1, rose has strong adaptability, cold tolerance and drought tolerance, and does not require strict soil, but the microstrip acidic sandy loam with rich organic matter and good drainage is the best. I like light, but too much direct strong light is not good for bud development. Petals burn easily and like warmth. Generally, the temperature is 22-25℃, and high temperature in summer is not conducive to flowering.
2. I like an environment with sufficient sunshine, good air circulation, good drainage and shelter from the wind, and I need proper shade in midsummer. The optimum temperature of most varieties is 15 ~ 26℃ in the daytime and 10 ~ 15℃ at night. It is cold-resistant, and it goes into hibernation when the temperature is below 5℃ in winter. If the high temperature lasts above 30℃ in summer, the flowering and quality of most varieties will decrease, and they will enter semi-dormancy period. General varieties can tolerate the low temperature of-65438 05℃. It needs rich organic matter and fertile and loose slightly acidic soil, but it has wide adaptability to soil. The relative humidity of air should be 75% ~ 80%, but it can also be slightly dry or slightly wet. Characterized by continuous flowering. It is necessary to keep the air circulating and pollution-free. Poor ventilation is prone to powdery mildew, and harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine and fluoride in the air are toxic to Chinese rose.
From March to June 165438+ 10 to March of the following year, the rose was transplanted and pruned at the same time. First cut off dense branches and dead branches, then cut off old and weak branches, leaving 2-3 buds that grow outward so as to spread in all directions; Cut off particularly strong branches appropriately to strengthen the growth of weak branches. When new branches grow too densely in summer, they should be thinned. After each batch of flowers wither, the upper branches connected with the residual flowers should be cut off in time to prevent them from consuming nutrients, and the middle and lower branches should be kept full to promote the early flowering of new branches. Roses like to apply basal flowers before flowering, and then apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to strengthen seedlings and promote flowers. Roses are very strict about water, neither too wet nor too dry. Too dry will wither, too wet will damage the roots and leaves.
4. The main pests of Chinese rose are aphids, leaf roller moths and thorn moths. , mainly using pesticides such as 1000- 1200 times dimethoate or isocarbophos for control. Propagation is mainly based on grafting and cutting, supplemented by sowing and tissue culture. Commonly used rootstocks are: wild rose, pink rose, "Tang Baiyu" (rose) and so on.
5. When planting Chinese rose in the open field, you should choose a place with leeward and sunny drainage. In addition to applying base fertilizer again, topdressing should also be done during the growing season. Pruning is an important operation. In addition to pruning during dormancy, attention should also be paid to picking buds, cutting off residual flower branches and rootstocks for germination and tillering during growth. Greenhouse cultivation is mainly to supply cut flowers. It is often planted with a row spacing of 30cm×30cm, and maintained at 15 ~ 17℃ at night and 2 1 ~ 25℃ during the day. Chinese rose can be potted and watched indoors. The key points of its cultivation and management are: loose soil, suitable pot diameter, moderate humidity, thin fertilization, picking flowers and pruning, controlling pests and diseases, and changing pots every year.
6. Flowering period control-The natural flowering period of Chinese rose is from May to165438+1October, and the flowering period is continuous. However, it is still very important to control the flowering period of rose during the Olympic Games, especially the flowering period of potted rose and cut rose, for the successful completion of the temporary flower arrangement task and fresh cut flower supply task in various venues during the Olympic Games.
7. Scientific pruning and reasonable pruning are the key to control the flowering period of Chinese rose. In practical work, pruning should be carried out according to the comprehensive growth of Chinese rose plants. There are two types of buds on the branches of Chinese rose. The buds on the upper branches point to 1 ~ 5 leaves under the flower, and the flower branches are shorter, about 6 ~ 9 leaves. Buds are early, usually 15 to 18 days, and flowers are small. The bud in the middle of the branch (6-9 leaves under the flower) is round, and the flower branch from the round bud is about 13 ~ 16 leaves, which takes a long time to sprout, generally about 25 days, and the flower is large; The bud eye at the base of the branch is flat, the bud activity is low, the branch is slow, the branch is easy to grow, and the flower bud appears for a long time, generally more than 30 days. It can be seen that the heterogeneity of rose buds determines the time of flowering, budding and flowering. Knowing the habits of flower buds can accurately control the flowering period. Generally speaking, it takes about 45 days for Chinese rose to germinate from new bud to blossom.
8. Around June 20th, all the residual flowers and some flowering branches of ground-planted Chinese rose will be pruned to the round bud position at the middle mature part of the flower branch according to the proportion of 50%, and the flowering viewing period will be from August 1 day to August 15. Prune all residual flowers and all flowering branches around June 30 according to the above method, and the flowering viewing period is about August 10 to August 25. Trim the residual flowers at any time after June 30 and let them bloom naturally. Potted roses and cut roses can be used to calculate the flowering date, and branches should be pruned about 45 days before flowering. Fertilizer and water management-in the above pruning, scientific fertilizer and water management should be carried out in combination with plant growth. When the new generation buds do not germinate after pruning, spraying fertilizer on the leaves with 0.2% urea every 5 or 6 days can promote the germination of new buds; If plants grow fast and new branches grow fast, controlling water supply can delay growth when it exceeds the planned range. In the process of water control, the key is to spray water in time after the branches and leaves wither and recover within 1 hour. Water is the carrier of various enzymes in plants. Insufficient water supply will reduce the activity of enzymes and slow down metabolism, thus slowing down the growth of plants. If the buds of new branches appear later than planned, the leaves will be sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 5 or 6 days, and the buds will grow rapidly. The Chinese flowering period consumes a lot of water and nutrients in the body, and the water supply should be sufficient.
9. Rose is a plant that likes sunshine very much. If the light is insufficient, it is difficult to bloom every month. Generally speaking, roses can bloom every month as long as the following points are grasped.
(1) The sunshine must be long. The place where Chinese roses are planted should be ventilated and have sunshine for more than half a day. This is the first condition for it to bloom like a flower. If it is placed in a semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place or in a shady place with insufficient light, it can only bloom in spring and autumn at most. Therefore, families whose living conditions can't meet the requirements of lighting, it is best not to plant Chinese rose flowers, but to plant shade-loving flowers and plants.
(2) Prune frequently. Although the sunshine conditions are good, roses will not grow well if they are not pruned for a long time. The method of pruning is. Prune the Chinese rose once a year after 12 months when the leaves fall. The height of the remaining branches is about 15 cm, and the pruning position is about 1 cm above the outward leaf buds. The lateral branches, diseased branches and concentric branches should be pruned at the same time. After May, after each flowering, 2/3 or 1/2 of the flowering branches will be pruned, so that there will be more opportunities to regenerate flower buds. If you want to make the flowers bloom, you can also pick some when the buds are long, which can not only concentrate nutrition, but also achieve the purpose of prolonging the flowering period and opening in batches.
(3) Fertilization should be done frequently and in time. Generally, newly planted or transplanted potted Chinese rose can be cultivated with humus and loose loess, and it is best to add 1/4 rice husk ash or a little bean husk, bean cake or chicken pigeon manure, so that Chinese rose can continuously absorb various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil. If the old potted flowers need to be replaced, base fertilizer can also be applied according to the above method; If you don't change pots, you can dig 2-3 cm into the soil, and put some fresh fish intestines or chicken pigeon droppings and bean cake scraps as base fertilizer. This is the best way when the Chinese rose is dormant in1-February. In this way, the fertilizer will gradually ferment into fertilizer solution, which will penetrate into the roots with rainwater or poured water, achieving good results. May is the peak season for the growth of Chinese rose. Top dressing 65,438+0 times every 65,438+00 days. The rotten fermented fishy smell juice and vegetable leaf juice can be mixed and applied in the proportion of 3 parts fertilizer and 7 parts water, and the fertilization is stopped at 1 1 month. If you can follow the above requirements, you can make the roses and flowers meet you every month. Roses are naturally fond of heat and grow best when the temperature is 20-25 degrees; It is difficult to grow above 30 degrees. If we master fertilization, we can overcome its weakness of being afraid of high temperature in summer.
(4) Pay attention to exterminating pests. In spring, Chinese rose is prone to aphids, so cigarette butts can be soaked in water or diluted with water and sprayed with trichlorfon to eliminate pests within half a day. Black spot disease and powdery mildew are prone to occur in summer, which are mostly caused by too humid and sultry, and some diseased leaves can be picked lightly; Severe cases can be prevented and treated by spraying Bordeaux mixture, Tobuzin and bactericidal spirit. 2-3 times every 10 day.
(5) change pots. There is no need to change the pan every year. If you change the small pot into a big pot, it can be done all year round. [Edit this paragraph] Early spring management Early spring, the roots of Chinese rose began to stretch in the soil. The most important tending work at this time is pruning. Warm areas should be pruned in late February, and colder northern areas should be pruned in March ~ April. Pruning is about 1/3 of plant height. The first step is to cut off weak branches, diseased branches and dead branches. Last year, these plants grew the most vigorous new branches. If you choose this main branch, leave 2-3 branches, up to 5 branches. According to the original growth situation of the plant, the part about 50 cm from the ground and 65,438+0 cm above the robust bud is pruned with branch shears. The so-called robust bud is a bud that has not yet germinated, plump and raised. In order not to make the buds grow into too dense branches, we should choose strong buds above the outside of the plant. In addition, pruning should be carried out in the full part of the branches. When pruning with scissors, the sound of "clicking" is the complete part. If you think the incision is soft, cut it to a hard place. The aging parts of plant branches are rough and swollen, and there are no strong buds at all, so they should be cut off.
The middle part of 10 and 2~3-year-old main branches is the place where new buds are frequent, and only 10~20 cm can be left when pruning. Generally, if you want to spend more flowers at flowering stage, you should cut them weakly. If you want a good flowering period, you should cut it hard and don't ask for more flowers. In addition, we must make up our minds to cut down plants that are not growing well, because the roots of such plants are underdeveloped, and if the crown is too large, it will easily lead to insufficient nutrient supply. It is best to do a high-concentration disinfection at the same time of pruning, which has a remarkable effect on pest control.
In order to make the pruned branches tilt outward, they can be fixed with posts (wooden sticks, etc.). ) make the tree balanced and beautiful, and avoid the branches and leaves rubbing against each other when it is windy. The branches from the buds under the oblique branches are strong and the flowers are lush, so we should pay attention to protection.
After the sting, the insects woke up from hibernation and began to move. At this time,10ml cartap (pesticide) and 20g of wettable sulfur powder for controlling powdery mildew were dissolved in10l of water, and the plants were sprayed with the completely dissolved concentrated solution. Because roses have not yet grown leaves, there is no need to worry about phytotoxicity.
About 20 days after pruning, the buds began to germinate, and in the process of germination, the weak buds were often eliminated naturally. In order to make the flowers bloom well, it is necessary to leave buds according to the thickness of the main branch, 3~4 buds for the thick branch, 1~2 buds for the pencil thick branch, and remove all the rest. In cold areas, germination is late, and the time of bud removal can be postponed.
If basal fertilizer has been applied in June 5438+February, no topdressing is needed in early spring, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer is sprinkled around the roots to accelerate germination. After germination, if the surface is dry in sunny days, irrigation can be done before morning or noon in order not to freeze the surface. [Edit this paragraph] Over-summer management potted roses will enter hot and humid summer as long as the full flowering period is over, and most of them are in dormancy and semi-dormancy. Strengthening the summer management and rejuvenation maintenance of potted rose can break the dormancy period and make it bloom continuously throughout the summer.
1 1, and its main management measures are:
1, shading and ventilation. The soil of potted rose is limited, and it is easy to dry out in hot weather, so it is necessary to shade the rose and cool it down. It is best to put potted flowers in a ventilated place under trees or scaffolding in the courtyard from 8 am to 4 pm, so that potted flowers can receive scattered light and create suitable environmental conditions for the growth and flowering of Chinese roses.
2. Fertilize and water more. Roses bloom many times and need to be supplied with enough nutrients and water to ensure their vigorous growth. In summer, evaporation is large, consumption is large, and it grows rapidly. Apply thin fertilizer every 10 day at flowering stage. Bean cakes and bird droppings can also be soaked in water, and after closed fermentation, water is added for topdressing to make plants flourish and break the dormant state of Chinese rose in summer. Dried water should be used for watering, so as to reduce the temperature difference between basin soil and water. If too cold water is used, it will stimulate the root system and affect the normal development of plants.
3. Spray more water. Rose is in a semi-dormant state above 33℃, and the average temperature is 20-25℃, which is most favorable for growth. Therefore, in summer, in addition to proper shading, more water should be sprayed, preferably once in the morning and once in the afternoon, to create a humid environment and promote the growth of flowers and leaves.
4. Thinning and pruning. After the rose blooms, the branches should be cut below the third compound leaf under the flower to promote the development of strong new branches and the bud to bloom as soon as possible. Weak short branches are cut high first; Strong branches are cut and cut short to promote the weak and restrain the strong, and promote their neat flowering. The pruning length of long branches should not exceed half to avoid the slow germination of axillary buds. In addition, it is not advisable to leave too many flowers per crop, and 3-5 pots of roses are appropriate. Too many flowers, too scattered nutrients, and small flowers affect the next flower.
5, loosen the soil and weed. Combined with weeding, fine wire harrow can be used to gently break the surface layer around the flowerpot to enhance the porosity and air permeability of the pot soil and promote the normal growth of the root system.
6. Control pests and diseases. The flowerpot should be frequently sprayed with 15% quicklime water or carbendazim and potassium permanganate aqueous solution for sterilization. The high temperature in the rainy season from July to August is the high incidence period of leaf spot and powdery mildew. The lime-sulfur mixture with 0.3-0.5 degree can be sprayed in Pomei once a week 1 time, 2-3 times in total. If longicorn larvae are found in June and July, the branches should be cut off immediately. Other leaf-eating pests will be sprayed with monocrotophos 800 times as soon as they are found, which can kill eggs and larvae.
12, potted technology ① Potting refers to planting newly bred seedlings or ground-planted roses in pots before sprouting from big trees. Seedlings cultivated in coarse sand or water and bare-rooted seedlings planted underground should be planted in plain sandy loam for a period of time, and then cultivated with fertilizer and base fertilizer in the first pot after the root system grows vigorously. Seedlings cut with culture soil or small pots planted with clods in the ground can be planted with ordinary culture soil. When planting pots, the new pots are thoroughly soaked in water, and the old pots are washed clean. According to the size of the flowerpot, coarse sand with a thickness of 1cm-3cm is placed at the bottom of the flowerpot as a drainage layer. Then fill in some soil according to the size of the tree. There are bare roots on the basin, and a hill is piled up in the center of the basin. Stand the plants upright with your left hand, fill them with your right hand, and gently lift the seedlings up with the filler so that the roots droop at 45 degrees. After planting, the mound should be solid, and if there are roots and soil on the basin, the roots should be righted and planted properly. Generally, seedlings don't have time to put pots, so they should be put in time to prevent them from weakening in vain. Planting big trees underground and putting them into pots must be carried out in the dormant period after defoliation in winter or before germination in early spring, otherwise the normal growth and development will be affected, and the trees will be weak and it will take a long time to rejuvenate. The soil used in the pot should be moist and loose, and it should not be watered for a period of time after the pot is placed, so attention should be paid to shade and shelter from the wind, which can not only promote the rapid healing of the broken roots, but also revitalize them and flourish.
(2) According to the growth and development needs of plants, the whole pot is taken out from the small pot and planted in the big pot, including the transition from plain soil planting to cultivated soil planting. Usually there is no time to pour the pot. For example, in spring, the seedlings on the No.2 pot grow vigorously, and can be poured into the No.9 pot in July and August. No matter how big a plant is, it can also be planted in a bigger flowerpot. When taking off the pot, lift it to the stem of the plant with the index finger and middle finger of the right hand, hold the bottom of the pot with the palm close to the soil surface, and turn the pot with the left hand. Small seedlings tap the edge of the pot with their hands, and big pots tap the edge with their hands to separate the whole plant. Look for water in the original basin soil in advance, and don't be too wet when taking off the basin. Pots should be planted with culture soil. First, remove the whole topsoil (bag cover) and the lower drainage layer, and then loosen and straighten the fibrous roots coiled on the root basin. Do not loosen the basin with light hands. Then, put it into the pot, add 20 ~ 60 grams of hoof pieces as base fertilizer, fill the mound, and continue normal maintenance after pouring the pot.
(3) In order to keep all kinds of roses that have been developed and shaped in pots for two years to grow vigorously and have a well-balanced posture, pruning, changing pot soil and applying base fertilizer are combined every year after defoliation and before germination. Generally, flowerpots of the original specifications are still used to change pots, and the number is no longer increased. In winter, if the roots are sealed and stored in the cellar, after the whole root is taken out of the pot, the surface covering and bottom drainage layer of the root block should be removed first, and then the fibrous roots that are too tightly wound around the root block should be cut off. Pay attention to check and remove rotten roots and nodules, and maintain root protection soil. The total amount of removed old pot soil should not exceed 65,438+0/2, and then it will enter the cold cellar in heel in, and the new soil will be used for potted plants in spring. If you put it in a cold room or a film shed in winter, you can plant it in the original pot with new soil, and the operation points are the same as watering the pot. After changing the basin, water it once, and then put it in a cold room or a sunny bed to cure it.
13, water and fertilizer potted roses should be watered in time to find water during the growth period, and the pot soil should be kept moist frequently. It is advisable to spray water on leaves and surrounding environment in high temperature and dry season to keep branches fresh, and spray water on leaves and surrounding environment in cold season to keep branches fresh, and control water in cold season, but the soil cannot be dried thoroughly. Fertilization should be based on the fertilizer-loving habits of different varieties, the needs of growth and development at various stages, as well as temperature, light and growth intensity, and timely and appropriate application of base fertilizer or topdressing. [Edit this paragraph] Pruning skills Only by cutting off the residual flowers of Chinese roses in time can we concentrate on nutrition and keep the plants strong and flowering. If the residual flowers are not removed in time, several axillary buds near the residual flowers will often germinate and form weak branches. These branchlets consume nutrients and destroy plant morphology. Even if they can bloom, they are mostly deformed or poor little flowers. In addition, in addition to collecting seed flowers, we must never let the residual flowers bear fruit.
14, after the first batch of flowers bloom, cut off the middle branches and leave 3 ~ 4 buds on the branches; Cut the weak branches again, leaving 1 to 2 buds; Strong branches are lightly cut, leaving 5 buds and appropriately inhibiting growth. The second pruning should be light, only the upper part of the lower two leaves of the residual flowers should be cut, and the axillary buds of the two leaves should be kept. This is the most advantageous bud for growth and development, and should be placed in the dominant position of the whole plant. Cutting off this bud will affect the next flowering period, the quality of flowers and the growth of plants.
15. Pruning (the third batch of flowers) after flowering in early autumn adopts intermediate pruning, leaving 3-4 buds on each branch. In order to take care of the balance of plant shape, you can also retreat to the last batch of flowering branches and trim them up and down. Cut off overlapping branches, cross branches, too dense branches, long branches, etc. , in order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and plant shape symmetry. At the same time, the post-flowering pruning of Chinese rose should also be combined with the control of flowering period. Chinese rose flowers used for National Day can be pruned 45 days before flowering, with 3 to 4 buds in it, and then 2 branchlets are taken from each branch. After pruning, strengthen fertilizer and water, pay attention to flood control and powdery mildew prevention, and bloom in late September. In addition, pruning can advance or postpone the flowering period of Rosa davurica. Light pruning of this rose can keep more mature branches and make the plant bloom two weeks earlier; Re-pruning can make plants produce strong branches, bloom in autumn, and delay the autumn flowers by two weeks. Therefore, on the whole, different pruning methods can be adopted to advance or extend the flowering period.
16, main diseases and control measures
Fungal infection: black spot disease: mainly affecting leaves, petioles and tender shoots. When the leaves are first developed, purple-brown to brown spots appear on the front, and most of them are round or amorphous black-brown spots after expansion. Can spray carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, dyclonine and other drugs.
Powdery mildew: invades young leaves and white powder appears on both sides. Early symptoms are not obvious. After 3-5 days, the leaves are waterlogged and gradually turn green and yellow, which will cause the leaves to fall off in severe cases. Carbendazim and triadimefon can be sprayed during the onset, but Guoguang Naying has the best effect.
Leaf blight: most leaf tips or edges invade, which is yellow spots at first, and then quickly expands inward into irregular large spots. The severely damaged whole leaves withered by 2/3, and the affected parts turned green and yellow, and brown withered and fell off. In order to prevent and control the above diseases, in addition to strengthening fertilizer and water management, diseased branches and leaves should be cut off in winter, and underground leaves should be removed to reduce the initial invasion source. Comprehensive prevention and treatment should be taken when the disease occurs, and fungicides such as carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl should be sprayed.
Diseases are mainly prevention. In high temperature, high humidity or rainy season, spray bactericide regularly, and spray sulfur mixture during seedling dormancy to carry out comprehensive sterilization, so as to ensure that seedlings grow healthily and resist certain disease invasion.
17, pest control
1.
Mainly the larvae of yellow thorn moth, brown edge green thorn moth, brown thorn moth, mulberry brown thorn moth and flat thorn moth, which eat a lot of leaves in high temperature season. Control method: once found, it should be sprayed with 800 times solution of 90% trichlorfon crystal or 2.5% pyrethroid EC 15 00 times solution immediately.
2. scale insects
There are mainly white scale insects, Japanese turtle scale insects, red scale insects, brown scale insects, fly scale insects, chaff scale insects, snake-eyed scale insects and so on. Their harmful characteristics are that they suck the juice of tender stems and leaves of Chinese rose, which leads to poor plant growth, mainly due to high temperature, high humidity and ventilation. Control method: At the peak of nymph incubation period, 2 000 times of 25% chlorpyrifos wettable powder can be sprayed.
3. Aphids
Mainly rose aphid, peach aphid and so on. They suck the sap from tender organs of plants and hurt tender stems, leaves and buds. , and seriously affect the growth and flowering of plants. Control method: spray and kill with 2000 times 10% imidacloprid wettable powder in time.
4. Three-knot sawfly
In the larval stage, dozens or hundreds of clusters are harmful, and the young leaves of the plant can be eaten up in a short time, leaving only a few main veins, which seriously harms the normal growth of the plant. Prevention and control methods: a small number of potted plants can be picked and trampled to death when they first appear. They appear in large quantities, and 75% phoxim EC can be sprayed 4000 times.
5. Tetranychus cinnabarinus
A year can produce 10 generation to 15 generation. Adult mites, juvenile mites and nymphs gather on the back of leaves, and eggs are mostly laid on both sides of veins on the back of leaves or under the gathered silk screen. Each female mite can lay 50 ~ 150 eggs, with a maximum of 500 eggs. It takes only 10 ~ 13 days to complete a generation at 23 ~ 25℃, and it takes about 7 ~ 8 days at 28℃. The high temperature and drought season often leads to a large number of dense white spots on the front of leaves, yellowing on the back of leaves, and occasional withered spots. Control method: once found, spray 2000 times of 25% belloba wettable powder to kill it.
scarab
The main species are scarabs, scarabs, scarabs and scarabs, which often eat new leaves, shoots and buds with adults, seriously affecting the growth and flowering of plants. Prevention and control methods: Use the suspended animation of adults to knock them down to death at night. Using the phototaxis of adults, black light is used to trap and kill them. When adults feed on food, spray 50% malathion EC 1000 times. In addition, there are moths, noctuids, bridge-building insects, marsupials, leafhoppers, bedbugs and other hazards, and corresponding control countermeasures can be taken according to the hazard characteristics of different insect species. 18, fresh-keeping roses should be cut when the temperature is low and humidity is high. Roses are cut too early, and it is often difficult to bloom normally after cutting. Generally, it is harvested 1 ~ 2 days before flowering. The time of picking and cutting is related to the variety. Usually, when 4 ~ 6 petals have loosened their buds, they can be picked and cut. Sometimes it is found that the cut rose flower heads prematurely before the bud opens, which is mainly due to the early cutting in bud stage, and the calyx tightly wraps the bud. It is best to cut sepals at 90 degrees to petals. When cutting, the branches should be 5 internodes or longer, but there should be at least two buds on the branches. After cutting 1 hour, insert it into water to absorb water, then classify it according to its length, bind it with a stick of 10, and wrap it with cellophane. Cut rose has a short shelf life and is not resistant to long-distance transportation. If the cut rose is not on the market, it should be immediately stored in a low-temperature warehouse at the temperature of 1℃ ~ 2℃, and it is best to put it in water for wet storage. The water quality in wet storage is very important, and the pH value is low, which is beneficial to cut roses. Be careful not to insert the leaves into the water. The preservative in the flower container is a mixed solution of silver thiosulfate and aluminum sulfate. Generally, all the fresh-keeping solutions for rose vase are called Cornell formula solution. In order to overcome the neck-bending phenomenon of Chinese rose, 360× 10E-6 cobalt acetate can be added to the preservative. The addition of ammonium carbamate can prevent the red rose cut flowers from rotting and wilting prematurely.