Shenzhou VI specific information

How to escape in flight?

The Long March II F rocket used to launch Shenzhou VI has three modes to ensure that astronauts can escape safely in the event of an accident. These three modes are: low-altitude escape, high-altitude escape and emergency separation of ship and arrow.

Low-altitude escape refers to the escape from 30 minutes before takeoff to 120 seconds after takeoff, that is, before the rocket is thrown into the escape tower, including on the launch pad. Low-altitude escape is realized by escape tower, so it is called "escape tower". The escape tower is placed at the top of the rocket and is about 8 meters long, which looks like a huge lightning rod. When the rocket fails catastrophically in the launching stage, it can fly away from the rocket quickly with the orbital module and the return module, fly to a safe area, then throw away the escape tower and the orbital module, and the return module will return to land through a parachute. The first key action after the successful launch of the rocket is to throw away the escape tower, which is to avoid wasting the thrust of the launch vehicle.

When the rocket is thrown into the escape tower (after takeoff 120 seconds) and before the fairing is separated (200 seconds after takeoff), it can escape at high altitude, that is, "escape without tower". Four high-altitude escape engines and two high-altitude separation engines provide power for the fairing, thus taking the spacecraft away from the rocket body.

If there is a fault between the fairing separation and the ship-arrow separation (about 584 seconds after takeoff), the ship-arrow emergency separation can be implemented. After the spacecraft successfully escapes, it will land about 800 kilometers from Badain Jaran Desert in Inner Mongolia to Yulin in Shaanxi.

According to experts, if there is a fatal fault in manned space flight, the biggest possibility is in the stages of rocket ignition, takeoff, ascent and return.

In the return phase, the most typical successful life-saving example in space history is the resurrection of American Apollo 13 spacecraft. April 1970, 1 1, 56 hours after the successful launch of the American Apollo 13 spacecraft from Kennedy Space Center, the oxygen storage tank in the service module exploded, and three astronauts faced the disaster of being buried in space. However, they are not afraid of danger. According to the orbit accurately calculated by the ground scientists and the command of the ground commander, they manually operated the spacecraft and used the oxygen and power of the lunar module to successfully return in April 17, creating a miracle of narrow escape in space history. (Xinhua News Agency)

Learn to open and close doors.

-A major issue concerning the life and death of astronauts.

According to Xinhua News Agency, it is an important feature of Shenzhou VI that astronauts enter and leave the orbital module from the return module. Therefore, opening and closing the door of the return capsule has become the key to the success of the flight and even the life of the astronauts. The hatch of Shenzhou VI spacecraft is designed with multiple doorways to prevent accidents.

The first hurdle-to prevent the lock from being opened by mistake. Will the door be opened by vibration? Will astronauts accidentally unlock the door? Anti-misunderstanding locks solve these problems. The astronaut must turn the handle to a fixed position before the door can be opened.

The second hurdle-multiple sealing measures. There is no air in space. If the sealing performance of the cabin door is not good, it will lead to gas leakage and pressure change in the cabin, endangering the life safety of astronauts. Therefore, the designer adopted multiple sealing rings on the hatch, and the sealing performance 100% met the requirements.

The third level-power point. The strength that astronauts can exert in weightlessness is very limited. A slightly heavier hatch may affect its switch, so the designer designed a booster point for the astronauts near the hatch.

The fourth level-quick leak detection. The designer has developed a quick leak detection device, which can confirm whether the hatch is closed in about 10 minutes.

The fifth column door cleaning cloth. It took designers three months to develop a "space rag" to prevent tiny excess hair, dander and small fibers on the sealing surface of the door from affecting its sealing performance.

Looking up at the sun and bowing down is my hometown.

The Long March rocket loaded two "clairvoyance" for the first time.

According to Xinhua News Agency, the Long March II F rocket used to launch the Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft was equipped with an image real-time measurement system, which is the first time that China's Long March rocket was equipped with a "clairvoyance".

According to Zhang Zhi, chief designer of the launch vehicle system of manned spaceflight project, the image real-time measurement system is mainly used for separation and auxiliary judgment. In the previous flight, the actions of rocket shutdown and separation were reflected by the corresponding telemetry parameters. Through the newly added image real-time measurement system, the ground can see the real-time picture of the rocket from takeoff to separation of ship and arrow, and judge the rocket state more accurately.

The image real-time measurement system consists of two cameras, an image compression processor, an image integrated controller and other devices. A camera facing the rocket tail is used to observe the separation of booster and primary and secondary separation; The other camera is facing up to observe the separation of the fairing and the separation of the ship and arrow. In this way, during the rocket's ascent, we can not only see farther and farther down the earth, but also see the sun or stars up. This is a real "live broadcast".

Spacesuit in cabin

Astronaut spacesuit independently developed by China. Spacesuit is a necessary personal protective life-saving equipment for astronauts. Because the two astronauts on Shenzhou VI did not have the task of extravehicular activities, they were only equipped with spacesuits and supporting devices in the cabin.

China established an astronaut training center in Beijing in the 1990s, which is responsible for the selection and training of China astronauts, medical supervision and support in the selection and flight test, and the development of spacesuits, space food and other personal equipment to provide astronaut manpower support for the manned flight of Shenzhou series spacecraft. (Xinhua News Agency)

Digital China

The Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft carried two astronauts for many days.

8: The total length of the spacecraft is more than 8 meters.

9. The effective space of astronauts in the orbital module of spacecraft is about 9 cubic meters, so they can turn around and do various operations more freely.

13: The spacecraft system consists of 13 subsystems, which are named as payload, structure and mechanism, thermal control, guidance, navigation and control, propulsion, power supply, data management, measurement and control and communication, environmental control and life support, crew, recovery and landing, instrument lighting and emergency rescue.

2 1℃: the temperature in the spacecraft cabin is always kept at 2 1℃, and the upper and lower deviations are 4℃ respectively.

60 dB: Aerospace medical research shows that absolute quietness during spacecraft flight will have an impact on astronauts' psychology, but it should not be too high. During shenzhou spaceship's space flight, the noise of the instruments in the cabin was about 60 decibels, which was equivalent to standing on an ordinary commercial street without cars.

52: There are 52 engines in the three cabins of the spacecraft, including 28 propulsion cabins, 8 return cabins and 6 orbital cabins/kloc-0. The engines in each cabin are even, including the main engine and the standby engine.

90 minutes: it takes 90 minutes for the spacecraft to orbit the earth once, and the flight distance of each circle in circular orbit is about 42,000 kilometers, and the daily flight distance is about 680,000 kilometers.

300 kg: The spacecraft has more than 300 kg of cables, with a total length of about 30 km.

343 km: the distance from the ground when the spacecraft flies.

600 sets: more than 600 sets of equipment throughout the ship.

65438+ million: The spacecraft has more than 65438+ million components from thousands of factories.

Digital "magic arrow"

In an exclusive interview with Xinhua News Agency, Liu, the chief designer of the launch vehicle system of manned spaceflight project, explained the relevant figures of the Long March II F rocket in detail in popular language.

0.97, 0.997: The reliability and safety of the rocket are 0.97 and 0.997 respectively. The reliability of 0.97 means that only three rockets may have problems in 100 launches; The safety of 0.997 means that three of the 1 0,000 rocket problems may endanger the life safety of astronauts. This is the characteristic of manned rockets. The reliability of general commercial rockets is 0.9 1 to 0.93, and there is no safety requirement.

479 tons: The takeoff weight of the rocket is 479 tons. Rockets and spacecraft weigh about 44 tons, and the rest are liquid propellants. So rockets are 90% liquid.

8 tons: the weight of the spacecraft is more than 8 tons, accounting for one-sixth of the take-off weight of the ship-arrow combination. It takes 62 kilograms of rockets to put a kilogram of things into orbit.

3.35 meters: the diameter of the rocket core is 3.35 meters. The maximum diameter of a rocket transported by standard railway can only reach 3.35 meters.

7.5km: The speed of the rocket entering the orbit point is 7.5km per second, which is 22 times of the speed of sound, equivalent to 1 second running from the eastern end of Chang 'an Street to the western end.

Why do fragments fall off when launching?

According to Xinhua News Agency, the spectacular launch of Shenzhou VI spacecraft attracted many people's attention. However, if we pay a little attention, it may not be difficult for people to find out from TV pictures or photographic images that the rocket keeps dropping some debris when it lifts the spacecraft off the launch tower. So, why did the spacecraft fall into pieces when it was launched?

According to space launch experts, after entering 10, most parts of northern China began to be frequently affected by cold air, and the temperature dropped significantly. Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, located deep in the Gobi Desert in the northwest of China, the temperature difference between morning and evening increased, and the temperature at night reached below zero. The theoretical test of the "Long March II F" carrier rocket has a launch temperature of minus 20 degrees Celsius. However, low temperature may cause some products to have low temperature effects, such as seal failure, poor contact of cable plugs, and blockage of transmission pipelines. It may become a deadly "killer" when it is launched.

In order to minimize the adverse effects of low temperature on rocket launch, some thermal insulation measures are often taken during rocket test launch, such as blowing hot air, wearing cold clothes, light bulb irradiation, sticking foam plastics, etc. Among them, sticking foam plastic on rocket body is the most commonly used and simplest method. After the rocket is ignited and lifted off, the intense friction of the atmosphere will peel off these foam plastics from the rocket body and become fragments that people see falling from the rocket body.

How do the two astronauts of Shenzhou VI divide their work?

According to Xinhua News Agency, there is only one passenger in Shenzhou 5, Yang Liwei. Why did Shenzhou VI carry two astronauts? How do they divide their work?

According to the plan of manned spaceflight project, shenzhou spaceship, as a shuttle between heaven and earth in the future space station, should have the function of sending many astronauts and a small amount of goods to the space station. Therefore, the basic state of the project design of Shenzhou flight is that many astronauts fly for many days, but the assessment should be gradual, and this Shenzhou VI flight is to assess many people for many days: as the first experiment of the second phase of the project, this flight is to prove whether many people can work and live in space for many days.

Hu Hu, the chief designer of the spacecraft operation technology training subsystem, said that two astronauts need to cooperate to perform the task. Under normal flight conditions, astronauts need to perform more than 1 10 manual operations. Astronaut Fei Longjun 0 1 is responsible for sending most instructions, talking to the ground and operating the left-hand control panel and handle. Astronaut Nie Haisheng 02 is responsible for operating the right hand control panel. In addition, the work and rest of the two astronauts also have a division of labor: one must be on duty in the return module when conducting space science experiments in the orbital module; A person is on duty during a break.

Nonsense, although the two astronauts have different division of labor, their technical requirements are the same.

Will Shenzhou VI have the problem of heat-proof tiles?

According to Xinhua News Agency, more than three months ago, the American space shuttle Discovery was in danger of losing its thermal tile, and "thermal tile" once became the most frequently used word in the international space community. Fan Hanlin, chief designer of the thermal control subsystem of the spacecraft system, pointed out that the return module of the Shenzhou-6 manned spacecraft uses disposable ablative materials to prevent heat, while the thermal tiles on the space shuttle are reused, so we will not have similar failures.

On February 1 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke up in the air when it returned to the ground, killing all seven astronauts on board. /kloc-in may, 2004, the accident investigation Committee said that Columbia was hit by external force during take-off, resulting in cracks in the heat insulation tile, and the ultra-high temperature airflow took advantage of it, which led to the disintegration of the plane. On July 26th, 2005, the space shuttle Discovery was finally launched after several delays, but unfortunately there was something wrong with the heat shield. The whole world is worried about the failure of a piece of insulating brick. Fortunately, it was discovered in time, and the astronauts repaired it through spacewalk.

Fan Hanlin introduced that thermal insulation tile is a loose, light and brittle ceramic material with high temperature resistance and light weight, which does not change physically and chemically at high temperature and can be reused. However, it has inherent weaknesses in connection and pressure. There are thousands of heat protection tiles on the space shuttle, and a problem with one of them may lead to the destruction of the plane and the death of people.

In the process of repeated use of the space shuttle, the aerodynamic shape of the heat protection tile will inevitably be damaged to varying degrees. With the increase of use times, the hidden danger will be greater.

The thermal protection layer of the spacecraft and even the whole spacecraft is disposable. From this point of view, although the function of the spacecraft is not as good as that of the space shuttle, its reliability far exceeds that of the space shuttle. Shenzhou spaceship and Russian Soyuz series spacecraft will also rub against the atmosphere when they return to the return capsule, resulting in a high temperature of thousands of degrees Celsius on the surface, which is more intense than the space shuttle. However, the spacecraft uses ablative materials with extremely complex composition and technology, and takes away heat through its combustion. The ablation material has a large margin and will not burn out. It is understood that China has greatly surpassed the United States in production technology, and is also ahead of Russia in many technical indicators.

How is the "space medicine" in Hebei today?

Our reporter Liu Lipu

With the successful launch of Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft, Anguo, the "drug capital of China", has once again become the focus of people's attention, because the seeds of Chinese herbal medicines here used to travel in space on Shenzhou I, Shenzhou III and Shenzhou IV spacecraft. Experiments have also proved that the trial planting of these seeds has been initially successful.

On the morning of 12, Sun, manager of the experimental base of anguo city Park and anguo city Kewei Seed Industry Co., Ltd., told the reporter that the Chinese medicinal materials such as Radix Isatidis and Herba Schizonepetae cultivated here are all "space medicinal materials" different from ordinary Chinese medicinal materials, and they are propagated and cultivated with medicinal seeds loaded by shenzhou spaceship. "Compared with ordinary medicinal materials, it can be clearly felt that these medicinal materials are dominant in both branches and leaves and yield." In addition, the reporter also found beans, soybeans, and cherry tomatoes. The plants planted here are also very different from ordinary ones: the size of beans can be comparable to that of cucumbers, and you can't see them without reminding them. "The seedlings of cherry tomatoes can grow to the height of small trees, and they produce a lot of fruits, and the taste is different from ordinary ones." Li Xiaoyue, who specially contacted and worked hard to realize shenzhou spaceship carrying Anguo medicinal seeds, said.

Recalling that Anguo's medicinal seeds were transported to shenzhou spaceship for a space trip, Li Xiaoyue said: "At that time, I was the deputy mayor of anguo city, and a comrade-in-arms happened to be in charge of planting Chinese medicine in Beijing Institute of Medicinal Plants, and learned that if the quality of Chinese medicine was improved, it was mainly achieved through tissue culture and transportation. Since he is the relevant leader in the city, it is also his responsibility to improve the quality of drugs in the' drug capital'. He told his comrades-in-arms about the idea of "carrying" and later got to know the relevant personnel of the aerospace breeding test base of Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. Unexpectedly, through hard work, it was really realized. "

Li Xiaoyue said that from the launch of the Shenzhou-1 spacecraft in 1999 to the launch of the Shenzhou-4 spacecraft at the end of 2002, Anguo traveled into space three times, bringing back 152 grams of Chinese herbal medicine seeds and grain and vegetable seeds, most of which were Chinese herbal medicines, and vegetables and food only accounted for a very small proportion. At present, space medicinal materials such as Radix Isatidis and Herba Schizonepetae have bred tens of millions of seeds and harvested dozens of kilograms of seeds of Radix Isatidis, Herba Agastaches, Semen Cassiae and Herba Schizonepetae.

According to experts, these "space medicinal materials" are currently in the stage of experiment and observation, and it is not clear when they will be introduced to the market.

■ Background information

Memorabilia of China Manned Space Flight

1956101on October 8th, the fifth research institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was established, with Qian Xuesen as its president. 1958 In April, the construction of the first launch site for launch vehicles in China began.

1964 On July19, China's first biological rocket carrying mice was successfully launched in Guangde, Anhui Province, and China took the first step in space science exploration.

1 April, 9681day, China Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering was established, and began to select and train astronauts to carry out research on manned space medical engineering.

1 On April 24th, 970, with the successful launch of the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong"1in Jiuquan, China became the fifth country in the world to launch a satellite.

1975165438+1October 26th, the first recoverable satellite was successfully launched and returned three days later. China became the third country in the world to master the technology of satellite return.

1979, Roy 1 space survey ship was built and put into use, and China became the fourth country in the world with an ocean-going space survey ship. At present, China has formed an advanced land-based TT&C network, which consists of Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Xi Satellite TT&C Center, terrestrial TT&C station, four ocean-going space survey ships "Roy" and the communication network connecting them. This technology has reached the advanced level in the world.

1985, China officially announced that it would put the Long March series of launch vehicles into the international commercial launch market. 1on April 7, 990, cz-3 successfully launched the "Asia-1" satellite developed by the United States. Up to now, 27 foreign-made satellites have been successfully sent into space, and China has occupied a place in the international commercial satellite launching service market.

1July 990 16, the Long March II bundled rocket was successfully launched for the first time in Xichang, with a low-orbit carrying capacity of 9.2 tons, which laid the foundation for launching a manned spacecraft.

1990 5438+00 in June, a satellite carrying two mice and other creatures rose into space, and China's first space orbit flight test of higher animals began. The complete success of the test has obtained a lot of valuable data for the design of life support system of manned spacecraft and long-term manned space flight in China.

1992, China manned spacecraft was formally included in the national plan, and this project was later named shenzhou spaceship manned spaceflight project.

1999 165438+20061October 201October 10, March 25, 2002, June 62002.

On June 5th, 2003, China successfully launched the first manned spaceship "Shenzhou 5". The 2 1 hour 23-minute space trip marks that China has become the third country in the world to independently carry out manned space activities after the former Soviet Union, Russia and the United States.

June 65438+10/October 65438+February 2005, China successfully launched the second manned spaceship Shenzhou VI and conducted the first multi-person and multi-day flight test. (

How do Shenzhou VI astronauts keep their bodies clean in space? Dr. Li Yongzhi, the chief medical supervisor of astronauts, said that because it is impossible to brush your teeth in space, scientists and technicians prepared a cleaning agent similar to chewing gum for astronauts, which can achieve the effect of cleaning your mouth after meals. Also used for "brushing teeth" is a paper sleeve made of sterile gauze and an edible toothpaste, which is both deodorizing and whitening. "Russian astronauts wipe their teeth with gauze soaked in normal saline, and our astronauts are more comfortable than them."

It is impossible to take a bath in space. Shenzhou VI astronauts carried a special paper towel, which can be used to clean the body after sweating, and a facial oil specially used for skin care. It is reported that during the flight, two astronauts will have to change their underwear again.

According to Xinhua News Agency, what did Fei Longjun and Nie Haisheng eat in space? Chen Bin, director of the Space Food and Nutrition Research Office of China Astronaut Center, disclosed the space recipes of Shenzhou VI astronauts in an interview with Xinhua News Agency. Chen Bin said that it takes astronauts about 30 minutes to cook in space. In order to prevent food scraps from scattering, astronauts use forks and spoons instead of chopsticks when eating.

According to Chen Bin, the food experts of China Astronaut Center set up a "taste file" for each astronaut, and asked the astronauts to rate hundreds of space foods according to four grades: "dislike, average, like and like very much". Two months before Shenzhou VI went into space, Chen Bin and his colleagues carefully selected more than 50 kinds of space foods weighing more than 40 kilograms according to the principle of balanced nutrition and referring to the astronaut's "taste file" and took them with them to ensure that there was no food that the astronauts "didn't like". Two astronauts eat three meals a day in space, and each meal can enjoy five or six kinds of food.

These foods include staple food and non-staple food. The staple food is rice, each serving140g, which is packed in vacuum bags and needs to be heated by a heater when eating. Non-staple food includes meat, vegetables and canned food, in which meat includes dried tangerine peel beef, beef balls and cuttlefish balls, vegetables are all kinds of rehydrated vegetables, including mushrooms, Chinese cabbage and assorted vegetables, and canned food mainly includes canned meat, canned beef and canned pork. Chen Bin said that through the scientific collocation of these foods, astronauts can ensure that the staple food will not be sampled for two days and the non-staple food will not be sampled for four days in space.

The freeze-dried fruits that astronauts eat in space are processed with fresh fruits such as strawberries, apples, bananas, peaches and cantaloupes. The taste and color are still the same, and the taste is quite good. Astronauts can also drink coffee, tea, juice and cream soup. These are all rehydrated drinks.

Chen Bin said that astronauts can use heaters to heat food that needs to be heated when eating, while rehydrated vegetables only need to add a certain amount of water. Once the leaves are wet, they will be "reduced" into cooked dishes on the table, which are full of color, flavor and taste. In order to ensure that astronauts have a good appetite in space, food experts also matched them with spicy, sweet and sour sauces. "Generally speaking, astronauts like to eat more hot sauce," Chen Bin said.

"The food that astronauts eat in the first three days and the next few days is somewhat different." Chen Bin said, "In the next few days, the crude fiber content in the food will be significantly reduced to reduce the number of defecation of astronauts, because after the return capsule is separated from the orbital module, there is no defecation facility for astronauts in the return capsule."

Besides diet food, China's space food also includes reserve food and life-saving food. Reserve food is an emergency food that needs to be used in case of unforeseen circumstances and the flight time needs to be extended. Make an appointment according to the amount per person 1 day. Life-saving food is put in the astronaut's personal life-saving bag, which is eaten urgently when the return capsule lands on land or at sea waiting for rescue, including the minimum calories needed for two days, mainly various compressed biscuits, 0.5 kg per person per day.