, alias Xu Zhang? Pen names Nanhu, Shizhe, Guhai and Xianhe, born in Shi Xia Town, Haining City, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, are famous poets and writers. Xu Zhimo graduated from Cambridge University in England, and 19 18 went to Clark University in the United States to study banking. In the same year, he was transferred to the Institute of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. The Crescent School is a representative poet and a member of the Crescent Poetry Society. Representative works include Farewell to Cambridge and Cold Jade Night. Xu Zhimo was deeply influenced by western education and European and American romantic aesthetes in Cambridge, and established his romantic poetry style. Crescent Society was founded in 1923. 1924, Xu zhimo was hired as professor of Peking University. 1930 was invited to be Professor Peking University again, and also a professor at Beijing Women's Normal University. 193 1 year1month 19 died in an air crash.

Human life

learning process

1908 self-taught at home, admitted to Shi Xia Kaizhi School, studied under Zhang Shusen, and laid the foundation of China ancient literature, with the highest grade in the class.

19 10, Xu zhimo was fourteen years old and left his hometown for Hangzhou. Introduced by my cousin Shen Junru, he was admitted to the High School Attached to Hangzhou, and he was in the same class. He loves literature, and once published a paper "On the Relationship between Novel and Society" in the first issue of the school magazine "Friends", thinking that novels are beneficial to society and "should be vigorously promoted". This is the first work in his life. At the same time, he is interested in science. And published an article "Radium Ingot and the Earth".

19 15 In the summer, Xu Zhimo graduated from Zhejiang No.1 Middle School and was admitted to Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary. In June 5438+10, she married the daughter of Zhang Run, the richest man in Luodian, Baoshan County.

19 16 In the autumn, Xu Zhimo, who was active by nature, did not finish the course of Baptist College with peace of mind. He left Shanghai to study law in the preparatory course of Beiyang University in Tianjin.

19 17, the law department of Beiyang University was merged into Peking University, and Xu Zhimo also transferred to Peking University to study. During his two years in the north, he added new contents to his life and injected new factors into his thoughts. At school, he not only studied law, but also Japanese, French and political science, and dabbled in Chinese and foreign literature, which ignited his interest in literature. During this period, he made many friends and met many celebrities. He was recommended by Zhang Junmai and Zhang Gongquan and became a teacher. He also has a gift from an apprentice. Liang Qichao had a great influence on Xu Zhimo's life and occupied an important position in his mind. Although Xu Liang has a close mentoring relationship, there are still differences in his thoughts. Xu Zhimo, who accepted the bourgeois idea of democracy and freedom, is desperate to pursue his ideal life with his life. He wants to fight for the freedom of marriage and love.

When he was a university student in the north, he personally experienced the scene of warlords fighting and witnessed the slaughter of innocent people. He hated society and decided to study abroad, seeking a prescription to change the reality of China and carrying out his "ideal revolution".

19 18, Xu zhimo left Peking university. On August 4 of the same year, he left Shanghai to study banking in the United States. In the first year of studying abroad, he went to Clark University in Hurst, USA, and then went to the history department, taking sociology, economics, history and other courses. Become the Hamilton of China in the future. I entered school for ten months, graduated from undergraduate course, and won the first honor award. But he was not satisfied with this, so he was transferred to the graduate school of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. Therefore, Xu Zhimo gained a wide range of philosophical thoughts and political science knowledge.

19 19 the may 4th revolution spread to students studying in China. Driven by patriotism, Xu Zhimo took part in patriotic action.

From 65438 to 0920, Xu Zhimo spent two years in the United States, but he was tired of the madness, greed and materialism of the bourgeoisie in American capitalist society. He was attracted by British philosophers, and finally got rid of the temptation of Columbia doctorate and bought a boat to cross the Atlantic. Unexpectedly, Russell's personal life has undergone unexpected changes, which led to his failure to realize his long-cherished wish to study with Russell. As a result, he stayed at the London School of Economics and Political Science for half a year and felt bored.

192 1 year, due to Dickinson's introduction and recommendation, Xu Zhimo entered the Royal College of Cambridge University as a special student. Study political economy. During my two years in Cambridge, I was influenced by western education and romantic and aesthetic poets in Europe and America. Start writing new poems.

From 192 1 to 1922, Xu Zhimo lived in Britain for two years. He received bourgeois aristocratic education and "smoking culture" in Cambridge. He likes to associate with British celebrities. He dabbled extensively in all kinds of world famous works, and also came into contact with various schools of thought. During this period, his political ideas and social ideals were cultivated, and his self-awareness idealism was born. His own Cambridge environment not only contributed to and formed his social outlook and outlook on life, but also triggered his creative thinking. He began to translate literary works. He translated several short stories by the British writer Mansfield, the novel The New Youth by German Fogo, the novel The Wave by medieval France, the novel The Swirl Boy by Italian Danon Wu Xue, and the novel Wu Jiarang and Ni Ailun by Voltaire. At the same time, he also wrote many poems, and his "The Rage of Spiritual Revolution Flows Along Your Charming River Bank" is the most classic. His idols are no longer Hamilton in America, but Shelley and Byron in England. He turned himself into a poet.

Literature course

1922 after returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals.

1In the spring of 923, Xu Zhimo set up a club in Beijing, wrote books and acted, held annual meetings and lantern festivals on holidays, and recited poems and painted pictures. Xu Zhimo was interested in the poems of an Indian poet "Gandide" and nominated and borrowed the word "Crescent" as his name, hence the name "Crescent Society". Joined the Literature Research Association in the same year.

1924, Hu Shi and Chen Xiying founded "Farewell to Cambridge" weekly, and served as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China.

Before 1925, Xu Zhimo not only wrote poems, but also contacted members of the crescent society and engaged in drama activities. On June+10, 5438, Xu Zhimo was named "New Moon". In the same year, he was hired as Professor Peking University, went to Europe and traveled to the Soviet Union, German, Italian, French and other countries.

April 1926, 1 edited the supplement of Modern Poetry Review and Morning Post Supplement in Beijing. At this time, Wen Yiduo has returned from the United States and participated in the compilation of the Morning Post. Except for the third and fourth issues edited by Wen Yiduo and the fifth issue edited by Rao Mengkan, all the other issues are edited by Xu Zhimo. The published poems and songs were also written by Xu Zhimo. The authors of Poetry Magazine have made great efforts in the creation of China's new metrical poems and the discussion of poetic art, so the establishment of Poetry Magazine Holiday marks the formation of the Crescent Poetry School. In the same year, he moved to Shanghai and served as a professor at China University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University. Founded the magazine "Poetry".

1927 In the spring, due to political changes and other reasons, some members of Crescent Society gathered in Shanghai. At this time, Xu Zhimo also married Lu Xiaoman and moved to Shanghai. Xu Zhimo visited relatives and friends everywhere and kept in touch with Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, Shao, Liang Shiqiu, Yu and Zhang Jiu. And set up Crescent Bookstore in Huanlong Mountain Villa, Huanlong Road, Shanghai. Hu Shi was the chairman and Yu was the manager, and later he took over. In the same year, Xu Zhimo also traveled abroad and visited Britain, the United States, Japan, India and other countries.

1In March, 928, Xu Zhimo was a professor at Guanghua University, Soochow University, Daxia University and other universities, and founded the monthly Morning News Poetry. In the same year 1 October 6th was published as New Moon, 165438, the first issue of New Moon on February 6th, 1928, 10, volume1signed by Xu Zhimo. Published four volumes and forty-three issues.

65438-0930 Member of the Committee of China Cultural Foundation, elected as a member of the British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, I went to Peking University to teach at Beijing Women's University.

On January 20th, 1931, Xu Zhimo, Chen, Shao, etc. Hold another quarterly farewell to Cambridge. Xu Zhimo was elected as the director of China Branch of International PEN, and published four issues.

Died in a disaster or accident

193 1 year1month 19 At 8 o'clock in the morning, Xu Zhimo flew north from Nanjing by China Airlines "Jinan" postal plane. That evening, he was going to attend a lecture on China architectural art for foreign envoys organized by Lin in Peking Union Medical College Auditorium. When the plane arrived at Dangjiazhuang, south of Jinan, it was suddenly foggy and it was difficult to tell the route. In order to find an accurate route, the pilot had to lower the flight altitude, but the plane crashed into the valley after hitting the mountain, causing the fuselage to catch fire and all the people on board were killed. As for the cause of his death, in addition to the direct cause of Lin, it is also related to Lu Xiaoman's delay in agreeing to go north, the influence of fog, and the host engineer Wang was busy preparing his daughter's marriage the night before yesterday and was in poor spirits during the flight. Write elegiac couplets for them: speech is poetry, action is poetry, life is poetry, and the meaning of poetry permeates it, and you will have your own happy paradise; You can die in a boat, a car, a living room or an airplane, so you don't have to be afraid of the road.

After Xu Zhimo's death, Liang Shiqiu and Hu Shi dominated the Crescent School. In June, 1933, 1, New Moon published four volumes and seven issues, and ceased publication. From 0755 to 79000, not only the works of members of the Crescent School were published, but also the works of progressive writers such as Yu Dafu, Ba Jin and Hu Yepin were published. However, this is the late stage of the activities of the crescent school. Although its members are different, as far as its overall political tendency is concerned, it is becoming more and more reactionary. But the crescent school is engaged in poetry creation, and this "chain" of discussing new poetry seems to have never been interrupted.

To sum up, from the establishment of Crescent Society to the formation of Crescent School and its main activities, Xu Zhimo played a leading role in it. He is indeed a representative of the crescent school, which has played a certain role in promoting and influencing the development of new poetry. However, they went astray because of their excessive pursuit of form, especially in Xu Zhimo's later thoughts and creations.

Classic quotations of Xu zhimo

1. The starting point of love is not necessarily the body, but it reaches its peak when it reaches the body.

I dare not say that I have a way to save you. Saving you means saving myself. Power is in love; Don't hesitate, love, do it!

3. You have already become a part of my soul, your shadow is in my shadow, your voice is in my voice, and your heart is in my heart; Fish can't live without water and people can't live without oxygen. I can't live without your love.

I not only want to let the naked eye of love know my body, but also want your spiritual eye to know my soul.

The starting point of love is not necessarily the body, but when love reaches the body, it reaches its peak.

6. When life is weak, it is difficult to produce a letter. The closer you get, the harder it is to write.

7. Make good use of what they have learned to guide our country.

8. Friendship is pleasure, love, fearlessness and no longer being disturbed by loneliness.

9. The starting point of love is not necessarily the body, but it reaches its peak when it reaches the body.

10. It's breezy and sunny here, and the scenery of Liberty Road is good.

1 1. Even if fate makes you inevitably die before winning the final victory, my love! Then you will die. Because death is success and victory. Everything is with me, everything is with love.

12. I have no other way, I have love; No other genius is love; There is no other ability but love; There is no other motivation, only love.

13. I left gently, just as I came gently.

14. I am a very empty poor man and a very rich man. All I have is love.

15. Love, I got it, I am very lucky. No, this is my life.

16. When life is weak, it is not easy to be trusted. The closer you get, the harder it is to write.

17. When we were young, we danced with each other because of love or loneliness; (This article is from, slightly quoted.

18. You see, I can't live without you, not only my body, but also your spirit. I want your body to love me completely, and I want your spirit to melt into mine completely. I want your absolute total. Because what I give you is absolutely everything, which is what I can bear as a love story.

19. I left gently, just as I came gently; I waved my hand gently and said goodbye to the clouds in the west. The golden willow by the river is the bride in the sunset; Bright shadows in the light rippled in my heart. Green on the soft mud.

20. I will look for my only soul mate in the vast sea of people to get it. Fortunately, I am doomed.

Xu zhimo's works

New moon, poetry magazine, new moon, new moon, roulette, Bian Kungang, Zhimo's poems, cold jade night, tiger, wandering, fallen leaves, scales in Paris, self-dissection and autumn.

Xu Zhimolin

192 1 autumn, he met the talented woman forest. Xu Zhimo has a close relationship with her and unilaterally wants to talk about marriage. Therefore, Xu Zhimo filed for divorce with Zhang Youyi in March 1922, arguing that the two should not continue their married life without love and freedom. Divorce, stop suffering and start happiness, which is Xu Zhimo's pure idealism. He is pursuing an ideal life. To this end, he wrote many poems for Lin, such as Diary of Zhimo, The Story of Mansfield, Gandide and so on. It shows his love and life ideal, and constitutes the important content of his poems in this period.

Xu Zhimo especially misses his life in Cambridge, England. Excited by his love for Lin, he wrote many poems. The upsurge of his poetry at the moment is reflected in his long poem Mary. This is his earliest poem that we have seen so far. Life in Cambridge, England, certainly fascinated him. Later, Lin thought about it, went home with his father in advance, and left without saying goodbye to the affectionate Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo's famous poem "Listening to the Qin on a Moonlight Night" written to Lin reflects Xu Zhimo's most sincere feelings for Lin. However, this so-called love affair was directed and performed by Xu Zhimo from beginning to end.

After that, I cooperated several times, such as organizing activities of Yuezi Club, acting together and writing letters frequently. 1924 During Tagore's visit to China, Xu Zhimo and Lin worked as translators together. Later, Xu Zhimo accompanied Tagore to Japan, and Lin accompanied her fiance to the University of Pennsylvania to study architecture. When Xu Zhimo saw Lin again, it was four years later. Lin has married Liang Sicheng. 193 1 year 1 month 19. Xu Zhimo, who was going to listen to Lin's lecture, was killed in a plane crash.

Many years later, Lin once said to his children, "Xu Zhimo didn't really love me at first, but he imagined Lin as a poet's romantic feelings, but in fact I am not that kind of person."

Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman.

1922, Xu Zhimo returned from studying abroad, and he often met his friend Wang Geng in Beijing. Wang Geng's wife Lu Xiaoman had a great influence on Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman met and fell in love in the communication field in Beijing. When Xu Zhimo was madly in love with Lu Xiaoman, he wrote "Ode to Youth", which is a strong and fiery text, revealing his lingering affection for his lover. In the first few days of their marriage, although Xu's father and mother were still dissatisfied with Lu Xiaoman, their lives were romantic and comfortable. Only in the later period, due to Lu Xiaoman's illness, Xu Shenru's refusal to accept it, the erosion of opium and many other reasons, Lu Xiaoman became more and more careless, lazy and playful. She lost her passion when she was in love, and it seems that she is no longer a spiritual woman. Xu Zhimo indulged his wife in order to make her happy. Although verbal diplomatic warnings are often given to Lu Xiaoman, the effect is not great. Later, Xu Zhimo's father, Xu Shenru, was extremely dissatisfied with Lu Xiaoman and made a clean break with the couple economically. Lu Xiaoman lives in a luxurious three-story house with a monthly rent of 100 silver. There are many servants, including drivers, cooks, footmen and maids. These huge expenses made Xu Zhimo unable to make ends meet. At the invitation of Hu Shizhi, Xu Zhimo teaches part-time in Peking University. In order to supplement his family, he often travels between Shanghai, Nanjing and Beijing. At the same time, he lectured at Guanghua University, Soochow University Law School and Daxia University, and wrote poems to earn money after school. Lu Xiaoman, who is addicted to nightlife such as dancing, playing cards and buying tickets, goes to bed at dawn every day until two o'clock in the afternoon.

After Xu Zhimo's death, Lu Xiaoman stopped socializing. She silently endured criticism and accusations from outside. As she said in Elegy to Zhimo; "How many things have become nightmares, five years of sorrow and joy, always rushing around, and the heavens are heavy. I want to die because my mother is old; Don't hate the people you tell, but you are ill and you are far away from your soul. Before long, the world will answer your heart when you sort out your legacy. " She missed Zhimo and devoted herself to sorting out and publishing Xu Zhimo's posthumous works. It has been used for decades, and the bitterness, bitterness, sweetness and bitterness are unspeakable. The marriage between Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman is a free union that breaks through feudal shackles. Although they hurt each other, they love each other deeply.

Ren Gong scolded Xu Zhimo in public: "Xu Zhimo, you are impetuous, so you have made no achievements in learning." You are too sentimental to get married after divorce. You must repent your past mistakes and become a new person. "After the ceremony, Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman settled in Shanghai.

Although Liang Qichao's Marriage Witness is famous, it also reflects his concern and love for Xu Zhimo in his student days to some extent. But it is obvious that Liang Qichao is selfish and unfair to Xu and Lu. At Liang Qichao's wedding, the couple were unfortunate, at least. Zhao Qingge expressed strong dissatisfaction in his article: In order to win strong support, they invited Liang Qichao and the famous reformist Old Master Q to testify for them. I want to use a shield against feudal forces. Unexpectedly, Master Liang Qichao was also an authority figure against feudalism. He hypocritically sympathized with Xu Zhimo's feelings for Lu Xiaoman, and publicly criticized their anti-feudal behavior on the wedding day, which made the newlyweds sad for a while and had to bear the criticism unjustly.

Personality assessment

Xu Zhimo was once an active and influential writer in China literary world. His world outlook has no dominant ideology, or he is a superb "poet without party affiliation". His thoughts, creative characteristics and development trend all show that he is a bourgeois poet. The development and changes of his thoughts and the different situations before and after his creation are related to the social and historical characteristics at that time.

Xu's poems are fresh and natural, harmonious in rhythm, novel in metaphor, rich in imagination, beautiful in artistic conception, elegant in thought, rich in change, pursuing the orderly beauty of artistic forms and having distinct artistic personality. His prose is also unique, and his achievements are no less than his poems. Among them, the breeze blowing down the dream of the spring dynasty, dew on the grass, accidents and love between the eyebrows are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.

When people look at Xu Zhimo and his works, they always associate him with the Crescent School, regard him as a representative writer of the Crescent School and call him the "leader" of the Crescent School. This is because the formation and demise of the Crescent School is closely related to him. He participated in the activities of the whole Crescent School, and his works reflected the distinctive features of the Crescent School. It took about ten years from the establishment of Crescent Society to the gradual formation of a literary school-Crescent School, in which Xu Zhimo always played an important role. He had a certain influence in the history of China's new poetry, and made various experiments and explorations for the development of new poetry. His poetry has a distinctive and unique style and certain artistic skills.

As a person of that era, Xu Zhimo did everything that an ordinary intellectual could do. While pursuing his happy life, he also thought deeply about the fate of the country. His marriage with Zhang Youyi was unfortunate at that time, and his faint feelings with Lin were heartbreaking. His marriage with Lu Xiaoman was gentle but bumpy.