brief introduction
Wang Ling (1032 ~ 1059) was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Every word has a source. Yuan Cheng (now the name of Hebei). At the age of 5, he lost his parents and lived in Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) with his great-uncle Wang Yi. When I grow up, I make a living by teaching in Tianchang and Gaoyou, and I have the ambition to govern the country and the people. In the second year of He Zhi (1053), Wang Anshi was called into Beijing by a verdict and passed Gaoyou. He asked for the poem "Field of Nanshan". Wang Anshi was overjoyed and praised him for "being worthy of the world and making contributions to the world" (Wang Fengyuan's epitaph), and betrothed his wife and sister to him. 28 years old. There is a sentence in Wang Anshi's poem "Siyuan", which expresses his regret that his talent is high and his life is short, and he has not been reused.
works
Influenced by Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Lutong and Li He, the poems of Wang Ling are novel in conception, incisive in diction, magnificent and far-reaching in artistic conception. For example, sentences such as "If the long star is a coma, it is necessary to sweep the Central Plains" ("I have feelings about this") and "Finally, we should try our best to roll up the turbulent water and make it rain for ten days on earth" ("Longtan") are all magnificent. "Summer drought is bitter and hot" is particularly prominent: "The breeze can't kill the heat, and the sunset flies to the top of the mountain. People are already afraid that the rivers and seas will dry up and the sky will not hesitate to dry up the rivers and seas. There is snow at the height of Kunlun, and it is often cold far away from Penglai. " If you can't travel around the world with your hands, why not swim in it? "Liu Kezhuang called his poems" old-fashioned and knowledgeable "(Prequel to Houcun Poems). Others, such as no rain, good farmers, hungry people walking, harmony and flood, and five-character poems and dreams, sympathize with the sufferings of the people and deeply expose the dark politics. Poems such as Song, Da Song and Er Yun Man express indignation that lofty ideals cannot be realized. Lyrics such as Cao Ting, Jiang Shang and Jinshan Temple are fresh, natural and unique. However, some works are hard and rough, and the art is not mature enough.
Wang Ling's poems were compiled by Sun Tzu Wu as Guangling Collection, which was unpublished and published in Jiayetang in modern times. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1980 New Edition King, that is, according to Jiayetang School, there are 2 1 volumes of poems. There are also "addendum", "appendix" and "chronicle".
^^ 1
Wang Ling (1032— 1059) was born in Guangling (now Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province). His great-grandfather and great-grandfather held important positions in the imperial court, while his father only served as the main book of Guancheng County in Zhengzhou for several years. When Wang Ling was five years old, her parents died one after another and her only sister got married. The tomb became an orphan and helpless, so he had to come to Yangzhou alone with his great-uncle Wang Yi, who was a junior military attache in Huainan East Road Town and Yangzhou at that time, and grew up under his great-uncle. So the tomb calls itself Guangling.
When Wang Ling was seven or eight years old, she went to a bookstore to study. He often plays with school children during the day, goes home to study alone at night, and sometimes stays up all night. As a teenager, Wang Ling was helpful, tolerant and generous, and he criticized others' unfair behavior without scruple. Everyone respects him.
In the eighth year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (1048), the sixteen-year-old tomb followed his uncle's eldest son to Guazhou (now south of Yangzhou, Jiangsu). The following year, the tomb left her great-uncle who had lived for ten years, set up another portal and took back her widowed sister and nephew. Since then, Wang Ling has lived with her sister for ten years, living in a lonely and poor family.
2
Economically, I lost my dependence on my great-uncle, and the burden of a family of three fell on Wang Ling, who was only 17 years old. Shortly after settling in Guazhou, Wang Ling went to a school in Shanyang County as a teacher alone. The following year, I was invited to a family school named Duan in Tianchang County. Here, the tomb spent five spring and autumn periods. The Shu family is one of the deepest confidants in Wang Ling's life. He gave financial support and emotional comfort to lonely Wang Ling. In fact, the second son of the Shu family is about the same age as the tomb and has some knowledge. "Answering the Book of Filial Piety" in the tomb said: "Brothers and sages, I was surprised when I saw those people. The articles were shining and there were many secrets. Close the door and be self-sufficient. Why do you want to entertain me more when you are free? Knowing the benevolence of the people, caring for the poor and helping the hungry. " Wang Ling's name is Mr. Bandu, and he never pretends to be Mr. Bandu ... With the help of Shu's family, Wang Ling maintains his life with his family.
In the fourth year of Song Renzong (1052), the imperial examination was held in the imperial court, and the 2/kloc-0-year-old tomb ignored the persuasion of others and gave up the opportunity to make progress and become famous. He had hoped to "settle down, study the ancient times, and strengthen himself since childhood to make up for the current situation", but now "it's a pity that if you are poor, you will change your mind and you can't compare with the constant flow" ("Reading Li Hanlin's epitaph on March 21st, I am not due to Ren Xia, but because of hormones"). In the following years, Wang Ling never took the imperial examination again. The dark social reality and the lonely and poor life living under the fence of others make him have the ambition to save the people, but he is not willing to "be six feet tall, easy to be cheap and easy to be five skins" ("The Yellow River is full of roads"). He thinks that life is only a temporary place. "At the age of 100, you can only fly by, and you can look up at Danguizhi." On New Year's Eve this year, amid the laughter and laughter of thousands of people, Wang Ling cried and wrote "Sending the Poor" to describe his miserable life, so as to vent his anguish: "I was born today, but I lost my life and got into deep trouble. Raise your head and hinder the sky, stretch your feet without land, focus on smallness, and you can't live! Carving barren is not fat, bones are exposed, winter is often cold, the day is short, and you are hungry ... "
As Shu's children grew up, Wang Ling felt guilty about not resigning and accepting gifts, so he bid farewell to Shu's family and went to Gaoyou to study together. In the first year of He Zhi in Song Renzong (1054), Wang Anshi was summoned to Beijing by Zhou Shu and passed through Gaoyou. Wang Ling sent a book and a poem "Field of Nanshan" to Wang Anshi as an audience, from which he began his contact with Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi is eleven years old. Prior to this, the tomb was familiar with Wang Yi and his son, and the tomb had long admired his character and articles. Wang Ling once said in Calligraphy with Shu Boren: "Gai has never studied Linchuan since." Wang Anshi also attached great importance to the character and talent of the tomb. In his reply, he praised the tomb as "rich with one step, beyond the reach of one person" and "learning with one step is a gentleman." From then on, the two exchanged letters frequently and became inseparable friends. At the recommendation of Wang Anshi, many prestigious scholars began to sing with the tomb, and the poems of the tomb were copied and circulated. The king's reputation is impressive, and many people who like to attach themselves to it sit up and admire it, which makes the lofty and stubborn king very angry. He wrote a book on the door, "What do you want from me?" It's annoying to come, but I don't consider "rejecting guests" when I go.
This year, there was a locust plague in Jianghuai, and there were hungry people and desolation everywhere. Seeing this, Wang Ling angrily wrote a poem "Dream Locust".
The following year, the tomb was invited by Shao Biqiang, a member of Gaoyou Zhijun, to be an academic officer in Gaoyou. Soon, he wrote to Shao Bi: "Everyone has his own aspirations, and he wants to be poor and humble. I hope you have pity on his ambition, but he is not strong at all. " Long Liang resigned himself to fate. Wang Ling returned to Shu's home. "It takes a long time to go and come back", "You can't get enough in return for others' generosity" and "If you are hungry, you can't take yourself away, and you will never forget it." The life belief of not seeking fame and wealth and the poverty of life made Wang Ling fall into an embarrassing situation and could not extricate himself.
The king knew that he could not spend his life with Shu's pity. So in the autumn when he was twenty-five, he bid farewell to the Shu family and went to Runzhou (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province) to earn a living. However, things didn't take long in Runzhou, and I have to return to Guazhou.
Since the age of seventeen or eighteen, Wang Ling has been running around alone to support his family, suffering from human feelings. He often calls himself a lonely goose: "Wan Li is always a guest, how can he fly freely?" ? Don't go near when you know that the meal is urgent. ..... The bereaved cut themselves, who call you sad. "("Wild Goose ") He lamented the sinister heart of" smiling and hating the liver and spleen "("Difficult to give to Du Xian "); He longs for one day, "to buy land and return to Shandong, plant trees around his home, live in a silkworm class, I whip cattle, teach my wife to weave reeds, make my son pay for it, forget his age, and get together into a white head" ("Homesickness Letter to My Daughter Brother").
three
The trip to Runzhou gained nothing economically and wasted a year, which made the tomb fall into a more embarrassing situation. Although Wang Lingfeng is a widowed elder sister like strict father and teaches orphans and nephews like a child, in order not to starve to death, he has to decide to remarry his elder sister who has lived together for many years. According to feudal ethics, after the death of her husband, a woman should remain chaste for life and cannot remarry. In order not to embarrass himself and his sister in front of acquaintances, Wang Ling moved his family to Jiangyin and Jiyang soon after he came back from Runzhou.
"The eaves and columns are not connected, the tiles are scattered and the beams are empty, the doors are not closed, and the dogs are always arrogant." From this description in the tomb's Four Poems of Jiyang Residence, we can know that his home is in ruins. The master felt sorry that he couldn't repair it himself, so he found a mason for him. The mason saw that the tomb was too poor to entertain, so he took the opportunity to run away. "There is no place to eat and store at home, the sparrow and mouse are not my enemies, and the poems are not taught first" ("Four Poems of Jiyang"). The tomb is still poor, and it is still difficult to raise the funds needed for my sister to remarry.
After my sister got married, Wang Ling became a different person. Loneliness, poverty and worsening beriberi troubled him, making him depressed and difficult to cheer up. In the middle of the night, he often looks at the flickering candlelight alone, sighs the shadow, and tears drip down his cheeks. He lamented that he was "stubborn, lost the city, fell into a deep ditch, and his illness could not be treated, which was unbearable." Homeless, cooking "("sitting at night "). He hopes to die with his relatives as soon as possible and end the fate of suffering.
In the tragic life after that, the only thing that brought him comfort was that with Wang Anshi's care and efforts, he finally got married and started a family. At the age of eighteen, Wang Ling once said to his sister, "I want to marry a woman, too, and I will try to make a stone mortar." However, the widowed sister's life of raising orphans and nephews makes it difficult for him to do this. When the tomb was twenty-six years old in Runzhou, Wang Anshi wrote many books to his uncle Yanwu, and strongly recommended the tomb to let Yanwu's daughter marry the tomb. In the third year of Jiayou, Wang Ling went to Qichun County (now Qichun County, Hubei Province) and returned to Jiyang in November. /kloc-October/February, at the invitation of people, went to Changzhou to give lectures.
After the wedding, my wife got pregnant the next year, which brought a little comfort and sweetness to Wang Ling's lonely and poor life. However, at this time, his beriberi became more and more severe. Illness forced him to stay in bed. "After his foot disease, he became forgetful and bored" (with Wang's book). On the second day of June in the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), Wang Ling, who was only 28 years old, died of poverty and illness.
four
Wang Ling is a talented young poet. He has only been writing for ten years, but he has written more than 70 essays and 480 poems. His poems represent the main achievements of his literary creation.
Most of his poems are written by friends, mainly describing his life, ambition and attitude towards life, as well as his miserable life of running around for food and clothing. The tomb had a hard life, and his mood was always depressed, and the tone of such poems was also relatively low. Wang Ling should not be an official all his life, living at the bottom of society, close to the poor and far from the ruling class, so many of his poems profoundly reflect the suffering brought to the people by years of famine and cruel oppression and exploitation by rulers. More importantly, the poet can clearly point out that this kind of suffering comes from the oppression and exploitation of the people by the rulers, and shows the willingness to save the people from suffering. The poem Locust in Dreams is his masterpiece:
.................................................................................................................................................................................. Yong Yong can be an official, elegant, benevolent and Confucian. Take off the tiger and leopard skin, under the guise of Yao Shun. Cryptosporidium denticulatum, abdominal intestinal hydatid maggots. Open your mouth with joy and prestige, and reward with a turn of your finger; The four seas should breathe, and thousands of miles are at home. Cut off the naked body and drink blood to nourish the skin. Bite the People's Party, chew it up and refuse to vomit. Even the bed is full, and the other room is idle. Millions of rafters, thousands of warehouses. ..... The poor have no house, and the father and son live alone. The gay people are hungry and have no food to eat, and their wives are more eager. Although nobles are different, their types are the same. This doer eats people, and he is responsible! ……
Like poets, they stripped off the cloak of "benevolence, righteousness, Confucianism" and "Yao and Shun tendency" with sharp brushstrokes, revealing the true colors of "the body of tigers and leopards" and "the belly of ants" and pointing out that the exploiting classes are more cruel and hateful than locusts, which is rare in ancient literary works. It is not difficult to see that due to his special life experience, Wang Ling's observation and understanding of the society at that time was extremely profound. No wonder Wang Anshi praised Wang Ling for saying that "poetry has sighs and tears" many times after reading Wang Ling's poems. Other poems such as "Summer Drought and Bitter Heat", "Hungry People Travel" and "Summer Summer Thoughts" are also praised by later generations.
The most prominent feature of A Send to Spring is that the poet expresses his feelings with things. Flowers bloom and fall, swallows fly, and Zigui cries at night, all of which are natural phenomena. However, the poet believes that flowers, swallows and birds are all doing this to call back the dying spring. Spring has not passed away, but life still exists. Zi Gui has been crowing, but if you don't believe it, you can't call back the withered spring. In the last two sentences, the poet expressed his firm belief, optimistic spirit and persistent pursuit of a better future, showing his firm confidence.
original text
In March, the residual flowers bloom even more, and the small eaves swallow day by day.
Zi Gui still cries blood in the middle of the night, so he doesn't believe that the east wind can't call him back.
translate
In late spring and March, flowers bloom and fall again; Swallows fly under the low eaves every day. Zigui birds cry day and night, just to cry and bleed. They don't believe that spring breeze can't come back.
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This is a poem with the theme of seeing off spring, which depicts the scene of late spring and March, but changes the sentimental artistic conception of cherishing spring, such as "I can't help falling flowers, but I feel deja vu", which shows the positive pursuit of life.
Flowers bloom and fall, and spring comes back, which is originally dominated by objective laws, and objective laws are not transferred by human will. With the formation of fallen flowers and residual flowers, the poet not only did not have the sigh of "helplessness" in the face of natural laws, but expressed his lofty ambition of "not believing in the east wind and coming at the call". Just ignore the objective laws? No, on the contrary, it conforms to a basic viewpoint of Marx's attention philosophy: people have subjective initiative, and subjective initiative is the characteristic that distinguishes people from things. Because of this, people are not powerless in the face of objective laws. People can know and use the law, use their own knowledge of the law to know time and transform the world. The poet's firm New Year and positive spirit deserve praise and encouragement. This is probably the main reason why this poem has been widely circulated by later generations in recent years.
Although the flowers fall and bloom, the swallows will come back after they leave. However, the cuckoo, who is attached to spring, is still crowing in the middle of the night and doesn't believe that the east wind can't call her back. The last two sentences describe cuckoo in anthropomorphic way, creating a persistent image to express nostalgia for spring, and the lines are full of desolate beauty. East wind refers to spring breeze, and cuckoos often crow in late spring. The poet used Zigui to cry in the middle of the night, not believing that the east wind could not call him back, to show his best punctuality. He not only expressed his cherished feelings, but also showed his self-confidence and hard-working attitude. The specific rules of this poem (Du Fu) are very different from most previous poems in metaphor, sadness and sadness, and have more positive significance.