Since the fall of the regime of 199 1 Siad, Somalia has been in an anarchy of being armed by warlords and splitting the country. Various factions in China have been fighting and dividing, and Mogadishu factions such as Somaliland, Puntland, Rahanweilan and Aideed have gradually formed a pattern of four worlds. The international community has 12 times tried to mediate this issue, but all failed. In 2000, the domestic situation was relatively calm and the peace process made positive progress. In May, Djibouti hosted the Somali National Peace Conference (also known as the "Arta Peace Conference") with Somali civilian armed forces as the main body. In July, it adopted the Transitional Charter of Somalia, and in August, it elected the first parliament and the first president in the decade since the civil war in Somalia. On August 27th, the new President Abdikasim was sworn in. In June 5438+10, the Somali Transitional Government was established. After the new regime came to power, it successively put forward a series of measures to rectify the country, such as restoring order in the capital, disarming the militia, and reconciling tribes. At the same time, he actively attended various international conferences, including the Millennium Summit of the United Nations, and visited neighboring Arab countries to seek recognition and assistance. However, the new government dominated by literati has not been recognized by various warlords in China and has been resisted by various factions. Its activities are confined to a corner of the capital, and it cannot effectively govern, let alone control the whole country. The telegram is still in a state of warlord separatism. The international community has a wait-and-see attitude towards the new Somali regime, and only some Arab countries have provided it with a small amount of assistance. At the same time, with the support of Ethiopia and other neighboring countries, the construction of local political power in Somalia is booming, and the autonomy system in northern Somaliland and Puntland is becoming more and more perfect. The central autonomous government of Hiram was established on February 20, 65438, and the state governments in the south and southwest of Jubaland are also preparing. 200 1 The domestic situation is generally calm. The relationship between TNG and the main factions is still tense, and the territory it controls is still confined to a corner of the capital Mogadishu, and it has made little achievements in internal affairs and diplomacy. Somali factions gradually merged into TNG and anti-TNG groups: in February, TNG signed a reconciliation agreement with Mogadishu warlord Kenyare to absorb Kenyare into the interim government; In March, the Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Committee (SRRC), an anti-TNG alliance composed of five factions, namely Aidid faction of Somali National Alliance, Somali Patriotic Movement, Rahanwein Resistance Army, Southern Somali National Movement and Somali United Congress/North Mogadishu faction, was established in Ethiopia. As for Somaliland, the referendum held at the end of May adopted a new constitution, which included provisions such as reaffirming independence and implementing a multi-party system, which marked another step forward for Somaliland in its quest for independence. On the Puntland side, armed conflict broke out with Jama, the new chairman elected by the Puntland National Assembly, because Yusuf, the former chairman who should have ended his term at the end of June, refused to abdicate. After "911incident", the United States listed Somalia as a terrorist nest country and the next possible target. On the one hand, it imposed a preventive blockade on Somalia to prevent the remnants of al-Qaeda from hiding in Somalia; on the other hand, it encouraged neighboring countries and relevant regional organizations to exert influence on all factions in Somalia and end the anarchy in Somalia through peace talks between all factions. The international community continues to pay attention to and promote the peace process in Somalia. The United Nations Security Council has repeatedly discussed the Somali issue, supported the efforts of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in mediating the Somali issue, reiterated respect for Somalia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, called on relevant countries to stop interfering in Somalia's internal affairs, urged anti-TNG factions to talk to TNG, and demanded that TNG show flexibility in reconciliation. In February, the Yemeni government submitted a reconciliation plan to the IGAD Council of Ministers. In June 5438+065438+ 10 and February 65438+February, Kenyan President Moi hosted two reconciliation dialogues in Nairobi, trying to mediate the contradictions among the factions. However, SRRC mainly refused to attend the meeting, and the meeting failed to achieve results. Due to SRRC's refusal to participate in the TNG-led peace process, Somalia's external mediation is weak and the Somali peace process is deeply deadlocked. In 2002, the domestic situation in Somalia remained generally calm, but the struggle for territory and rights between major factions and some factions continued, with new divisions and ups and downs of power. TNG was captured by local warlords in some areas controlled by Mogadishu, and its position was further weakened. The factions of the Somali Reconciliation Commission continue to maintain a joint situation. The situation in Somaliland remains stable. After the death of former President Egal on May 3rd, "Vice President" Kassin succeeded as "Acting President". In February, 65438, the local elections in the area were carried out smoothly, and six political parties participated in the competition. Yusuf, the former chairman of Puntland, gained the upper hand in the armed conflict with Jia, the new chairman elected by the Puntland National Assembly, expelled Jia and his supporters from Puntland, and announced the formation of a new "cabinet" on August 30. Shortly after the establishment of the southwest country of Somalia, the vice-chairmen Gabiyou and Ismail clashed with the chairman Chagudud for power and interests, and the civil war between the two sides continued. In 2003, the international community continued to pay attention to and promote the peace process in Somalia. The UN Security Council has repeatedly discussed the Somali issue and issued a presidential statement, calling on all countries to strictly abide by the Security Council resolutions on the arms embargo against Somalia, reaffirming respect for Somalia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, calling on relevant countries to stop interfering in Somalia's internal affairs, and urging anti-TNG factions to talk to TNG. Western countries, led by the United States, need to increase their investment in Somalia for the global counter-terrorism strategy, encourage neighboring countries and relevant regional organizations to exert influence on Somali factions, end anarchy in Somalia through peace talks, and eradicate the soil of terrorism. On June+10, 5438, the 9th Summit of East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) authorized Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti to form a technical committee to jointly mediate the Somali conflict and prepare for a new round of Somali peace conference. The three countries compromised and coordinated their positions for their respective security interests, and increased their efforts to promote peace among Somali factions. TNG was forced to give up the condition of attending a new round of peace conference as a "central government" when it was rejected by major factions and not recognized by the international community, thus clearing the way for the convening of peace conference. The Somali Reconciliation Commission also agreed to participate in a new round of peace talks after meeting its participation conditions. Under this circumstance, the14th round of Somali Peace Conference was held in Eldoret, Kenya in June 15, and almost all political and military factions and NGOs in Somalia except Somaliland were represented. On the 27th, the participating factions signed the Declaration on Cessation of Hostilities and Relevant Institutions and Principles of Somali National Reconciliation Process, which stipulated the immediate realization of a comprehensive ceasefire in Somalia, the formulation of a new constitution and the establishment of an all-inclusive federal central government. 165438+1October 29th, and the peace conference will enter the second stage. Participants decided to set up six special committees: the Committee on Federalism and Provisional Charter, the Committee on Demobilization, Disarmament and Resettlement, the Committee on Land and Property Rights, the Committee on Economic Recovery, Institution-building and Resource Mobilization, and the Committee on Regional and International Relations, and instructed them to draft proposals for the * * * meeting and congress. However, Somaliland continues to refuse to participate in the peace conference and actively seeks international recognition of its independent status. On February 23, 2004, all representatives of the Somali peace talks held a meeting and adopted a transitional charter. 10 June10, Somali Transitional Parliament elected abdullahi yusuf ahmed as President of Somali Transitional Federal Government for a five-year term in Nairobi. Major countries in the world, such as the United Nations, the African Union, the Arab League, the European Union and the IGAD countries, all welcomed it. Presidents and foreign ministers of many countries sent congratulatory messages. 165438+1On 3 October, President Yusuf appointed Ali Mohamed Gedi as the Prime Minister of the Somali Transitional Government and formed the Transitional Federal Government.

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