Zhang Fei's name, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 36, Biography of Zhang Fei, accurately records: "Zhang Fei's words are beneficial to virtue and get ahead." And Shao Guan Yu is just ahead. "This period of history tells us that Zhang Fei's exact name is Fei Ming and the word is De.
The ancients were celebrities with different purposes. Names are used to distinguish each other, while words are mainly used to show politeness in social situations. As a general rule, when you call someone, you should usually solve his or her dilemma to show respect. If you call yourself by your first name, you should show your modesty.
Zhang Fei's virtue is to constantly improve his moral quality. Only by constantly improving their moral quality can they stand out in the future, which is the embodiment of the prevalence of Confucianism at that time. At that time, people often used the word "DE" to name it, such as Pound, Pound, Liu Xuande and Cao Mengde.
But Zhang Fei's name was changed thousands of years later. At the beginning of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong said for the first time: "Zhang is the surname, Fei is the name, and the word is virtuous." Could it be a clerical error? The answer is no, because Zhang Fei's words mentioned many times in the book are the "wings" of wings, so it is no accident. This change not only destroyed the cultural gold content of Zhang Fei's real name, but also spread all kinds of fallacies. I don't know how many fans of the Three Kingdoms have been fooled. Nowadays, tourists go to the Wuhou Temple Museum in Chengdu and see the inscription in front of the statue of Zhang Fei, which reads "Good words are virtue". This is a historical saying. It is wrong to say that it has no education.
However, it was not Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms that damaged Zhang Fei's reputation. The previously published Romance of the Three Kingdoms changed Zhang Fei's ideographic word "one virtue" into "one virtue". The roar in front of Changbanpo also said, "I am Zhang Yide. Who dares to die with me? " It can be seen that Pinghua in the Three Kingdoms was renamed first. Today, if you want to know the true image of Zhang Fei, you must find out the cause and effect.
Shi Yan Yan is far-sighted.
Zhang Fei was misled and damaged, and the most distorted thing was his real image. Zhang Fei's personality is bold and violent, and his personality is inextricably linked with Cheng, Cheng and others. However, the real Zhang Fei in history is completely different.
There is no need to adduce more evidence. Just look at Zhang Fei's first brilliant victory, the Battle of Jiangzhou, which is Yan Yan's just interpretation, and you will fully understand.
In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei usurped the throne and began to occupy Yizhou. Liu Zhang, commander of Yizhou Military Region, stubbornly resisted in Chengdu. In order to strengthen the offensive, in the second year, Liu Bei urgently called Zhang Fei and others from Jingzhou to follow Zhuge Liang's army to Yizhou for reinforcements. It was against this background that the battle of Jiangzhou began.
Throughout the ages, from Jianghan Plain to the land of abundance, the most convenient traffic artery is the Yangtze River. Zhang Fei boarded Jiangxi and soon arrived in Jiangzhou, the most important military fortress in the east of Yizhou. Jiangzhou, in today's Chongqing, was then the capital of Ba County. However, although Jiangzhou is important, its defensive power is quite weak at this time, because Liu Zhang's main force has been concentrated in the northwest of Jiangzhou, fully defending the central city Yizhou. So, Zhang Fei quickly captured Jiangzhou City, but captured Yan Yan, the owner on the other side. So there appeared a vivid scene recorded in 36 volumes of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of Zhang Fei. Yan Yan, who scolded Zhang Fei for being tied up, said, "How dare you not fight when the army comes?"
Not afraid, Yan Yan shouted: "Qing, wait. Invaded our country. But our country has beheaded the general, and there is no general! " Zhang Fei flew into a rage and shouted, "Drag Yan Yan out and kill everyone. Yan Yan regards death as his home, and his expression has never changed. He also gave Zhang Fei two sentences: "If you lose your mind, you will lose your mind.". ".What is anger and evil! "Therefore, Zhang Fei appreciates Yan Yan's character very much. He was released on the spot and was warmly welcomed.
There is a brief description of the specific actions of this battle in the history books, but there is a truthful record of the dialogue between Zhang Fei and Yan Yan, which shows that we attach great importance to this matter. This historical scene is really great. As far as Yan Yan is concerned, the first four answers can be said to be just and have a lot of backbone; The last two sentences are not only death-oriented, but also ironic: cut off your head, cut it off. Why are you angry? The implication is that you are angry because of embarrassment. My words touched his nerves and showed Yan Yan's core spirit.
In fact, the fundamental purpose of writing Yan Yan is to set off Zhang Fei. Zhang Feiyue was reprimanded, refuted and even laughed at by the other side. On the contrary, the more he appreciates each other, the more he can show his rare measurement. In a word, Zhang Fei's image here is no longer a rude and cruel soldier, but a gentleman with a broad mind and knowledge of people.
Zhang Fei's treatment of Yan Yan actually reflects his political foresight and deliberation.
Chen Shou's Romance of the Three Kingdoms does not record Yan Yan's native place and birthplace. The earliest existing local chronicles in China, Huayang National Records, a regular channel in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, can just make up for this deficiency. Volume 12 of the book records that Yan Yan is a "Linjiang person". Linjiang County is a subordinate county of Baxian County, which is now Zhongxian County in Chongqing. At that time, according to the first volume of Huayang National Records, the folk customs in this area have two interrelated characteristics: one is "simple folk customs", that is, simplicity and frankness; Secondly, military commanders are very energetic, so as the saying goes, "There are generals in Bazhong and there are pictures in Shu."
Yan is an indigenous family in Linjiang County. Linjiang County, Yan, Gan, Wen, Yang and Du are the most popular. Yan Yan has extraordinary backbone. First of all, she is deeply influenced by the simple and frank local folk customs, and her nature is weak; Second, his family is the most famous in the local area, so we can't embarrass the family. Third, in order to defend the first military fortress of the Eight Immortals in his hometown, he can't humiliate the local generals.
Understanding Yan Yan's background and personality and examining what Zhang Fei did to Yan Yan are not only the demeanor of ordinary gentlemen, but also a far-sighted political vision. There are at least three foresightedness: first, Yan Yan is not only a representative of the general ethnic groups in Baxian, but also a representative of the local ethnic groups in Baxian. His preferential treatment can play a very important role, indicating the support of the local upper class in Yizhou; Second, Yan Yan's character is simple and honest. Once he becomes a guest, he will try his best to help you without intrigue; Third, in order to get Yan Yan's sincere support, we must first give him enough Yan Yan face, let him fully display the core spirit of death, and then release him, so as to protect his image from damage and avoid being laughed at in the future. This is the way to win Yan Yan's serious consideration.
Knowing the above three points and recalling Zhang Fei's words and deeds, the truth will come out. This fully shows that the real Zhang Fei is a rude and reckless person who can only chirp in the play, but he is a thoughtful and far-sighted person. Volume 36 of the Three Kingdoms says that he "flew over the war and met his ancestors in Chengdu" after combining leniency with severity. Since then, Zhang Fei has traveled all the way to Chengdu and defected to Liu Bei. It can be seen that Shi Yanyan has received good political results.
Zhang He in the Great Patriotic War
As a famous soldier, Zhang Fei's most brilliant achievement in his life was his battle with the canal. In the summer and autumn of Jian 'an 19th year, Liu Bei captured Yizhou, and then arranged for Zhang Fei to be a satrap in the strategic place of Brazil. Shortly after Zhang Fei took office in Brazil, he starred in a play called Biography of Zhang Fei, killed the tiger Zhang He in Cao Jun, and then ran away.
In the autumn of the twentieth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao crossed the Qinling Mountains and captured Hanzhong in one fell swoop. Xia, Zhang He and Sanjiang were ordered to stay here and sing a song and go back to the north. Subsequently, Cao Jun, who was guarding Hanzhong, attacked Brazil.
In November of this year, a general named Zhang led an army to storm Brazil and gave Zhang Fei a good look.
Newcomer Zhang He, whose real name is Junwa, is from Qixian County, Hejian, Jizhou. He has been through many battles and is listed as one of the five generals of Cao Cao. This time, according to Cao Cao's special instructions, he led the troops to kill. What instructions? Not a territory, like a dragon
Cao Cao robbed people for two reasons: first, population resources were very scarce at that time. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wars continued, diseases were prevalent, disasters were frequent, and the population dropped sharply. Secondly, the folk customs of the counties in Brazil attacked by Zhang He are very distinctive, simple and brave, which is a good material for soldiers to fight.
165438+ 10, Zhang Fei received an emergency military intelligence report in Langzhong, the capital of Brazil, saying that Zhang He killed Nanzheng County, the capital of Hanzhong County, occupied Dangqu County in the southeast of Langzhong, and robbed a large number of people in this area. Zhang Fei ordered to continue to collect information about each other's movements and mobilize troops to prepare for the battle.
Zhang pointed the finger at the people of Dangqu County for two reasons. First of all, from Hanzhong to Brazil County, there is a river called Dangqu Water, which flows southward to Dangqu County. The upstream is called Nanjiang and the downstream is called Qujiang. Walk along this river, there is no shortage of water. Secondly, Dangqu County, which is directly connected with this river, is an ideal place for Zhanghe to rob people. Dang County is an ancient tribal capital. This tribe is good at fighting in front with shields made of wooden boards, so it is called axe man and is famous for its bravery and good fighting. Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, took the lead in attacking Xiaguan, with Ban as the pioneer. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Junman made great contributions and was called the "magic soldier".
Zhang Fei was ordered to come to Brazil county to build a reliable barrier to defend the rear; But Zhang He was ordered to kill and rob people here. Two famous people named Zhang are about to show their skills.
At the moment, Zhang Fei is calmly preparing for the war, because he has received a military intelligence report: Zhang He's base camp is in Mengtou and Dangshi in the southwest of Dangqu County. Zhang Fei has long known the geography of Brazil. He became the county magistrate of Brazil. In the past year, he visited all the places in this area. He traveled all over the mountains and rivers here, including the stones in Zhanghe base camp. With his familiarity with geography and rich experience in battlefield operations, Zhang Fei finally found the weakness of the other side, thus having the opportunity to defeat the enemy.
Zhanghe base camp is located about three kilometers northeast of Quxian County, Sichuan Province. In the history books, it is called the hooded stone, and later it is called Bameng Mountain. The terrain here is extremely strange: Qujiang is clockwise, from north to south, and then from south to north, around a big circle of about 360 degrees, and finally forms a pocket-like area with a small mouth and a big belly. This pocket-shaped area, now known as the Du Yuan Dam, has a relatively flat garden leaf in its abdomen, with the widest point about 3 kilometers from east to west and the longest point about 3.3 kilometers from north to south. The narrowest hole is only about 500 meters wide. Eight steep mountains guard the narrowest hole. According to legend, the eight peaks are undulating and often foggy, hence the name Bameng. The mountain road leading to the abdomen is rugged, narrow and steep, which is breathtaking.
Zhang He set his base camp here. What is his intention? Surrounded by fast-flowing rivers, it forms a natural isolation zone. Put the robbed people in pockets in batches, and then send heavy troops to block the external passage at the opening. Don't you do this? In a word, this is a natural concentration camp carefully selected by Zhang He.
But in Zhang Fei's eyes, this concentration camp has a fatal weakness, that is, there are serious problems in food supply. Thousands of people sneaked into our territory from at least 600 miles away. The canteen is not available, so we can only grab it on the spot. Now, the base camp is located on the mountain where Mengtou and Dangshi are located, and the access to food from the outside can only go north, while the east, west, north and south are blocked by bags of turbulent rivers. If Zhang Fei sends his troops and blocks the road outside the north gate, Zhang He will run out of food within a month. Zhang Fei's troops are located in Langzhong, 200 miles northwest, which can completely guarantee food supply.
Zhang Fei discovered the weakness of the other side and immediately put it into action. He led the soldiers who had been saving for a long time to the Zhanghe blind camp, occupied favorable terrain, built a solid camp, and tightly blocked the river from the direction; Then, deep ditch and high base, fight a war of attrition. In fact, Zhang He expected this situation long ago, and he also had a plan to avoid risks: advance and retreat quickly, and evacuate as soon as possible after catching enough people. But he didn't expect Zhang Fei to move faster and stop in front of him. Now we must challenge each other and strive for a way out. However, Zhang Fei was very calm at the foot of the mountain. You call him, he won't take the initiative to call. This confrontation lasted for more than 50 days.
After more than fifty days, Zhang Fei estimated that the other party would be short of food in a day or two. The morale of the army is low, the physical strength is exhausted and the temperature is rising. So he personally commanded an elite army, crossed the dense jungle, touched the camp built by the other party in Dangshi, and suddenly launched a storm. After Zhang Fei split the other side in half, he attacked Zhang He's joint venture back and forth. Facing Zhang Fei, Zhang He couldn't stand it at all. In Athens, I saw the soldiers of the other side coming from both sides like the tide, but their front and rear parts could not support each other. Z Ryan was forced to give up his BMW. Under the protection of more than a dozen guards around, Zhang Helian climbed over the dense forest, slipped out of the encirclement and fled back to Hanzhong. Zhang Fei won a great victory in this great war.
Zhang Fei's death
Unfortunately, six years later, Zhang Fei was ordered to mobilize 10,000 elite soldiers to fight against Sun Wu. Before leaving, Zhang Da and Fan Qiang were assassinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A generation of celebrities tragically ended their lives.
According to historical records, Zhang Fei died because he severely flogged the troops who violated military orders around him, but he still kept them around after being punished. Liu Bei once warned him that it was dangerous to do so. Zhang Fei didn't care. As a result, he was killed. As I said before, the real Zhang Fei is a thoughtful person. Why are there such carelessness and mistakes?
It turns out that his carelessness and mistakes all stem from a defect in his human nature, that is, "respecting a gentleman without seeking a villain" as mentioned in the Universiade. The "gentleman" here refers to the upper class; "Little people" refers to the lower classes of society. Because of the lack of attention and concern for the lower classes, they will be severely punished, and they don't think this is a big deal, so they will leave the punished people around. Zhang Fei was very cautious about state affairs, so he made brilliant achievements; However, he ignored some small things that he thought eventually led to his death.