such as adapting to pressure.

1 1, organizational development refers to the idea of personnel optimization and coordination of organizational atmosphere, through long-term efforts at the organizational level, to improve and update the process of enterprise organization, to achieve systematic organizational change and organizational development, often with the guidance and help of some experts, using the theory and technology of management psychology and other disciplines to achieve predetermined organizational change plans and goals.

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1. Basic variables of organizational research: human variables, organizational variables and environmental variables.

2. The emergence of new organizations: a large number of intermediary organizations appear, ownership types are divided, and organizational affiliation changes.

3. Parsons classification scheme (classified by function and goal): 1, economic production organization 2, political purpose.

Standard Organization 3, Integration Organization 4, Pattern Maintenance Organization

4.Brau and Scott's classification scheme (beneficiaries based on organizations): 1, mutual benefit organization 2, service organization 3, operation organization 4 and non-profit organization.

5. The characteristics of unit organization: public ownership or state ownership of unit resources, non-independence, functional diversification and "administrative" differences between units.

6. Elements and status of organizational system: As a system, the elements of an organization generally include four aspects, namely, organizational goals. Organizational structure and design, organizational culture and groups within the organization. Organizational goals are the foundation of organizational existence. The structure and design of an organization are the necessary "hardware devices" to achieve organizational goals, while organizational culture and organizational groups are the "software" parts to achieve organizational goals.

7. Factors influencing goal setting: cultural environment, internal factors of the organization and participants of the organization.

8. Principles of goal setting: reciprocity, evaluation and selection.

9. Elements of management by objectives: defining objectives, participating in decision-making, setting deadlines and feeding back results.

10. Evaluation of goal realization: effectiveness standard, efficiency standard and humanitarian standard of organizational goals.

1 1, the elements of organizational structure mainly include four aspects, namely, position, goal, authority and role, and their mutual relations and connections form the basic structure of the organization.

12. A group refers to a social unit composed of two or more individuals who maintain continuous interdependence and interaction in order to achieve the same goal.

13. Development stages of groups: formation stage, internal coordination stage, development and growth stage and maturity stage.

14. Constraints of group relations: task certainty, goal difference and interdependence.

15. Causes of conflicts between groups: expanding their own influence, improving the comprehensive status of groups and increasing resources.

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16. Research methods of organizational culture: interview, secondary analysis and group discussion.

17. Power types: compulsory right, reward right, legal right, expert right, association right, information right and functional right.

18. Constraints of power: certainty of environment, substitutability of resources and centrality of tasks.

19. Causes of organizational conflict: different goals, different behavior expectations and different distribution of value resources.

20. Organizing decision-making procedures: judging problems and objectives, collecting and processing relevant information, formulating and selecting plans, and implementing and evaluating decision-making plans.

2 1. Advantages of group decision making: 1. Concentration of knowledge and information. 2. Inspire and compensate each other. 3. openness. 4. effectiveness. 5. Economy and efficiency.

22. Problems in group decision-making: 1, slow response 2, group deviation 3, compliance pressure 4, contradiction confrontation.

5, first decision conclusion 6, subjective probability

23. Organizational communication can be divided into formal communication and informal communication in essence.

24. The process of organizational change: preparation and planning stage, content of organizational change, testing and promotion stage, evaluation and consolidation stage.

25. boundaryless organization: vertical boundary, horizontal boundary, external boundary and geographical boundary.

Short Answer Questions

1. Research contents of organizational sociology: 1. Understanding of organizational structure and design.

The second is to analyze the function of the basic structure.

The third is the research on the operation process and law of the mechanism.

The fourth is to diagnose and analyze the problems in the process of organization operation.

2. Division of government agencies: First, the implementation of decentralization. In the past, the central and local governments were mixed, and all resources were allocated from the central to the local governments step by step. Now it is divided into the form of "dividing the stove to eat", and more consideration is given to local autonomy and local interests. Secondly, the functional departments and management methods of government organizations have changed, and government organizations have separated departments with economic management functions from pure administrative departments. This separation strengthens local interests and departmental interests. There is a division between government agencies at all levels and professional institutions characterized by "separating government from enterprises, allowing profits and delegating power". However, within professional organizations and between enterprises and institutions, there is great heterogeneity because of the different resources occupied after decentralization. Thirdly, the government will transfer some functions of industry management to new organizations, and indirectly manage economic affairs by using intermediary organizations, so as to make government organizations professional and stop interfering in economic affairs.

3. Taylor's scientific management theory: 1. Establish a truly scientific labor process.

The father of scientific management theory. Scientific selection and gradual training of talents.

3. Combine scientifically selected and trained workers with scientific labor process.

4. Close and lasting cooperation between managers and workers.

4. Weber's authority type: legal authority is based on laws and regulations. This right

Wei is the most representative bureaucrat; Traditional authority depends on the sanctity of social order.

Belief in maintaining privilege; Inspiring authority, which is based on the sincerity of followers to leaders.

Love and leaders' talents (charisma) include leaders' ability to give orders, heroism and intelligence.

Bright intelligence and eloquence, as well as extraordinary temperament and intoxicating performances and so on.

This is why people are loyal to inspiring authority.

5. Weber's basic viewpoint on bureaucracy: 1, specialization and division of basic functions.

2. There are clearly defined permission levels.

3. Stable rules and regulations

4. The dehumanization of officials

5. The number of people.

6. Administrative efficiency

6. Classification of chinese social organizations: 1. Classification by primary industry: 1. Primary industrial organizations are industrial organizations that take nature as the mining object, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, petroleum exploration and geological exploration. 2. Secondary industrial organizations mainly refer to industries formed on the basis of primary industrial organizations, including industry and construction; 3. The tertiary industry mainly includes circulation department and service department. The industries in the circulation department include transportation, commercial catering, post and telecommunications, material supply and marketing and warehousing. The industries of service departments can be divided into: (1) production and life service departments (2) education, science, culture and health service departments (3) social public service institutions; Second, according to the nature of the establishment of enterprises, institutions, state organs, political parties and people's organizations: 1, organizations established by state organs; 2. National enterprise organizations; 3. National enterprise organization.

7. Significance of organizational goals: 1. Organizational goals are the soul of an organization.

Second, organizational goals are the basis for determining the route of organizational activities.

Third, the organizational goal is the standard to measure the efficiency and benefit of the organization.

8. Management by objectives process: 1. Clarify the overall goal of the enterprise organization.

2, the formulation of departmental goals

3. Personal goals.

4. Formulation and implementation of action plan

5, the process of feedback information

6, evaluation target management

9. Traditional principle of combination design: 1, principle of goal and task.

2, the principle of effective management span

3, the principle of division of labor and cooperation

4, unified command principle

5. Principle of reciprocity of responsibilities and rights

6. Principle of simplification and efficiency

7, the principle of unified leadership and hierarchical management

10. Organizational design procedure: 1. Define the basic principles of organizational design.

2. Functional analysis and design.

3. Design the framework of organizational structure

4. Design of contact information

5. Management standard design

6, staffing and training

7. Design of various incentive systems

8, feedback and correction

1 1, linear functional organizational structure

Features: There is no professional division of labor among supervisors at all levels, all management functions are concentrated in one person's hand, and a subordinate unit only accepts instructions from one leader. The relationship between superior and subordinate is simple and clear. The advantage of this form is that it not only maintains the advantages of linear centralized and unified command, but also has the advantages of professional division of functions, which improves the efficiency of management. Secondly, line supervisors at all levels in the organization have corresponding functional organizations and personnel as staff and assistants, so that managers can effectively organize and direct the production, technology and business activities of their own departments. Therefore, it meets the needs of modern industrial enterprise management and has been widely used. But it is not suitable for educational and scientific research institutions, high-tech innovation institutions, business institutions and so on.

Disadvantages: the junior staff in the organization lack the necessary autonomy, the contact between professional functional departments is weak, and the information transmission speed between organizations is slow.

12, the basic characteristics of effective structure: 1, the structure should be efficient and effective.

2. The structure should be innovative.

3. The structure should be flexible and innovative.

4. The structure should be conducive to the exertion and development of human resources.

5, the structure should be conducive to integration and coordination.

13. Formation reason of the group: 1. From the organizational point of view, the formation of groups is mainly based on the same work tasks.

2. From the individual point of view of group members, there are two main factors that help them form a group. (1) material interests; Second, the social and psychological factors)

14, the meaning of power: First, any power depends on the specific organizational situation and the right to leave the situational organization.

Force will naturally disappear; Second, the system of power grounding and interaction; Third, power is the potential ability to exert influence, not the influence itself; Fourth, power is manifested as the successful influence on the target.

15. Type of organizational conflict: 1. According to the level and field of conflict, it can be divided into intra-personal conflict, inter-personal conflict and transpersonal conflict.

2. According to the relationship between conflict behavior and the real purpose to be achieved, it can be divided into means conflict and purpose conflict.

3. Conflicts can be divided into basic conflicts and non-basic conflicts according to whether they involve the foundation of relationship establishment.

16, bounded rationality model's basic point of view: First, many times, decision-making is not entirely rational thinking.

The result is the product of mutual compromise under various pressures; Second, many decisions don't have all the letters.

Based on interest; Third, it is impossible for decision makers to choose the biggest one after finding out all the schemes.

Excellent scheme; Fourth, decision makers are influenced by many human factors when making plans.

17, the process of organizing communication: 1, creating valuable information.

2. Information coding process

3. Select the transmission medium

4. The receiver receives the information through some channel.

5. Decoding process

6. The receiver responds to the information.

18, the role of organizational communication: 1, the basis for making correct decisions when communicating.

2. Communication is a means of effective control.

3. Communication can promote good interpersonal relationships.

4. Communication can strengthen the coordination of internal and external relations.

19, leadership ability: 1, strengthen self-awareness.

2, the leader's feedback habits and wishes

3. Willingness and ability to seek knowledge

4. Ability to balance work and life

5. Ability to respect differences

20, the reasons for organizational change:

External environment of organizational change: 1. Changes in the legal and policy environment.

2. Development and change of science and technology

3. Changes in the competitive environment

4. The influence of social mentality.

The internal environment of organizational change: 1, the business performance declines.

2, the defects of the organization's own structure

3. Changes in the product market

4. Changes in organizational strategy

5. Expansion of organizational scale

6. Changes in human resources

2 1, the mode of organizational change: 1, divided into quantitative change and qualitative change according to the procedure.

2, according to the object of change is divided into formal relations, informal relations and personnel relations.

3. According to the power source of change, it can be divided into active thinking and passive response.

4. According to the process of change, it can be divided into mutation type and subsection development type.

5. According to the formation process of the reform plan, it is divided into compulsory, democratic and participatory.

6. According to the beginning of change, it can be divided into top-down, bottom-up and combination of top and bottom.

focus

1, the meaning of informal groups

Positive significance: 1. The significance of informal groups to workers: (1) Relieving monotonous and boring fatigue; (2) Providing opportunities for gaining status; (3) fully expressing emotional reaction; (4) provide independent opportunities; 2. The significance of informal groups to managers: (1) helps to complete tasks; (2) It helps to reduce the workload of managers; (3) provide job satisfaction.

Negative meaning: 1 resistance to change; 2. Conflict of goals; 3. The problem of compliance behavior; 4. rumors.

2, the function of organizational culture

Positive function: 1, and external environment refers to the survival function of adapting to the environment. First, it serves as a dividing line, that is, it distinguishes different organizations; Second, organizational culture expresses members' understanding of the mission, strategy and basic tasks of the organization, or a sense of identity; Third, the knowledge of organizational goals and means; Fourth, the knowledge of measurement methods and rectification. 2. Internal function refers to internal unity. First, the language and ideas of * * * help to enhance the stability of social organizations; Second, knowledge of power and status; Third, friendship, rewards and punishments, good and evil, ideology, religion and so on.

Inverse function: 1, obstacles to organizational change; 2. Obstacles to organizational diversification; 3. Obstacles to organizing mergers and acquisitions.