Country name: Republic of Slovenia
National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with an aspect ratio of 2:1. It consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, white, blue and red from top to bottom. The national flag is painted with the national emblem in the upper left corner. Slovenia declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia in 199 1 and officially adopted the national flag in 1992.
National emblem: It's a coat of arms. The shield is blue, with three yellow six-pointed stars at the top, white and blue ripples at the bottom, and three white peaks in the middle, symbolizing the highest peak in China-Trigraf Peak at an altitude of 2,864 meters.
Physical geography: It is located in south-central Europe, at the northwest end of Balkan Peninsula, between Alps and Adriatic Sea, in the northwest of former Yugoslavia, bordering Croatia in the east and south, Adriatic Sea in the southwest, Italy in the west, Austria and Hungary in the north. It covers an area of 20273 square kilometers. 52% of the area is covered by dense forests. Coastline 46. Six kilometers long. Slovenian Alps in the northwest and limestone plateau in the south. The Delaware River and the upper reaches of the sava river flow through, and the valley plains account for one-fifth of the country's total area. Tregraff Peak is the highest mountain in China, with an altitude of 2,864 meters. The most famous lake is Lake Brad. Climate is divided into mountain climate, continental climate and Mediterranean climate. The average temperature in summer is 265438 0℃, and that in winter is 0℃.
Population: 1.988 million (1.999,65438+February). Slovenians (87.9%), Hungarians (0.43%), Italians (0. 16%) and other ethnic groups (1 1.6%). The official language is Slovenian. The main religion is Catholicism.
Capital: Ljubljana is the capital and political and cultural center of the Republic of Slovenia. Located in the west
In the upper reaches of sava river in the north, the basin surrounded by mountains is filled with fog. It covers an area of 902 square kilometers and has a population of about1100,000.
272,000 people (1.995).
In the first century BC, the Romans built a city called "Imona", but it was renamed in the twelfth century. Because of the geographical location
Being close to the border, it was influenced by Austria and Italy in history. 1809- 18 13 is one of France.
Local administrative center. 182 1 year, Austria, Russia, Sweden, France, Britain and other countries held a sacred alliance here.
Meeting of member States. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the center of Slovenian national movement. 19 19 belongs to Yugoslavia.
. The earthquake occurred in 1895, which was seriously damaged. Only some important buildings are preserved, such as the third century BC.
, the ruins of ancient Rome in the fourth century, St. Nicholas Cathedral in the eighteenth century, and the concert hall built by 1702.
There are also some baroque buildings in the17th century.
Ljubljana has developed cultural undertakings, including the famous Slovenian Academy of Arts and its galleries.
, Library and National Museum, enjoying a high reputation in China. The University of Ljubljana was founded in 1595.
It was named after Kardelj, Edvard, a revolutionary and politician in the 20th century. College students account for the whole city.
The population is110, so it is called "University Town". There are also theological seminary (19 19) and three fine arts books in the city.
Slovenian Academy of Science and Fine Arts and Metallurgical Research Institute.
The industry mainly produces hydroelectric generators, textiles, alumina, paper, newsprint and leather products.
Household appliances, chemicals, medicines, etc.
Ljubljana has been a traffic artery since ancient times and is still Slovenia's gateway to Italy, Austria,
International railway hub of Balkan countries.
Ljubljana is the first city in the world to install heating equipment on urban streets.
There are no traces of ice and snow on the road.
State dignitaries: President Janez? Drnovsek (Janez Drnovsek) was elected in February 2002. Prime Minister Janez? Yang Sha was elected in June 2004.
Brief history: Slavs migrated to present-day Slovenia at the end of the 6th century. In the 7th century, Slovenia belonged to the feudal Satsuma Kingdom. Frank ruled the kingdom in the 8th century. From 869 to 874 AD, an independent Slovenian state was established in Panno Plain. Since then, Slovenia has changed hands several times and was ruled by Habsburg, Turkey and Austria-Hungary. 19 18 At the end of the year, Slovenia and some other southern Slavic peoples jointly established the Kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. 194 1 year, German and Italian fascists invaded Yugoslavia. 1945, the people of all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia won the anti-fascist war. In the same year,129 October, 165438+ announced the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963), and Slovenia was one of them. 1990 In May, Slovenia held its first multi-party general election after World War II, and the Slovak Democratic Union came to power. 1991On June 25th, the Slovenian parliament passed a resolution, declaring its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and becoming an independent sovereign state. 1992 joined the United Nations on May 22nd.
Politics:1991The new constitution promulgated on February 23rd stipulates that the president shall be elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years, with a maximum of two consecutive terms. Parliament is bicameral, called the National Assembly and the National Consultative Conference. As the main legislative body, the National Assembly consists of 90 members who are directly elected by secret ballot for a term of four years. On behalf of citizens and society, the National Consultative Conference exercises supervisory power and has veto power. Its term of office is five years and consists of 40 members. The government is the executive organ of state power, and its term of office is four years.
Economy: It is a moderately developed country with a good industrial and scientific foundation. Mineral resources are poor, mainly including mercury, coal, lead and zinc. Rich in forest and water resources, the forest coverage rate is 49. 7%. In 2000, the total industrial output value accounted for 37. 5%, the employed population is 337,000, accounting for 37. Accounting for 8% of the total employed population. The industrial sectors are mainly iron and steel metallurgy, paper making, pharmacy, furniture manufacturing, shoemaking and food processing. Export occupies an important position in the national economy, and its output value accounts for more than half of the gross national product. The main trade targets are EU countries, followed by the former Yugoslavia and the Central European Free Trade Agreement countries. Attach importance to the development of tourism. The main tourist areas are the Adriatic coast and the northern Alps, and the main attractions are the Trigraff Mountain Natural Scenic Area, Lake Bled and Bo Stojina Cave.
Military: 199 1 In June, the Slovenian territorial defense force was formally established, and in June, 1993, it was renamed the Slovenian Army. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, the President is the supreme commander of the national armed forces. Compulsory military service is implemented, and the service period is seven months.
Press and publication: Various publications 1558 in 2000, including 6 daily newspapers, 48 weekly newspapers and 325 monthly newspapers. Major newspapers such as Labor, Republic, Daily News, Evening News and Slovenian are published in Slovenian. Slovenian news agency is the national news agency (STA). There are 28 radio stations and 2 TV centers in China. In addition, there are more than twenty local cable TV stations.
Diplomacy: It advocates developing relations with other countries on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit. Committed to joining the EU and NATO, actively developing good-neighborly and friendly relations and striving to maintain friendly and cooperative relations with world powers are the basic points of Sri Lanka's foreign policy.
Relations with China:1On April 27th, 1992, China announced its recognition of the Slovenian Republic, and on May 2nd of the same year, China and Slovakia established diplomatic relations.
I Slovenians (Slovenes)
It is generally believed that the ancestors of Slovenes were from guslav. Around 570 AD, Slavic tribes began to live in the area between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea. From 623 to 658, Slavic tribes located between the upper reaches of the Elbe River and the Karawank Mountains United under the leadership of King SAMO and established their first country (Samo Grand Duchy). After the death of Archduke Samo, the tribal alliance collapsed. However, a smaller Slavic country, the Principality of Karantania or Karantania (today's Carinthia) continued to exist. The center of this country is Carinthia (now most of Carinthia is in Austria), which is the first country established by Slovenes. Due to the strong pressure from the Avars in the east, Carinthians formed an alliance with Bavarians in 745, and then they recognized the suzerainty of Franks and accepted Christianity in the 8th century. Prince Coselli, the last independent Slavic regime in the region, existed in 869 -874, but lost its independent status in 874. The Slovenian national territory was annexed by the Germans in the west, and gradually fixed with the arrival of Hungarians in pannonian plain, which lasted until15th century.
Second, SLOVENIAN (Slovenian)
The earliest document recorded in Slovenian is Freising's manuscript, which dates from 972 to 1022. These manuscripts were discovered in Freising in 1803. The first book printed in Slovenian was CATTECHISMUS AND ABECEDARIUM, which was written by Protestant PRIMOZ TRUBAR in 1550 and printed in the German city of Tubingen. Yuri Dalmatian translated the Bible into Slovenian in 1584. It was not until the middle of16th century that Slovenian was known to other European languages through multilingual variants compiled by HIERONYMUS MEGISAR.
Three. Ancient History (1) At the beginning, the Slovenian national territory was called Slaoui, and the resident of Slaoui was called Slaoui. When the population of Slovenians reached its maximum density in Kalantania, they were also called Kalantahi. Slovenian is developed by the Slovenian Protestant writers in Prince Cagnola, and it is rooted in the Slovenian's rapid recognition of Cagnola and Cagnola. Slovenian national territory was defined in the 6th century and reached its peak in the 9th century. This area extends from Trieste Bay to the south of Danube and west of Lake Balaton. Slovenes' national territory was subsequently reduced by the Germanization of the west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannoni sub-plain in the north. Slovenia's territorial boundary was determined in the15th century, and did not change until the middle of19th century. y2t/} F g
Four, the ancient history (2)
After Lombardy invaded Italy in 568, Slavic tribes and Avars began to colonize western pannonian plain and the Eastern Alps. Their progress was blocked by Lombardy limes on the eastern edge of the Freely Lowland. And in the upstream direction along the Delaware River (also known as the Drew River), we fought the Bavarians. Until the end of the 7th century, Slavs in this area were under the rule of Avar. From 623 to 658, Slavic tribes between the lower Elbe River and the Karawank Mountains established their first country under the leadership of Grand Duke Samo. The Grand Duchy collapsed after Samo's death, but a principality in Kalantania is still preserved in today's Carinthia region. In the mid-7th century, it developed into the first Slovenian country, ruled by Prince Varuk, with its center at K? rn Castle next to Maria SAAL. After making an alliance with Bavarians and fighting the Avars, Slovenians had to accept the rule of Franks and believed in Christianity in the middle of the 8th century. In 803, the church area was divided into the Archdiocese of Salzburg and the Archdiocese of Aquilia along the Delaware River, and this division continued until the18th century. The Kingdom of awar collapsed at the beginning of the19th century, and Slovenes expanded from the Alps to Baja pannonian plain and Istrad. After the split of Frankish Country treaty of verdun in 843, all Slovenians were unified under the rule of Franks. Around 840, Prince Pribina acquired this feudal territory from the Franks, and the center of the territory was Balaton Castle, which was built at the mouth of Zara River near Lake Balaton. Influenced by the Byzantine missionary Cyril and Medodius, Coetzee Ji, the heir of Pribina, alienated Bishop Frank and established an independent principality. The last Slovenian state power lost its freedom in 874 because of the peace treaty with Moravians and Germans, so the worship ceremony of God in Latin and foreign culture dominated Slovenia for as long as 1000 years.
7Y U | 7 ~ 5Y At the end of the 9th century, the so-called "Kingdom of Kalantania", as a special form of principality, appeared in the territory surrounded by the Delaware River, the Danube River and the source of kopra River. During this period, Hungarians began to enter pannonian plain, and settled permanently in this area in 896, which played a role in contacting Western Slavs and Yugoslavs. After the Hungarians were defeated by Lechfield in 955, Bavarians and Slovenes from Carata settled eastward in the central area between RABA River, Sotra River, Colta River and kopra River, which permanently defined the borders between Slovenes and Croats and Hungarians. /kloc-At the end of 0/0, Karantania broke away from Bavaria, but soon the Great Karantania Kingdom collapsed on the territory of Slovenia under the pressure of establishing a comprehensive feudal system. Since12nd century, Slovenian land has been divided into several historical provinces-Carinthia, Styria, Cagnola and later gorizia. In the13rd century, Slovenian settlements in Austria were in a weak state. German colonies have penetrated into Willach basin in Carinthia, Graz basin in Styria and the flood plain of Sola River in Cagnola, while Italian colonies have ruled the Fria lowlands. g b/s“I @ $ z
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A new round of Germanic colonial movement was launched from the north. In the15th century, the ethnic boundaries of Slovenes were limited to the areas between HerMagor in the Huguel Valley, Dobrac Mountain in dobra, Vilak, Marissal, Saurpe Mountain, Kozyjak Mountain, Radgona (Radesburg) and Kuchini River (Cuccini Ka River) until the middle of19th century. From about 1500, the Habsburg family successfully controlled the Slovenian residential area and ruled this area until 19 18. Styria, Cagnola, Istria and post-Georgian regions were incorporated into inner Austria. /kloc-In the first half of the 5th century, Prince Serge overwhelmed the Habsburg family, but Habsburg subsequently inherited their territory after the death of the Serge family. In the ten-year war (1479- 1489) between Frederik 1, the leader of the Habsburg family in Hungary, and Matthias Colvis Yunus, the king of Croatia, a large part of Slovenian territory was in the hands of Hungarians, because Matthias successfully resisted the Turkish attack and supported the peasants. 1463 After Bosnia fell into the hands of the Turks, the Turks subsequently launched many invasions on Slovenian settlements, killing and capturing about one third of Slovenians. The relationship between farmers and landlords deteriorated to the extreme in the large-scale peasant uprising (1478, 15 15, 1573 respectively).
In the late16th century, the reform promoted the development of the first batch of Slovenian books, public libraries, printing houses and boarding schools. The anti-REFORMATINO movement began at the end of the century, and Protestant missionaries and scholars either returned to the Catholic faith or left the region. All Protestant organizations have been destroyed. In Ljubljana, more than 750 wealthy bourgeois and aristocratic families were forced to leave Slovenia. Protestants who stay in this area live in the area between MURA River and Laba River. Due to the victory of the anti-religious reform movement, the influence of Germanic culture in this area weakened, while the influence of Italian and Baroque culture increased. The territory of the Habsburg family flourished when the Turks completely withdrew from the Danube at the end of 17. The commercial road through Slovenia connects Vienna with Rijeka and Trieste. 17 17 allowed free navigation in the Adriatic Sea, and 1769 made Trieste a free port. Maria Teresa, the head of the Habsburg family, carried out a series of reforms, and a Slovenian national rejuvenation movement was born. Due to the unified market and transportation system, the links between regions in Slovenia have become closer. Slovenian is used in schools. After Joseph II succeeded Mother Teresa to the throne, compulsory education was implemented. Anton Tomaz Lienhardt tried to establish schools and public libraries in Slovenia and a university in Ljubljana by studying the history of Slovenians living between the Delaware River and the Adriatic Sea. As the Dalmatians successfully translated the Bible, Jansenist scholars once again noticed the unification of Slovenian.
1797, the French army forced the Austrian army to surrender under the command of Napoleon. After the Treaty of Campofomio, Austria won the Republic of Venice after the collapse, unifying the two regions of Slovenia in Estella and Slovenia in Venice. 1809 After the French occupied Slovenia for the third time, Illyria Province was established through the Treaty of Bruen, which included Slovenia. The capital and administrative center of this province is in Ljubljana, but French rule over Slovenia (1809- 18 13) is a heavy blow to Slovenian commerce, especially in Trieste, because of Napoleon's "continental system" policy towards Britain. On the other hand, however, the French-like rule modernized the government administration and promoted Slovenian in primary and high schools, which subsequently affected the Austrian education system. After the French occupation, it was ruled by metternich, and most Slovenes belonged to the German Federation (18 15- 1866). German is used again in schools and government agencies. Intellectuals headed by MATLJJACOB conceived a new concept of Slovenian state. The unity of the French president and the public's concept of state.
The European Revolution of 1848 witnessed the formation of the nationalist movement of "unifying Slovenia". This movement first appeared in Klagenfurt (also known as MATIJA MAJER Jamager), then attracted intellectuals and students from Vienna and developed to Graz and Ljubljana. It calls for the promotion of Slovenian in schools and the government, the unity of Slovenians under the rule of the Austrian Empire, and respect for their national characteristics in the historical provinces where Slovenians live. Although the Austrian Empire practiced dictatorship in Franzjosef, Slovenian is gradually being re-used in Slovenian schools and used as a teaching subject in middle schools. In order to strengthen the northern border of Slovenian region, it is necessary to relocate the rector of LAVANTINE parish in this region and move the rector from St Andrews to maribor. This work was successfully completed by Bishop Anton Martin Sloame Seck in 1859. From 186 1, the concept of "unified Slovenia" flourished in literary clubs in major cities, especially in tabor, which was a large-scale outdoor gathering of the masses during the period of 1863- 187 1. 1892, conservatives established the Catholic National Party, liberals established the National Party, 1894. Yanez Crick organized agricultural cooperatives and rural self-help associations and led farmers' political parties. All political parties in Slovenia are facing the political future of Slovenia and Yugoslavia within the political framework of Austrian-Hungarian experimentalism. In the Tivoli Revolution of 1909, the Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia took the unification of all Yugoslavs as its ultimate political goal. This goal was supported by the younger generation of liberals in the Renaissance.
In World War I, 3% of Slovenia's population was killed or injured in wartime for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 19 17, the Yugoslav representative to Austria-Hungary called for the unification of Slovenians, Serbs and Croats under the Habsburg family into an independent democratic country in the May Declaration. In the same year, Slovenian political parties collected 200,000 signatures to support Slovenia's separation from Austria and the establishment of a common country including Slovenians, Serbs and Croats in accordance with the basic principle of national self-determination. 1965438+In mid-August 2008, representatives of all Slovenian political parties agreed to establish a national conference in Anton crozet, Ljubljana, in order to realize self-determination and establish a Yugoslav state. On June 365438+1 October 3 1 day, Croseki appointed the national governments of Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia as the highest state authorities in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, and the government subsequently appointed them on June 19 18+February1day.
(l2s)@ 2h； A Y9{ According to the post-war national borders, 400,000 Slovenians stayed in Italy, 90,000 in Austria and 7,000 in Hungary, all of whom were excluded from the newly established kingdom, including Slovenians, Croats and Serbs. According to the London Secret Treaty of 19 15, Slovenia also lost one third of its territory. Italians occupied Primorska in Slovenia, including Trieste and Gorigia. According to the civil code promulgated by Carinthia 1920, Austria extends its southern border to the Karafink Mountains. After the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary claimed that the area from the Drava River and the Mula River to the Raba River was the territory of Slovenia.
With the establishment of the University of Ljubljana in 19 19, Slovenians have gained a central education and scientific research system, and Ljubljana Radio Station, Slovenian National Art Center, National Art Gallery and university library have become important cultures. Since the founding of the United Kingdom of Yugoslavia, some independent Slovenian political parties have fought for the establishment of an independent Slovenian state, but this goal has been hindered by the Constitution promulgated by 193 1. During the two world wars, Slovenia's industry and commerce developed rapidly, and the rural population dropped from two-thirds to half.
194 1 After Germany invaded Yugoslavia in, the country was quickly divided into several pieces. The new Croatian puppet regime separated Slovenia from the rest of Yugoslavia. 194 12 On April 12, Hitler decided to divide a Slovenian country into Germany, Italy and Hungary. The large-scale national resistance movement in Slovenia led to the establishment of the Freedom Front, whose task was to unify Slovenia's territory and reject any plan to destroy Slovenia's country by force. Because of communist party's leading role in military resistance, Slovenes soon split. A brutal struggle began between Ljubljana and Nazi collaborators and the whole nation. At the end of 1943, the allies recognized the Slovenian guerrillas as allies in the anti-fascist struggle. In the same year, the Freedom Front organized a Slovenian Congress in Kosif and adopted a resolution to unify Slovenia, which recovered its coastline, into a new Yugoslav Federation. Slovenes who cooperated with the Nazis could not achieve the goal of eliminating the guerrilla movement until the end of the war, and then they were excluded from national life. Britain extradited the defeated Slovenian army that fled to Carinthia and cooperated with the Nazis to the Yugoslav army, and most of these troops were executed by the Yugoslav army.
During the period of 1945- 1990, Slovenia was an independent socialist Republic of another Yugoslav Federation and enjoyed independent rights. After the Paris Peace Conference, Slovenia joined the Slovenian coastal area organization on 1947, and became a member of the Trieste Free Trade Zone except Trieste in the London Memorandum on 1954. The western border between Slovenia and Yugoslavia marks the division of the European bloc, while its border with Hungary marks the real "iron curtain". Although the initial power of Yugoslavia was concentrated in the hands of * * * people to the greatest extent, Slovenia strengthened its national culture and education system and later became economically independent. The voices calling for Slovenia's independence come from Slovenian minorities (the population is about 10% of Slovenia's domestic population) and Slovenians who have emigrated abroad (about 20% of Slovenia's domestic population). In order to keep in touch with Slovenians all over the world, Slovenia has implemented an independent policy towards Slovenians in neighboring countries and its own overseas immigrants. Starting from 1967, Slovenia joined the trade zones of Carinthia, Austria and friuli-Fenetzia, Italy, and joined the Alpine-Adria trade zone on 1978.
Trade zone. In the late1960s, the new Yugoslav Constitution strengthened the role of nationalists, restricted the jurisdiction of the Union and increased the sovereignty of the republics.
199 1 year, after 10 days of fighting with the Yugoslav army and the collapse of the Yugoslav Federation, Slovenia became a sovereign and independent country. It held democratic elections and a multi-party parliament was determined by the new constitution. In order to make up for the loss of market share in Yugoslavia, more than two thirds of Slovenia's products are exported to the European Union. Almost all the large state-owned companies in this country have been dismantled, and industrial output has declined. The once high employment rate has now become a high unemployment rate (14%), the economy is in a state of depression, and strikes are common. However, with the completion of the privatization process, the country's transition period ended and the economic environment improved. After joining NATO and EU, Slovenia will become a rich country.