Author: [English] ernest jones reposted from: Wen Gu hits: 1690.
Wen Gu was translated from encyclopedia americana (international edition, 1982).
As a doctor who treats mental illness, Freud founded a set of theories about human psychological structure and function. His views are not only widely used in psychiatry, but also in artistic creation, education and political activities. The main points of Freud's theory were revised and developed by later generations. People realize that people's behavior is not only dominated by sexual desire, but also social and economic factors play a role in the formation of personality and the cultivation of nature. Although Freud's theory has been repeatedly criticized, it has not damaged his image at all. His excellent theory, therapeutic technology and deep understanding of the hidden parts of human psychology have created a brand-new field of psychological research. The theory he founded fundamentally changed his view of human nature.
Sigmund freud is an Austrian doctor, psychiatrist, and the founder of a new school of psychology-psychoanalysis. Freud put forward many revolutionary and controversial views on human behavior. He also established a new system to treat behavioral diseases.
1856 On May 6th, Freud was born into a middle-class family in Freiburg, Moravia (now Czechoslovakia). His parents are Jews. His name is sigismund, plus the Jewish word Solomon, but at the age of seventeen, he changed his name to Sigmund.
When Freud was three years old, his family moved to Vienna. Father Jacob Freud's ex-wife gave birth to two children about twenty years older than Sigmund. Instead of going to Vienna, they moved to Manchester, England. Sigmund is the eldest son of his father and his second wife, with two younger brothers and five younger sisters. Its early life was spent in extreme poverty.
The era of preparation
When he was young, Freud was interested in general philosophical and humanitarian issues, but he felt that he had to receive strict scientific training in order to restrain his rich imagination. Therefore. With the support of a Jewish charity, he entered the Medical College of Vienna University in 1873.
Ernst von Brooke is the director of Freud's physiological laboratory, who is engaged in most of Freud's research work. He is a strict trainer and an impeccable figure in scientific research. His personality has an indelible influence on this young student. The first paper published by Freud introduced an outstanding research work. He proved the identity of spinal ganglion cells in lower animals and spinal ganglion cells in higher animals, which was a long-standing debate in the past. Freud's proof is a useful contribution to evolution. Soon after, he wrote an article describing the structure of nerve cells, which laid the foundation of neurogenesis theory, which is also the foundation of modern neurology. Because of his commitment to these important research work, it took Freud two years to get the medical title. Even after the evaluation, he confined his work to the laboratory. He doesn't like mathematical physics, and his work has been in histology, that is, the study of organizational structure.
Then, Freud began to reveal various nerve bundles of the human nervous system with a microscope. His main job in this field is to study the medulla oblongata, which is the lowest part of the brain. He finally clarified the connection between the spinal cord and the cerebellum. But the most valuable part is his comprehensive and thorough study of auditory nerve, and the same proof of sensory nerve nucleus of cranial nerve and sensory nerve node of spinal cord, which is another great contribution to evolution. These research results were published between 1885 and 1886.
1882, Freud fell in love with his sister's friend Marta Berners. Berners, five years younger than Freud, came from a prestigious Jewish family in Hamburg and lived in Vienna. Freud soon realized that he had to do more practical work than pure research, so he went to Vienna Hospital and became a resident intern. He has worked in various departments of the hospital for three years, so he has been fully trained in all aspects of medicine, but his interest is in psychiatry, which is the responsibility of his mentor T.H. Menette. During his internship in the hospital, he published some comprehensive research results on cocaine, which attracted the attention of the medical community. Freud discovered that cocaine has the characteristics of anesthesia. The advice he gave to some ophthalmologists can be used to treat eye diseases. A doctor named Kohler published this achievement, so he was called the founder of local (cocaine) anesthesia.
At the end of his work in the hospital, Freud won a small scholarship so that he could go to Paris and study under the famous neurologist Jean Martin Charcot in Salpa. Studying in Paris for four and a half months became a major turning point in Freud's career. Shaq, the most famous neurologist at that time, devoted himself to the study of hysteria, which prompted Freud to embark on the same path. This is of great significance for him to shift his interest from physical aspect to psychological aspect. After returning to Vienna, he submitted a report about his experience in Paris to the medical association, but he was left out in the cold, which shows that his future work will be reflected in the same way.
Freud started his private practice as a neurologist in the spring of 1886 and got married in September of the same year. He is happily married with six children, three children and three daughters. The youngest daughter, anna Floyd, later became a famous psychoanalyst. Freud also worked as a neurologist in a children's clinic for several years and published two volumes of authoritative works on polio. In this way, he became one of the important neuroscientists in Europe, and his years of work in this field had a great influence on the formation of his later psychological theory.
The early days of psychoanalysis
As early as 1882, Freud's old colleague and friend Josef Breuer told him that a patient named Anna benefited from the "catharsis" therapy to restore painful memories under hypnosis. Freud told Shaq this situation again, but it didn't arouse Shaq's thoughts. Freud used hypnotherapy for hysterical patients when he was practicing medicine, and the effect was not satisfactory. So he went to Nancy on 1889 and asked the famous hypnotist hippolyte Bonheim for advice. He used Bleuel's drainage method at that time. Three years later, he observed that those unacceptable wishes occupied the main position in the forgotten painful memory, so he formed the concept of repression, which is one of the basic elements of Freud's theory. However, he invited Bluel to cooperate with him, and in 1895, he jointly published an epoch-making book, A Study of Hysteria. By this time, Freud had given up hypnosis and began to adopt it. The method of "free association" and the invention of "free association" are one of the two great achievements of Freud's life, and the other achievement is the self-analysis that began two years later.
During these years, he read several papers to some medical groups and announced his amazing conclusions. He pointed out that all kinds of mental neurosis are caused by unconscious sexual impulses. But the response he got was so cold that people almost abandoned him as a freak. At this time, he only had one sympathetic friend, William Fries, who lived in Berlin. Freud often wrote to him, describing the experimental steps he took to try to understand deep psychology. His letters and records were published in 1954, entitled The Origin of Psychoanalysis. Particularly noteworthy is a long record called "Plan". Freud tried to describe various psychological processes such as thinking and memory from the perspective of neurogenesis. This is the last time he tried to link the psychological process with the physical process.
Great discovery
Freud was prolific from 1895 to 1900. His Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1900, which is considered as the representative work of 1. This book not only discusses the problem of dream life and the complex mechanism of dream formation, but also discusses the deep psychology, that is, the structure and mode of action of the unconscious. Freud's greatest contribution to understanding is that he studied the so-called "primary" system and "secondary" system in detail. It points out how fundamentally the two systems act differently, and how complex and decisive their relationship and interaction are. The mental mechanism of the primary system described by him was first recognized when discussing mental neuropathy, and now it has become an indispensable part of psychoanalysis. The most important ones are the so-called suppression, concentration, replacement, inversion and retouching. This is because of these mechanisms, those acceptable wishes, desires or impulses are indirectly satisfied. Freud's theory of implicit wish realization is one of the most valuable contributions to psychology: through this theory, he replaced the outdated associative psychology with a real concept of psychodynamics.
Freud found that the content and consciousness of the unconscious are completely different, just like the unique mechanism of the unconscious. In essence, the unconscious content originated in early childhood. In this respect, Freud expounded the inner essence of children's psychology, which aroused the shock and disgust of the world. He insists that children's deep psychological activities are driven by their parents' sexual and hostile motives. A typical example is the Oedipus complex, whose content is the sexual desire for the opposite sex of parents and the jealousy and hatred for competitors. Freud even thought that young children had sexual desire at birth and before weaning. His book about dreams didn't attract much attention when it was first published, but a few years later, when the above sexual views were more fully described, it was fiercely attacked by people.
Freud in adulthood
I want to introduce Freud's personality and purport at the end of last century and the beginning of this century. Freud read widely and had a high cultural accomplishment. He is proficient in classical literature and has a wide range of literary masterpieces at home and abroad. He is very familiar with Greek mythology, not only casually, but also in his works. He has extraordinary literary talent, so he is recognized as a master of German prose. In terms of art, what he appreciates most is poetry and sculpture, and he is also interested in painting and architecture, but his interest in music is relatively small. From 1890 to 19 14, he usually goes to Italy every year to kill time and concentrate on studying the artistic masterpieces there. In all such trips, either his brother or his friend went with him; Because his wife doesn't like traveling, she prefers to stay at home with the children. Before traveling, Freud always took his family to a quiet mountain resort for a month and a half, which was the happiest time in his life. Freud loved children very much and always liked to be with them.
Freud's personality has a very prominent feature, that is, he has a good sense of humor, and he is always sharp and sometimes sarcastic. When he was criticized maliciously, he said a few humorous words. If it were someone else, he would probably be outraged and furious. Freud has a wealth of knowledge about Jewish jokes and anecdotes, and he likes to use this knowledge to make his arguments more vivid and powerful.
189 1 year, Floyd's family moved to Belga Zejie 19 (still in Vienna) and lived there until 1938. 1908, Freud got another suite with three rooms on the floor where he lived. Later, he connected this suite with the original one. Freud had several rooms filled with-or rather, his collection of cultural relics and antiques spread all over the country, especially from Greece and Egypt; This is his only hobby, from which he gets great pleasure. He has a keen interest in archaeological excavations.
The development of psychoanalysis movement
1902, Freud invited several young colleagues and students to meet regularly to discuss the research he was engaged in at that time. They modestly called this small group "Wednesday Psychological Research Group" and later developed into "Vienna Psychoanalysis Association". Among these people, there are two now known, they are alfred adler and William Tejkler. In the five years after the publication of Interpretation of Dreams, Freud seldom wrote, but Psychopathology in Daily Life published by 1904 is probably his most widely circulated book. This book discusses the psychological effects of various defects, such as forgetting, gaffes, clerical errors, misplacing things and so on. Freud's conclusion in the book is now widely accepted, and all his other theories have not reached this step. This book is a great contribution to determinism, because many seemingly accidental and meaningless behaviors revealed in the book and many actions that are simply attributed to "free will" are actually driven by people's unconscious secrets and contradictory wishes.
The following year, 1905, he published three important books. A long book, generally called Dora's Analysis, in which Freud elaborated on how to use the analysis of dreams to reveal and treat various symptoms of mental neurosis; This is an important source for us to understand Freud's technology. The other is joke and its relationship with the unconscious. In this book, he deeply studied many ways in which unconscious motivation can be expressed indirectly.
During this year, he also published one of the most controversial works: three sexology papers. What is novel and sensational is his comprehensive description of children's sexual function. He interpreted adult sexual perversion as the abnormal product of children's sexual function. This is Freud's first eye-catching book. He not only attracted people's attention, but also aroused great indignation and was strongly condemned and ridiculed. Freud suddenly became the most unpopular person in the scientific circles of all countries. In the following years, he encountered all kinds of insults and attacks that only the greatest pioneers would suffer. However, no matter how vicious those criticisms were, he never answered them. The only book he published to defend his views was The History of Psychoanalysis Movement (1906), which mainly distinguished his theory from the opposition theory put forward by Adler and Jung. For other questions, his answer is like Charles Darwin's: continue to publish new evidence.
1906, famous historical psychoanalysts Eugen Bruller and carl jung, as well as some of their students, announced that they agreed with Freud's method conclusion. Apart from British doctor ernest jones, they were the first non-Viennese to support Freud. 1908 In April, Jung organized the first international conference on psychoanalysis, which was held in Salzburg. Two years later, the International Psychoanalysis Association was formally established. In the past half century, this organization has more than 30 branches in many countries in the world. At that time, 42 delegates attended the first congress, including karl abraham, Freud, Freud's Hungarian colleague Sando ferenc, Jung and ernest jones himself. The Committee's duty is to provide advice and help to Freud in the management of affairs, and at the same time form a barrier between him and those who attack him from the outside.
As early as 1885, Freud worked as a temporary lecturer at Vienna University in order to give some informal lectures there. /kloc-0 was appointed as a professor in 1992, and/kloc-0 became a full professor in 1920. However, he doesn't have a seat or any other privileges at the professor's meeting. Freud never held any formal teaching position at Vienna University.
Application of psychoanalysis in non-medical field
Freud published a large number of clinical papers and discussed the details of psychoanalytic research. He also published five long medical records, which provided a lot of information about his research methods. In addition, he also wrote a series of articles devoted to psychoanalytic skills. However, from his interpretation of dreams, we can see that Freud realized from the beginning that his findings were of wide significance, and he knew that these findings would definitely go far beyond the narrow scope of mental neurosis and involve various human problems. The knowledge gained in this relatively accessible field can be applied to some unexplained problems in "normal" life. Therefore, in 19 12, he founded an image magazine to discuss the application of his research in non-medical fields. Image Magazine is a supplement to the Yearbook of Psychoanalysis (1909) and the Herald of Psychoanalysis (19 10), and was quickly adopted by the Journal of Psychoanalysis (19 13).
The great creative writer's thorough observation of human psychology has long made Freud marvel at his delusions and dreams in 1907 Yessen's Gradiva, and made a wonderful study of the novel Gradiva by the German writer Yessen. In this imaginative writer's works, Freud saw some psychological mechanisms, which are exactly the same as those he expounded when discussing dreams and neurosis. Three years later, Freud published an ambitious research monograph: Da Vinci and Childhood Memories. In the book, he traces the contradiction between Leonardo da Vinci's pursuit of art and science back to his childhood. Inspired by Freud, some of his students, especially otto rank, used Freud's method to explain myths and folklore, which made it more and more clear that there are many similarities in various forms of human imagination. In this way, karl abraham even expounded the motivation of the first monotheist, Egyptian Pharaoh arana Tong, to launch the religious revolution 3000 years ago.
19 13, Freud's Totems and Taboos was published, second only to Interpretation of Dreams. Through the study of incest fear, emotional contradiction and many other characteristics, Freud found that these are the common characteristics of children and barbarians' primitive psychology. He emphasized the great significance of homicidal behavior of primitive people and believed that civilization, morality and religion originated from remorse and other reactions to homicidal behavior.
During World War I, food was reduced to a minimum, and the lack of heating and other troubles brought great suffering to Freud and his friends. The collapse of Austrian currency after the war not only made Freud lose all his savings, but also forced him to struggle to avoid bankruptcy. During World War II, Freud published the only current affairs book, Reflections on War and Death (19 15). He pointed out that disillusionment is not necessarily caused by war, but is related to people's overestimation of human moral progress in the past; This fact was revealed only when there was a terrible war. 18 years later, at the invitation of the League of Nations, Freud and Einstein had a correspondence discussion on the question "Why there is a war". . On the one hand, Freud still has hope for the future, on the other hand, he also points out the elimination of various obstacles on the road to war.
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In the first year of the war, Freud probably thought that his work was coming to an end, so he published a series of important articles on the nature of psychology. These articles became the pinnacle of his major works in his life.
19 19, Freud founded an international publishing company, specializing in publishing magazines and books on psychoanalysis. Before the Nazi occupation in 1938, the company had published five magazines and 150 books.
In the same year, Freud put forward a new revolutionary theory about human psychology in a book called Beyond the Principle of Music, which surprised his followers. Freud initially thought that the main principle in psychology was the pleasure-pain principle and the resulting realism principle. But in this book, he put forward a more basic principle, which he called repetition-compulsion principle, and this principle tends to return to its early state. If pushed to the extreme logically, it means that there is a tendency to turn life into an inanimate object, which Freud called "death instinct". This is not so much a clinical conclusion as a philosophical inference, and only a few believers find this view acceptable. This also shows that Freud's theory of instinct has changed. He tried several times to divide various instincts into two opposing types, and in this way divided them into two basic categories: life instinct and death instinct. He believes that when death instinct is extroverted, it will cause aggressive impulse and bring great pain to human beings.
In the following two years, Freud published two books, Group Psychology and Self-analysis and Self and Freud, which laid the foundation of new self-psychology, and people are still conducting fruitful research on it until now. Freud once divided the psychological process into three aspects: consciousness, pre-consciousness and unconsciousness. However, through further research, he believes that although this division is useful, it still has a more basic scale. At this time, he put forward a new dichotomy, which he called id, ego and superego. The intrauterine device is equivalent to the original reservoir of energy from primitive instinct. Freud thought it was a completely undifferentiated energy, but Freud may not be as complete as he thought. Ego is a special force that comes from intrauterine device and connects with the outside world. After studying several forms of patients' resistance, Freud put forward a well-founded hypothesis: a large part of self is unconscious. By the way, this conclusion also explains why people firmly believe that those decisions from the deep heart are spontaneous (free will).
As early as a few years ago, Freud put forward the concept of "self-ideal": self-ideal is a narcissistic force that criticizes its own shortcomings and drives itself to achieve stricter moral standards or aesthetic standards. Later, Freud renamed it "superego", but its meaning was greatly expanded: it is a part separated from the self, which reflects the requirements and standards of parents who inserted it and assimilated it to a certain extent. However, because it has a deep foundation in aggressive impulse, it will cause extremely painful guilt. Its unbearable degree makes people try to escape-this is a topic related to criminal tendency, or to alleviate those feelings with various self-punishment and inferiority complex. The so-called "conscience" is a measure of psychological tension between ego and superego.
Around this period, that is, in the spring of 1923, Freud developed cancer in the upper part of his mouth. In the same year/KLOC-October/October, he had a radical operation, one side of his upper jaw had to be completely removed, and he had to install large and complicated dentures, which brought him a lot of distress. In the next sixteen years, he suffered a lot. In addition to countless painful treatments, he also had thirty-three operations. In this long time, he never snorted, but silently endured great pain.
1925, Freud published Inhibition, Symptoms and Anxiety, which expounded the essence and source of anxiety and fear. During this year, he also wrote a short autobiography at the request. 1926, he wrote a book to defend the feasibility of using this subject for ordinary people instead of those who have been trained in medicine or psychoanalysis. He is worried that psychoanalysis will become an insignificant subsidiary part of medicine, so that its broader significance to human beings will be ignored. However, his desire to make the application of psychoanalysis an independent profession has not been realized.
1927, Freud wrote the book "The Future of Illusion", which was strongly condemned by religious circles. Strictly speaking, this book makes no contribution to psychoanalysis. It just expresses Freud's belief that only the psychological motivation of desire and fear is enough to form religious beliefs, especially the belief in God and eternity. There is no need to turn to any supernatural power here. Two years later, another unpopular book, Civilization and its Dissatisfaction, was published. In his book, Freud revealed the fundamental weakness of human society and pointed out many defects that must be remedied. In his early book Group Psychology, he expounded the nature and origin of the ties connecting various societies, which was an important contribution to sociology. In addition, in these years, Freud also published many valuable papers on clinical aspects and the New Theory of Psychoanalysis, which updated the contents of his two volumes of speeches written in the First World War.
1930, Freud won the Goethe Prize for his literary talent, which is an honor he attaches great importance to. The next year, his hometown named the street where he was born after him to celebrate his 75th birthday. Many scientific societies accepted him as an honorary member, but no other university awarded him a similar degree except Clark University, where he gave a speech on 1909. However, 1936, many countries in the world celebrated his 80th birthday. Another thing that satisfied him this year was that he was accepted as a correspondent of the Royal Society.
Freud was exiled.
1933, the Nazis began to persecute Jews, which was a major blow to Freud's research work. At that time, many of Freud's supporters in Germany were forced to flee their country, and his works were burned in public in Berlin. Shortly thereafter, most books of his publishing company were confiscated in Leipzig. Although it lost its main market in Germany, the company still went all out until 1938 when the Nazis invaded Austria and its property was confiscated.
The persecution of the Nazis prompted Freud to think about the essence and origin of Judaism, which occupied most of the last five years of his life. He wrote and wrote Moses and monotheism, which was not published in Vienna under the Catholic dictatorship at that time. 1938 After he left Vienna, the book was finally published, and the English version was published a few months before his death. This is an imaginative book, and some ideas in it are difficult to prove or refute. Freud concluded in his book that the unique monotheistic belief in Judaism was related to the first Egyptian Pharaoh Okhennathan who spread this belief, and he was full of single-minded spirit. Through psychoanalysis of the strange story of Moses' birth, Freud concluded that Moses was actually an Egyptian, and he believed that Moses was an aristocrat loyal to Okhennathan's beliefs. After Okhennathan's death, his monotheism was resolutely resisted by the Egyptians. Because of this view, Freud received the cold shoulder for the first time among the Jews who once regarded him as a great national man. Freud believed that when Moses instilled monotheism in Jews, he had to face strong resistance from people. He thinks that Moses was killed in a riot against his power. Therefore, Gneki further imagined that after Moses was killed, people regretted treating the great leader in this way, which was a kind of regret related to the innate reaction of killing their loved ones. He thought it was an important part of human genetic characteristics. Moses' doctrine was later treasured by a few faithful believers, and it was not until hundreds of years later that it was regarded as a doctrine by some great prophets.
Despite the pressure, Freud resolutely refused to leave Vienna, which had long been his hometown. However, after the Nazi invaded Austria in March 1938, the situation was already obvious. If he doesn't leave, it won't be long before he will be like other Jews in born to die. At this critical moment, ernest jones flew to Vienna to persuade him to move to Britain, and the British Home Secretary also provided him, his family and his students with the fullest help. It was in June of that year that he overcame many obstacles set by the Nazis and finally flew to London. In September, he moved to Matsfield Garden for the last time. In September, Freud underwent the last operation, which was also the biggest operation. In February of the following year, his cancer recurred, and the doctor thought that he could no longer operate. However, one month before his death, Freud was still busy with his work, still receiving visitors and writing articles. 1939 On September 23rd, Freud died in London.
1939 On September 23rd, sigmund freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, died in London at the age of 83.
Freud 1856 was born in Kulavia, Austria, 1873 went to Vienna to study medicine, and 188 1 year received his doctorate in medicine as a lecturer. Psychoanalysis was founded in 1895, and put forward the theory of treating epidemic diseases with psychoanalysis.
1908, the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was established, and soon various European Psychoanalytic Societies were established one after another, and the International Psychoanalytic Association was established. 1909 gave a lecture at Clark university in the United States, which received wide response. 1923 divides people's psychological structure into three levels and creates a brand-new field of psychological research. 1938 fascist Germany invaded Austria and moved to Britain.
Freud's major works include Research on Hysteria (co-authored with Bluel), Interpretation of Dreams, Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis, Interpretation of Dreams, Three Contributions to Sexual Theory, Transcending the Happiness Principle, Ego and Id, Totem and Taboo, Popular Psychology and Self-analysis, Forced Behavior and Religion.
Freud taught in Vienna from 1902. His greatest contribution is the invention of psychoanalytic therapy for mental illness. He studied the methods of treating hysteria and neurosis by induction and hypnosis in the early stage, and then developed his treatment methods, uncovering the unconscious or subconscious reasons and finding that this disease can be treated by venting. He established the theory that subconscious motives dominate many human behaviors. In addition, Freud developed a set of theories about human sexual behavior from the basic understanding of human sexual life. The main point of this theory is that the inhibition of sex by taboos and social customs will lead to neurosis. Although his theory has been misunderstood and denied repeatedly, it has great influence on psychology, psychiatry and philosophy.