Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928) is Lawrence's last novel. The novel was inspired by a strange true story. Its last draft, Lawrence once considered changing its name to tenderness, and also made a "John?" Thomas and Mrs. Jenny, and personally designed the self-immolated Phoenix as the cover of the novel. This novel is considered obscene because it openly describes sex. The then Minister of the Interior ordered the confiscation of the book, which the author called "a pornographic writer with a beard" and even his exhibition of paintings was banned. 195 1 The British Penguin Publishing House, which published this book, was also pointed out to be obscene, which caused a sensation in the whole western publishing industry. It was not until 1960 that the Central Criminal Court of London ruled that the publishing house was not guilty that the novel was lifted.
Lady Chatterley's Lover, despite its ups and downs, eventually became a masterpiece with its serious implication, the theme of social criticism, real and penetrating realism and delicate and profound psychological description, which had a great influence on modern and contemporary British and even western literature.
By describing the sexual relationship between Connie and melrose, the novel explores and affirms the perfect and natural relationship between men and women, profoundly criticizes the destruction of capitalist industrial civilization on human life and human nature, and calls for a return to a natural and harmonious life. Clifford, paralyzed in the novel, not only controls industrial and mining enterprises and workers with his machines and wealth, but also stifles Connie's exuberant vitality and creates lifeless lives in cold blood. He is a symbol of capitalist industrial civilization that stifles the good life of mankind. Connie's choice and her relationship with the guard hunter melrose symbolize people's active pursuit of nature, harmony and a better life, which is an important reason why her works can't enter pornographic novels.
Sholokhov (1905— 1984), the author of The Silent Don, is a famous Soviet writer. He is good at describing the vast social life with everyone's brushstrokes, characterized by the organic combination of epic and tragic, and his works have won many international and domestic awards. In addition to this book, his important works include Newly Reclaimed Land and One's Experience.
The Silent Don is a world-famous novel by sholokhov, and it is an epic masterpiece. His works also won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature for their magnificent epic, rough and boundless nationality and sad personality. The theme of the work is the depression, listlessness, struggle, struggle and awakening of the Cossacks peculiar to the Don River area before and after the October Revolution, which shows the unique customs and habits of the Cossacks, the sharp and complicated struggle between the two classes, reveals the gradual victory of the Bolsheviks, and discusses some policy mistakes in the early Soviet Union.
Gregory, the hero, is the most thought-provoking figure. He has Cossack's love for life, the pursuit of freedom and happiness, and the spirit of hard work, courage, tenacity and rebellion. He loved Kucinia and did not hesitate to break the shackles of Cossack honor and morality. He pursues independence and freedom, and does not hesitate to explore between the Red Army and the White Army. At the same time, he has Cossack's narrow national consciousness and prejudice, and he can't tell the way. In the struggle between revolution and counter-revolution, he was confused and willful, and finally destroyed himself and his lover. This is a tragic figure with extremely complicated personality, and has always been regarded as an immortal artistic model in the world literature gallery.
Zola (1840 1902), the author of Germination, is the most important writer in France in the late19th century, and also the main advocate and practitioner of French naturalistic literary theory. He has written experimental novels, naturalistic plays and other naturalistic works. He also wrote a collection of novels called "The Lugong-Mccard Family". Germination is one of them.
In the history of world literature, Germination is the first novel that describes the modern workers' strike movement positively and accurately. The novel takes the fate of Macher, a coal miner, as a typical example, and describes the dark work of miners, which strongly contrasts the capitalist's life of getting something for nothing and pampering himself. The author clearly evaluated the basic contradictions and conditions of French society at the end of 19. The novel depicts the image of Etienne, an early socialist and industrial worker. In the ranks of coal miners, he saw many unfair facts in society, studied socialist theory hard, and gave workers a lot of inspiration and education. Under the direction of the workers' association, he led a large-scale strike movement. Make workers unite and become the whole social force active on the historical stage. Germination is a hymn of the early socialist workers' movement.
When Zola wrote this book, she collected a lot of original materials. He tried to objectively and meticulously reproduce the present situation of the working class: their high revolutionary sentiment and the ignorance, rudeness and indulgence caused by the bad environment. It has a strong naturalistic style. The structure of the book is complete and tight, the rhythm is steady and powerful, and it has the characteristics of majestic and tragic ancient epic.
The novel Gone with the Wind was written by Margaret, an American woman writer. Mitchell (1900- 1949) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She received a doctorate in literature from Smith Women's College and worked as a reporter for Atlanta News. 1939 won the gold medal of new york Southern Association.
Gone with the Wind (1936) has been an American best seller since its publication, and it has been translated into more than 40 languages and published all over the world. 1939 The Chinese version of Gone with the Wind based on the novel won 1948 Oscar. Mitchell died in a car accident on 1949.
Gone with the Wind shows the turbulent social reality in the south during the American Civil War, and describes the love entanglements of several young people with Gone with the Wind as the main line. Scarlett is young and beautiful, but what she does shows some essential characteristics of the declining slave owner class: cruelty, greed and self-confidence; In order to revitalize her family business, she took love and marriage as a transaction, and none of her three marriages were sincere. Later, she finally realized that Ashley, whom she had always been infatuated with, was weak and incompetent, but claimed that Rhett of her own kind was worthy of love.
As a social and historical novel, Gone with the Wind has been praised and criticized by critics. As the title implies, the author obviously sympathizes with Scarlett and her old system; The author's description of the war essence, slave mentality and social status quo of the "reconstruction period" in the south is also distorted. However, judging from the aesthetic judgment, Scarlett, who has a complicated personality, cannot simply be classified as a "villain" mode. The novel is full of romantic artistic conception, and the delicate and vivid description of characters and scenes reveals the connotation beyond the author's subjective will or even contrary to it, which determines the important position of Gone with the Wind in the history of American novels.
The author of Memories of the Past is Proust, a modern French novelist (1871-1922). Born in a wealthy bourgeois family in Paris, he has been suffering from illness since he was 9 years old and is extremely sensitive to life. When studying law at the University of Paris, he was deeply influenced by Bergson's philosophy. At the same time, he began to dabble in high society, went to literary salons, and later published book reviews and novels. 1895 worked in the library after graduating from college. Soon, my old illness recurred and I had to stay indoors. From then on, I decided to dedicate my life to literature.
From 190 1 to 1922, it took 2 1 year to write the masterpiece of this novel, which established its important position in the history of world literature.
The book "Remembering the Past" has more than 4,000 pages and more than 3 million words. The focus of the author's writing is not on telling stories, explaining plots and portraying characters, but on expressing the complex experience of the hero's inner world by means of memories. Therefore, it is a novel with no central figure, no complete story and no clues running through the plot. It is a wonderful book.
The novel takes the inner life of "me" as the axis, describes the activities of thousands of characters, and shows a picture of the life of French upper class at the turn of the19th century and the 20th century. There are elegant and vulgar Mrs Gail Mount, immoral and ugly transsexual baron Xia Ortes, bohemian son Swan, odette, a semi-aristocratic woman who is openly popular in easy virtue, the pain and joy of "I" love, and so on. The description of the social life and personnel changes of the aristocratic family and the Jewish millionaire Swan House in the novel truly reflects the decadent life interest and mental outlook of the aristocratic bourgeoisie, the decline and disintegration of the aristocracy, and the growing economic strength of the big bourgeoisie, which has distinct characteristics of the times. The novel also describes the life experiences and difficulties of many writers, artists and lower-level workers. It reproduces the life customs and human feelings of French upper class through many character events. Therefore, some connoisseurs compare it with Balzac's "Human Comedy" and call it "romantic comedy".
The theme reflected in this masterpiece is recognized as "time". As we all know, human beings have conquered space and occupied their almost indelible position in space in the form of matter. However, how to conquer the passing time, especially to revive all fleeting rich, ups and downs, tortuous and complicated feelings, and fix them as a concrete art form to last forever, is a difficult problem that predecessors have been unable to solve, and Proust solved it first. He took the lead in taking an important step to realize the creative theme of reviving the lost time. The novel takes the memory of the narrator "I" as a clue and runs through the book. What this kind of memory shows is not the simple appearance and psychological description of the characters, but the "self", the inner world of people and their spiritual life. This kind of performance uses a lot of "free association" methods. For example, the "I" at the beginning of the novel wakes up from bed and thinks in a dreamlike state. At this time, the "I" triggered by a cup of tea and a snack recalled my childhood life in Kampot, which led to my life, love and experience, and so on. In this way, through free association, one thing leads to the whole body, and one link leads to the whole body, forming a free and smooth situation of conscious association in the works, which is the basic feature of stream-of-consciousness novels. Therefore, this novel is called the pioneer of stream-of-consciousness novel, which announced the formation of this literary genre.
Recalling the Past Changed the traditional novel concept, innovated the novel theme and writing skills, and opened a new chapter in European and American contemporary novels, especially focusing on the subconscious activities of expressing people's inner world, which had a great influence on later western literature. Because of his achievements and great influence on the literary world, Proust is regarded as a master of modern novels. However, this novel did not attract the attention of the world at first, and it was not until about 40 years after the author's death that it attracted more and more attention from the literary world. Especially since 1987, several influential French publishers have been competing to reprint this book, and various academic activities to comment on and study Proust's creative achievements have also been widely carried out in France and many European and American countries. 1989, China published the full translation of Memories of Time Past for the first time. 1992 published his anthology Looking for the Lost Time. All these fully show that this book has a great influence in the literary world.
The long historical novel War and Peace (1863- 1869) is a Russian literary master Leo? Tolstoy (1828— 1 9 10) is the first masterpiece that enjoys a good reputation in the literary world and the world. The book is huge (65,438+3,000 words) with 559 words. With thousands of scenes, it is a masterpiece of the world literary world in19th century.
When the novel was written, the author was 34 years old. At the wedding banquet, he was "immersed in the happiness of family life". His wife Sophia is very virtuous and talented in literature. She tries her best to help him. Give him enough energy and time to devote himself to writing. At this time, Tolstoy has published A Landlord's Morning, The Story of Sevastopol, Childhood? Teenagers? Short stories such as Youth and Lucerne, which shocked Russian and European literary circles, are recognized as the hope and pride of Russian literature. The praise and honor of readers did not let Tolstoy relax his continuous exploration in thought and art. In his view, a writer is strict with himself, loves the people and works for the welfare of mankind, which is an inseparable feature of a true genius. The writer himself, "destiny takes a hand will always feel pain and make self-sacrifice."
Anxiety and anxiety, constant exploration of truth and intense labor are inseparable companions in Tolstoy's creative process. War and Peace is the result of his exploration in thought, morality, ethics and aesthetics. Centered on 18 12 Russian Great Patriotic War, it reflects the major historical events from 1805 to 1820, as well as the ideological, emotional and spiritual outlook of all walks of life in Russian society, showing a magnificent historical picture. It has set up an immortal artistic monument for Russian literature and world literature.
The theme of the work is to affirm that the people are the masters and creators of history and to praise the patriotic spirit and great strength of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War. The author once said, "I try my best to write the history of the people." So the real hero of this historical novel is the Russian people, and it is a great people's epic.
On the other hand, the theme of the work is to explore the fate of the aristocratic class, find the way out of Russia and look forward to the future through outstanding young aristocrats Andre, Pierre and Nikolai, thus answering the question of "how to do it" in reality. Andre was born into a noble family, but he hated it. He experienced spiritual crises again and again, and finally took charity as his home. Pierre, like Andre, often explores the meaning of life and dissects himself. After a series of painful experiences, he finally thought that "moral integrity" could revolutionize society. Nicholas is a man with limited knowledge, poor thinking and noble quality. But he always tied the noble fate with the tsar, which naturally could not solve the problem of Russia's way out. Andrew's son Nikolinka, 15 years old, is a new generation of explorers. He dreamed of participating in the revolution that changed society. Natasha and Maria have their own personality characteristics. They all showed patriotism when the motherland was in danger. After marriage, they all became virtuous and good mothers. Their images reflect the writer's view of women. The epic describes the heroism of peasants against aggression, but the only outstanding peasant image, Blaton, is a man with the idea of "Don't use violence against violence", which also reflects the writer's own thoughts.
The writing of War and Peace is very hard. Tolstoy writes 10 hours every day, and no one is allowed to disturb him. Every word he uses must be carefully thought out. During the seven years from 1863 to 1869, Tolstoy was sometimes frustrated and sometimes proud. His wife often transcribes illegible manuscripts for him all night. There are 7 manuscripts in most chapters of the book.
The novel was published in the 1960s from 65438 to 2009. At that time, Russian critical realism literature was in an unprecedented period of prosperity, and the appearance of War and Peace added new luster to it. With its novel and unique epic genre, grand and rigorous artistic structure, extensive and in-depth life summary, vivid and full characters and strong national style, it has climbed a higher ladder in the novel art garden. His works have aroused strong repercussions at home and abroad. Russian writers almost unanimously recognized Tolstoy as a literary leader. Turgenev said: "After the publication of Count Tolstoy's latest book" War and Peace ",he absolutely occupied a leading position in the public mind." Foreign writers recognize Tolstoy as a great writer among the world's literary giants. After Flaubert read this work, Tolstoy admired him deeply. Repeatedly praised: "This is Shakespeare, this is Shakespeare!"
The novel Ulysses (1922) was written by Irish writer Joyce (1882 ~ 194 1). He was born into a middle-class family in Dublin. 65438-0898 studied at the University of Berlin, majoring in language and philosophy. During this period, he was fascinated by Ibsen's plays and wrote articles to comment on his creation. After graduating from college, he left his hometown, "went into exile voluntarily" and wandered around Europe, then settled in France and made a living by teaching English. He suffered from eye diseases for many years. Finally, he became blind and died in Zurich in 194 1. His works include a collection of poems, Chamber Music, a collection of short stories, Dubliners, and an autobiographical novel, The Artist's Portrait of Youth.
Ulysses is Joyce's masterpiece. In the world literature of the 20th century, this is an extraordinary book, which has been extremely misunderstood and criticized. Some people call it an obscene book, while others call it a gobbledygook, especially its last two chapters can be described as a combination of "fantastic book" and "gobbledygook". Actually, it's a very serious job. The key to calling it "lewd" is that it does not clearly distinguish between "pornographic propaganda" and "sexual description".
Ulysses was in trouble as soon as it came out, and it went to court twice in the United States alone. 1920, when an American magazine serialized the first chapters of the novel, the post office ordered it to be confiscated and burned in public on the grounds of "immorality", and the editor of the publication was fined. New york court set up a special court to hear the case, presided over by several uneducated judges. Witnesses and lawyers all claim that Ulysses is a rare masterpiece, which will never corrode any girl's heart. The witness also explained the value of the novel with Freud's theory. But the judge knew nothing about Freud and made a wrong judgment on this brand-new stream of consciousness novel. The publication of the book was stopped and the relevant personnel were fined $50. As a result, the publication of Ulysses hit a wall everywhere, and occasionally chapters were deleted beyond recognition.
1922, Ms. Beach, an American, did a good job. She published Ulysses in Shakespeare's Bookstore in Paris with a print run of 1000. No matter how strict the British and American customs inspection was at that time, the book quickly spread on both sides of the Atlantic. Then, German, French and Japanese versions were published one after another, and all kinds of piracy also appeared one after another. And this book is still banned in Britain and America. 1932 The owner of a bookstore in new york was jealous, so he specially mailed a copy to the customs for confiscation. Therefore, Ulysses once again went to court in the United States. This time, hundreds of people, including internationally renowned poets and writers Ye Zhi, Eliot, Foster and Woolf, strongly supported the publication of this novel. The trial judge is very different from before, and thinks that "Ulysses is a sincere book". In his conclusion, he said: "After a long time of thinking, I think Ulysses is disgusting in some places, but it is not obscene.
Ulysses finally won the case on193365438+February 6th. Since then, it has become an enduring bestseller and a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation in western literary circles. It has also become a hot topic in literary research, with monographs published almost every year, and Joyce has become the honor and pride of the Irish nation.
The uniqueness of Ulysses lies in its artistic originality. The words in the book are as colorful as kaleidoscope, accurate and vivid, and the connotation is hidden. "Every word is embedded in the reader's mind to become a complete picture", and every time you read it, you can have a new feeling. The structure of the novel is unique, unique. The book is skillfully and thoroughly organized according to the structure of Homer's epic Ode, which makes the characters and plots in the two works correspond and contrast from beginning to end. Through comprehensive comparison, the disappointment and loneliness of modern people living in cities and the emptiness and insignificance of their souls are rendered, thus revealing all kinds of decay and degeneration of western society.
The novel is named Ulysses, which means that this book, like Odysseus, is also an epic and records modern people. The author compares Bloom's one-day wandering in Dublin with the wandering of the Greek hero Ulysses (the Latin name of Odysseus) in 10, which symbolizes the history of human development: from heroism to cynicism.
Ulysses describes modern social life with unprecedented skills, especially the use of "stream of consciousness", which opens up a new way for the novel to explore the rich and profound inner world of mankind. Spent dozens of pages writing about the inner activities of Bloom's wife Marion, without any punctuation, without pause or turning in the middle, symbolizing the disorder of the characters' imagination. It vividly presents the deepest privacy of characters to readers, and it is the most typical and famous application of stream of consciousness. There is no uniform style in the whole novel, but it is adjusted at any time according to the content. So this novel also created a miracle in the perfect unity of content and form. The novel is also bold and innovative in wording and sentence making, citing various allusions. In addition to myths, the Bible, European philosophy, history, literature, and folklore are all available, and puns and loanwords are skillfully used in the book. The author's painstaking artistic treatment aims at writing Ulysses into an encyclopedia of modern western life, and the effect is obvious. Reading it is like entering a world full of wonders, with endless interest and beauty. So since the novel came out, a group of enthusiastic readers have read this thick book again and again. They are fascinated by it and never tire of reading it.
However, due to its changeable style, complex structure and numerous allusions, Ulysses. It is also a hard fact to understand. When I first started reading, there were often two monks-I had no idea. But if you go deeper, you will be attracted by the strangeness in the book. It is precisely because of its outstanding achievements in many aspects of art that Ulysses has won readers' love, thus firmly establishing its important position in the literature of the 20th century, and its influence will be more and more profound.
Byron (1788— 1824), the author of Don Juan, is an outstanding English poet and one of the important representative writers of European romantic literature. His poems eulogize freedom and democracy with pungent social satire and criticism, which greatly inspired the national democratic movement in Europe and aroused strong resonance in the hearts of revolutionaries all over the world. Later writers, such as Pushkin, Hugo and Heine, were all influenced by him.
Don Juan is one of Byron's masterpieces, but so far only 16000 lines have been completed. Don Juan is a legendary figure in medieval Spain. He was born into a noble family. At first, he was a rebel who denied religious asceticism. Later, he developed into a cynical individualist and followed the ghost to hell. From the Middle Ages to the present, there are almost more than 200 kinds of poems, plays, novels and poems with Don Juan as the theme. According to legend, the author regards him as a representative of a dude and uses his class to express and criticize his dissolute, treacherous, cruel and hypocritical habits and behaviors. Byron's Don Juan slightly changed the image, and the poem showed Don Juan's kindness and justice. Through his various romantic adventures, he described various figures, famous mountains and rivers and social customs in European society. The picture is broad and the content is rich, which can be called a treasure house of art. This poem is very artistic, and the creation and application of colloquial poetic language has broken through the tradition of English poetry. No wonder Pushkin called it a "miracle" and Goethe called it a "masterpiece of genius".
The lyric poem Ode to Greece (usually translated as "Mourning Greece" by China) written by Don Juan and a poet in Haidian at the wedding banquet has been sung for more than 100 years, and it has been selected as a textbook text for primary and secondary schools in many countries, which has exerted great influence worldwide.
Boccaccio (1313-1375), the author of decameron, was the main representative writer of Italian Renaissance. Born in a wealthy family in Florence. I loved literature and art since I was a child, and then I studied law, did business several times, and participated in social activities in the court of Naples for many years. At the same time, he began to engage in literary writing and became a prolific writer. He devoted himself to academic research in his later years.
Decameron is the most accomplished and far-reaching work among Boccaccio's many works. This masterpiece of nearly 700,000 words, with its distinctive, provocative, bold and brave characteristics, lashed out at the dark reality of Italy in the14th century and showed the ideological tendency in the early Renaissance. The important theme of decameron is anti-church, which exposes the corruption and hypocrisy of the church and monks. There are also quite a few stories that advocate humanity and benevolence, oppose asceticism and feudal prejudice, publicize the idea that "happiness lies on earth", and affirm that people have the right to enjoy secular happiness. There are also some works that affirm and praise the talents, wisdom and enterprising spirit of businessmen and craftsmen.
In terms of art, decameron, in the form of a big story and a short story, makes all chapters interrelated and independent, and its structure is ingenious. The language is concise and fluent, and the writing is subtle, humorous and spicy. It created an original art form of short stories, which had a great influence on realistic literature in Italy and Europe.
The creation of decameron has experienced a fierce struggle. When the author first started writing, he was induced, threatened and abused by the feudal church. They asked the author to put down his pen. Boccaccio felt surrounded by dark forces in all directions. However, he persisted in the end and finally finished this masterpiece. Since then, Boccaccio has been threatened by the church again. Under the oppression of powerful feudal forces, he suddenly repented and planned to burn decameron. Fortunately, he was dissuaded by his close friend Peterak. But the reactionaries in history hated this masterpiece very much. 1497, more than 20 years after the author's death, this work was burned by the church in Florence Square, the author's grave was dug up by the church, and the tombstone was thrown away. They didn't forgive Boccaccio because he succumbed to religious repentance in his later years.
Jane? Charlotte, the author of Love? Bronte is one of the famous three sisters writers in Britain in the19th century. She was born in a poor pastor's family in a remote mountainous area in northern England, and lost her mother in her early years. Charlotte loved literature since she was a child. Apart from Jane, her important works? Besides love, there are novels Shelley, villette and the teacher. Charlotte married her father's curate at the age of 38. After a short and happy life after marriage, she died at the age of 39, and the little life in her belly failed to come to the world, and she also entered the grave with her.
Jane? Love is an autobiographical novel, which caused a sensation as soon as it came out. But who is its author, no one knows. Because of Charlotte? Bronte is not famous. She published the novel under the pseudonym Kohler? Bell. There was a lot of talk at that time, Kohler? Is Bell a man or a woman? Thackeray, who was already famous in the literary world at that time, said in a letter to the book publishing company: "Jane? Love makes me very moved and loves. " As a great writer, he naturally knew that although this novel was published under the pseudonym of a man, it was actually written by only a woman. So Thackeray added in the letter: "This is written by a woman, but who is she?" The mystery was not discovered until the author arrived in London the following year. Mr. Bell turned out to be a short and unattractive country girl. Then Jane, the hero in her novel? Love is much more famous than the author. Therefore, when Charlotte first met Thackeray and later appeared in literary and social circles, Thackeray always affectionately called her Jane? Miss Eyre. Instead of calling her by her real name. Charlotte published her masterpiece Jane under the pseudonym of a man. Love lies in her deep feeling that there is no female writer in Britain. For example, before the publication of this work 10, when she was 20 years old, she sent several poems written by herself to the famous poet laureate Southey for advice. The poet thought it necessary to give her a "cold exhortation" and replied to her letter. In his reply, he sarcastically said: "Literature is not the cause of women, and it should not be the cause of women." She didn't put down her pen because of this reply. After 10 years of hard work, she finally became a famous female writer in English literature.
Jane? The plot of love seems to belong to the common "Cinderella" mode, which is influenced by Gothic novels and has a mysterious atmosphere. But what about the heroine Jane? The image of love is unique. She is thin, ordinary-looking, without money and status, but with extraordinary temperament and rich emotional world. Jane? Love always pursues moral perfection and insists on individual independence, even if it conflicts with it. Her strong sense of independence made her stick to a belief: to pursue love and marriage on the basis of equality. However, her pursuit of love has never deviated from the traditional moral norms, and she seeks a way to unify the two in the conflict between personal affection and secular ideas. Jane? Love attracts millions of women in Qian Qian with its spiritual and moral aesthetic power. She has become a role model for almost all women in the world. Therefore, the book has entered the ranks of British classic novels.