2 English references to tobacco
Tobacco is an annual leaf crop of Solanaceae, which contains nicotine.
Tobacco in the world is distributed in 60° N45°s, and the main producing area is between 45° n30°s, while tobacco in China is distributed in 75 E134 E and18 N50 N, and it is planted from coastal plains to mountainous areas over 2000m m.
In 1954, T.H. Goodspeec divided 64 early identified tobacco genera into 3 subgenera (Rustica, Tabacum and Petuniaoids) and 14 groups.
Two new species were found in 1975 and 1976. A species of N.africana, native to southwest Africa, is temporarily placed in the subgenus of Rotifer; The other is N.kawakamii, which is native to South America and belongs to the villous group of common tobacco subgenus. Now there are 66 species of tobacco genus.
3 Morphological characteristics of tobacco The plant height of common tobacco is 13m. The root system is straight, but the taproot is not obvious Lateral roots and adventitious roots are the main components of root system. The depth can reach 150cm, and 80% of the roots are distributed in the soil layer of 040cm. The stems are upright, except that the stems of burley tobacco are milky white to yellow-green, and the rest are green.
Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, left-handed and right-handed. Most common tobacco varieties have no petiole, and the joint between leaf base and stem is ear-shaped, also known as ear. There are 8 leaf types of tobacco, including oval, wide oval, oblong, wide oval, oval, oblong, needle and heart, and most of them are green.
Corolla is mostly pink. 1 pistil, slender style, swollen stigma, self-pollination. Capsule, ovoid, with persistent calyx at maturity, generally contains 20,003,000 seeds, which is very small, about 65,438+65,438+0.5 million seeds per gram. Light brown to dark brown.
The plant height of Huanghua Tobacco is below 1m, the stem is short, the leaves are heart-shaped, the leaf length is 1 1.5 times the leaf width, and the widest part is at the base. The leaves are thick and the petioles are obvious. The color is light yellow to light green, and the seeds are bigger and heavier than ordinary tobacco.
The aroma of oriental tobacco is positively correlated with the density of glandular hairs per unit leaf area.
Tobacco is a self-pollinating crop, but the natural hybridization rate is high, often exceeding 3%. Adventitious roots grow easily. Tobacco eradication not only has the general function of plant roots, but also can synthesize nicotine. The more vigorous the growth, the more new roots and the more nicotine synthesized.
I like temperature, light, drought, waterlogging and barren, and I need more potassium.
The optimum temperature for tobacco growth is 2228℃, and the daily average temperature suitable for flue-cured tobacco growth requires that the daily average temperature ≥20℃ can last for more than 70 days.
Suitable for sufficient but not strong light. Sunshine is required to be more than 500 hours in the field growing period and more than 280 hours in the mature period. Generally, the saturation point is about 654.38+00000 lux at seedling stage, 35000 lux at field stage and 35000 lux at field stage, which is the minimum required for the smooth growth of tobacco.
The water demand is large, and the water in the body accounts for 68.80% of the fresh weight of the whole plant. Drought and flood will affect the quality and yield of tobacco leaves, and waterlogging in tobacco fields will lead to wilting and death of tobacco plants.
4 uses of tobacco tobacco leaves can be used as raw materials for tobacco industry, and their by-products can be made into pesticides; Cellulose and lignin in tobacco stems can be pressed into fiberboard. Tobacco powder in the process of tobacco leaf processing can be made into tobacco flakes. Protein can also be extracted from tobacco leaves.
The most serious tobacco diseases are black shank disease, brown spot disease, tobacco mosaic disease and tobacco cucumber mosaic disease, followed by anthracnose, frog eye disease, powdery mildew, bacterial wilt, vein spot disease and root-knot nematode disease. In addition, there are wildfire, angular leaf spot, leaf curl virus, beet curl top virus and mixed infection of the above viruses.
6. There are 8 kinds of serious tobacco pests, including African mole cricket with roots; Stem-eating cutworm, tobacco moth, leaf-eating tobacco moth, tobacco leaf miner and Spodoptera litura, tobacco aphid, tobacco thrips and slugs of smoking grass plant juice.
7 "National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine": Tobacco 7. 1 Pinyin name Yā n c m 40
7.2 Alias of tobacco and tobacco leaves
7.3 Whole grass of Solanaceae tobacco. Harvest in autumn and dry in the shade.
7.4 Sexual taste is pungent and warm. Toxic.
7.5 Function: Indications: detumescence, detoxification and insecticidal. Used for furuncle, tinea capitis, tinea alba, alopecia, and snake bite. Kill snails, mosquitoes, flies and mice.
7.6 The usage and dosage of tobacco should be used externally. Mash fresh grass for external application, or rub the affected area with cigarette oil. In addition to the four pests, make tobacco into a 5% leaching solution and spray it or smoke it.
7.7 Excerpted from the National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine
8 "Chinese Materia Medica": Tobacco 8. 1 From "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica" and "Outline": If the smoke is poisonous, those who are poisoned by it will be served with fried picrorhiza root and tea. Wang's "Medical Olympics" said that tobacco poison was taken with brown sugar and well water.
8.2 Pinyin name y ā n c m: o
8.3 English name Tobacco smoking, ordinary tobacco
8.4 Tobacco aliases: Wild Tobacco, Pale Bagu, Bear No Return, Golden Silk Tobacco, Acacia, Huanshen Tobacco, Coss, Illicium verum, Alcohol and Tobacco, Jade Blue, Pale Meat, Pale Tobacco, Snuff, hookah, Tobacco, Greedy Grass, Riverside Grass, Wall-piercing Grass, Native Tobacco, Red at the Foot of Golden Rooster, Tobacco Leaf and Native Tobacco.
8.5 Source: Leaves of Solanaceae tobacco.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: tobacco.
Harvest and storage: In July, the tobacco leaves turn from dark green to light yellow. When the leaves droop, they can be picked in stages according to the maturity of the leaves. Sun drying or drying after harvest, then moisture regain, fermentation and drying. You can also use less.
8.6 Primitive annual or limited perennial herbs. Whole plant glandular hairs. The roots are thick. The stem is 0.72 meters high and the base is slightly lignified. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong or ovate, with an acute apex and a spike-shaped stalk at the base, with a length of 1030cm and a width of 8 15cm, and the stalk is inconspicuous or winglike. Panicle terminal, many flowers; Pedicel is 520 cm long; ; Calyx slightly or tubular bell-shaped, 2025 mm long, lobes triangular-lanceolate, varying in length; The corolla is funnel-shaped, reddish, the tube is light in color, slightly arched, 3.55 cm long, with a brim width of 1 1.5 cm, 5 lobes and a sharp apex; There are 5 stamens, of which 1 is shorter than the other 4, does not extend out of the corolla throat, and the filaments are hairy at the base; Pistil 1, long style, round stigma, superior ovary, 2-loculed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, approximately equal to persistent calyx. Seeds round or broadly round, about 0.5 mm in diameter, brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are summer and autumn.
8.7 Habitat is widely distributed and cultivated in the north and south of China. Native to South America.
8.8 The biological characteristics of cultivation are suitable for high temperature and rainy areas, especially sandy loam with good drainage.
Cultivation techniques include seed propagation, seedling raising and transplanting. Spring tobacco can be planted in mid-June 65438+1October 65438+1October, autumn tobacco in late July and early August, and winter tobacco in September. Select seeds, sterilize and germinate, mix with plant ash or fine soil, and sow in seedbed, generally every 1.53.7kg. Compact the soil and water it frequently to keep it moist. Transplant in mid-April when the seedling height is 12 15cm. Before opening, the depth is about 15cm, the spacing between plants is 60cm and the row spacing is 4560cm. Apply stem fertilizer in the hole, sprinkle fine soil, and then plant seedlings shallowly in the hole.
If the seedling spacing is too tight in field management, the seedlings can be divided evenly 1 time. After transplanting, in addition to replanting, intertillage and weeding, the terminal buds and lateral buds must be picked to avoid tillering and affecting leaf growth. Topdressing should be carried out by stages, mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, followed by stem fertilizer, and the planned fertilization should be completed within 2535d after transplantation. Topdressing is generally divided into two times. The first time is 10 12 days 1 after transplanting, and manure and compound fertilizer are applied in cooperation with intertillage weeding to promote the growth of tobacco plants. The second time is 2030 days after transplanting, vegetable cakes, dry fire and plant ash are used.
8.9 Character identification The complete leaves are ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, about 60cm long and 25cm wide, with a tapering tip and a slightly downward wing-like stalk, full or microwave-like, yellow-brown on the upper surface, light on the lower surface, with prominent main pulse width and glandular hairs, which are sticky after being slightly wet. Unique, bitter, spicy and disgusting.
Microscopic identification of powder characteristics has a strange smell. ① The upper epidermal cells are rectangular, with straight walls and some waves; There are 34 cells in the lower epidermis, including Berberis, stomata and accessory cells. ② There are 38 cells in the glandular hairs, which are slightly rectangular and often contain tiny calcium oxalate clusters; Stem cells and 35 cells can be observed, as well as the glandular hairs of some branches of the stem. ③ Non-telechelic hair is rare and consists of 36 cells, sometimes with branches at the top. ④ There are calcium oxalate sand crystals in mesophyll cells.
8. 10 chemical constituents The leaves contain nicotinic acid, nornicotine, false equisetine, luteolin and 24-methylene luteolin [44].
Tobacco contains volatile oil, the basic part of which contains furfural, 2-methylfurfural, benzaldehyde, 5-methylfurfural, 2-furfural, 2-benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, α-pyrrolidone, pyrrolaldehyde, amyl alcohol and 2-methyl-5-acetyl furan [45].
In addition, tobacco also contains mandolin components: (E)3 methyl 3 nonene 4 ketone [(E)3 methyl nonene 2 en 4 ketone], 1 (2,3,6 trimethyl phenyl) 2 butene1ketone [(e)1(2,3,6 tri). 15 pentadecane (pentadecane 15 lactone), 8α, 13: 9α, 13 diepoxide 15, 16 demethylsesquioxane (8α,/kloc-9 α) (Z)9 octadecenoic acid 18 lactone [(z) [(Z) octadecane 99 14 trimethylpentadecane * *], 1 1 aldehyde (drim8en 1 1al. 15， 16 tetranorlabd 8 en 12al)， 13， 14， 15， 16 TetranorHelianthus 8( 17)ene 65438+ 16 tetranorlabd 8( 17)EN 1 1Al]，65438
8. 1 1 Nicotine is the main component in pharmacological tobacco, accounting for 93% of the total alkali, and the content in ordinary cigarettes is about 12%. Other components are of little significance because of their low content. Nicotine has no medical use, mainly toxicological significance; The mortality rate of acute poisoning is similar to cyanide. The lethal dose for adults is about 50mg, and 1 cigarette contains 2030mg. However, some children are still saved after swallowing a few cigarettes. Because nicotine in cut tobacco is absorbed slowly, the absorbed part can produce violent vomiting first, and the rest will be spit out. Smoking is a very common habit. Fans think that 1 cigarette can eliminate fatigue and depression and improve work efficiency. In fact, this is just a kind of spiritual satisfaction for smokers. In objective experiments, smoking can only reduce the performance of mental or physical activities, especially activities that require high accuracy, such as shooting targets or throwing basketball. Habitual smokers can tolerate some acute effects of nicotine, but unlike morphine and opium, they have no painful withdrawal symptoms when quitting smoking. The amount of nicotine inhaled each time is not only related to the content of smoking products (such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe threads, etc.). ), but also related to the depth and speed of smoking. For example, if you smoke 2/3 cigarettes within 10 minutes, you can inhale about 0.2mg of nicotine, and if you smoke 2/3 cigarettes within 5 minutes, you can inhale 2mg. Smoking too much will produce various toxic reactions. Because of its sex, it can cause respiratory symptoms such as chronic pharyngitis. The incidence of bronchitis among drug addicts (more than 20 a day) is 47 times higher than that of non-smokers. Lung cancer seems to be related to smoking. Among lung cancer patients after 45 years old, those who smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day are about 50 times more than those who don't smoke. In the gastrointestinal tract, it is easy to get digestive disorders, nervous gastropathy, ulcers and constipation. The relationship between smoking and hypertension is uncertain, but it is generally believed that it is prone to arrhythmia such as extra-period contraction and coronary heart disease. And thromboangiitis obliterans, almost all of which are found in heavy smokers. Excessive smoking can also lead to nervous system symptoms such as headache and insomnia. Nicotine is easily absorbed on the mucosal surface. If you drop two drops on the dog's tongue, it will be poisoned and die within 12 minutes. From the intact skin surface, it can also be absorbed and cause poisoning.
8. 12 has a pungent taste; Sexual temperature; Poisonous
8. 13 function is mainly used for promoting qi circulation and relieving pain; Dry-wet alternation; Detumescence; Detoxify and kill insects. Staple food is full; Gas knot pain; Joint pain; Carbuncle; Furuncle; Scabies; Eczema; Snakebite; Torsional contusion
8. 14 Oral administration and dosage of tobacco: decocted, fresh leaves 915; Or have a cigarette. External use: appropriate amount, washed with water; Or make trouble; Or polished and trimmed.
8. 15 Pay attention to lung diseases, cough, hematemesis and all throat syndromes.
1. Materia Medica Zheng Zheng: This nature belongs to pure yang, and it is good at dispersing stagnation, but it is used for gloom. If the yang is strong, it is more irritable and irritable, and the tiger is short of breath and sweaty, so it is not suitable for use.
2. "Materia Medica": vomiting blood due to yin deficiency and lung dryness should not be used.
3. "Jidong Herbal Medicine": Pregnant women should not take it.
8. 16 school discussion 1. Herbal medicine in southern Yunnan: It can cure heat sores, carbuncle and back, nameless swelling and toxin, all heat sores, or eating the dead meat of China horses and mules.
2. "Materia Medica": It is good for treating exterior and expelling yin-cold toxin, Shan Lan miasma, rheumatism and phlegm obstruction, and muscle pain; It can be used for treating internal diseases, strengthening stomach qi, eliminating yin turbidity and cold stagnation, reducing swelling and retention of food, stopping vomiting of cholera, eliminating parasite accumulation, relieving depression and pain, promoting qi circulation and stopping blood stasis, and ascending to triple energizer.
3. "Drug Test": Beat to stop bleeding.
4. Pharmacognosy of Plum: The extract can be used as an agent for expelling pinworms.
5. Modern and Practical Chinese Medicine: Treating parasitic skin diseases such as scabies.
6. Flora of Guangzhou: Treating joint pain, numbness, headache and snake bite.
7. "Mindong Herbal Medicine": removing blood stasis and swelling, killing insects and detoxifying. It can be used for treating women's common cold, irregular menstruation, furuncle, carbuncle, swelling, rabies bite, tube leakage and fire injury.
8. Materia Medica Yan Hui: Tobacco is also a medicine for benefiting nine tricks. Meng Jishi said that this medicine is so pungent that it can be ignited with fire. Sucking smoke into the throat can greatly resist the cold of frost and wind and rain. For example, qi stagnation, food stagnation, phlegm stagnation, and drinking stagnation, all diseases that are blocked by cold coagulation can be removed by inhaling this. Anyone who vomits blood due to yin deficiency and lung dryness and fatigue should not use it indiscriminately. Once in a while, I feel stuffy and dizzy, so I know it tastes bad. Therefore, it is not appropriate for people with insufficient yin deficiency.
9. "Ben Feng Jingyuan": In recent years, tobacco has occasionally obtained useful effects in Neizhang Pills of Umbelliferae, with the accumulation of pungent, warm and cold as its source. Don't smoke with borneol, put out the fire with fire and smoke more poison. After smoking, be careful not to drink fire wine, which will lead to anger and smoke burning the Tibetan government. Long-term tobacco poisoning and unclear lung and stomach are treated with Shatang Decoction.
8. 17 from Chinese materia medica
The prescription of traditional Chinese medicine tobacco, Fang Jia Huanggao 7 yuan, coconut oil 7 yuan, pig fat 7 yuan, frankincense 3 yuan, Yujin 6 yuan, and 20 tobacco leaves and stems. Method: First put sesame oil into an iron cup and fry the tobacco stems with strong fire. ...
Smoke paste sound: yānyóugāo "New Edition of Prescription Science" Volume 11: Name: Smoke paste composition: smoke oil in tobacco stems. Indications: furuncle. Usage and dosage: Apply it four times thick. ...
The eye-catching moxa fume powder is fine and thick, so that the medicine is placed at the bottom of the mortar, and then the moxa is burned to make the smoke come out, but the mortar is smoked, moxa smoke is exhausted, and the locust mallet is finely ground. ...
A bag of cigarettes for immortals yρdàiyān "Thirteen Kinds of Techniques": Fang Ming: Composition of a bag of cigarettes for immortals: scarlet 1, paraquat 4, lead powder 1. Indications: Myrica rubra ...
Science of Piku Ointment: Ingredients: 6 grams of indigo naturalis, 6 grams of phellodendron amurense, 60 grams of calcined gypsum, and 60 grams of smoke ointment (that is, the residue in the smoke juice after cowhide is dried by indigenous method). ...
More prescriptions for using traditional Chinese medicine tobacco
Moxa smoke Pill, a Chinese patent medicine for cigarettes, was used, and the score of greasy powder was 1. The preparation method is to grind the medicine evenly, add millet porridge, and smoke with moxa stick to make the pill as big as the head of a chicken. Function is mainly aimed at red eye. Usage and dosage per time ...
Pinyin for smoking cessation stickers: jièyāngāo English: Prescription: Codonopsis 4 yuan, Poria 4 yuan, Astragalus 4 yuan, Codonopsis 4 yuan, Yuzhu 4 yuan. ...
Huang Zhu's mistress? Usage and dosage: Blow throat or rub the affected area several times a day. Note: avoid alcohol, tobacco and spicy things. Specification: 0.6g per bottle Storage method: airtight and moisture-proof. ...
The standard number of Chaitong tablets is WS3-B-365 1-98. This product is Yantai Bupleurum stem and leaf extract tablet. The preparation method takes 65438+/-00 kilograms of stems and leaves of Yantai Bupleurum, ...
Baikening tablets, sugar coated, ground, placed on glass, slowly heated, purple smoke appeared. (2) Take 5 tablets of this product, remove sugar coating, grind and add 70%. ...
More use of traditional Chinese medicine tobacco proprietary Chinese medicine.
Tobacco in the ancient book Compendium of Materia Medica: [Volume II Fire Department] Tobacco burns people differently, because it is grass, so it is ghost smoke. Fang's physical knowledge: tobacco was brought to China in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and made of tobacco, which is called light meat and light fruit. Progressive transmission ...
Materia Medica Seeking Truth: [Part II, Volume IX, Indications] Six Yin diseases mainly treat the liver. It is suitable for Chuanxiong Rhizoma Cyperi. There is a stomach and lungs on the surface. There is tobacco suitable for making gin. In the hole. Then suit musk. In the blood. There are wines suitable for all kinds of wines. ...
Materia Medica Seeking Truth: [Volume II, Volume VIII Indications] The main drugs for visceral diseases are hawthorn, Amomum villosum, Yaole and malt. Stomach qi does not open. Only tobacco, garlic and realgar make sense. Stomach qi stenosis. There are also drugs such as Pogostemon Divine Comedy. ...
Materia Medica Seeking Truth: [Volume Three Powder] Warm Powder (vanilla) ventilates and cools Shan Lan toxic smoke (specially treating exterior stomach). It will be intoxicating if swallowed. Get drunk and recover. Its sexual power is fierce. Almost beyond the reach of others. ...
Shoushi Fax: Omnivore [Cultivation and Diet Conditioning Phase VI]