? A: The famous bamboo carving artists in Ming and Qing Dynasties have their own strengths in bamboo carving techniques, not only in carving techniques, but also in the characteristics of themes and varieties. Therefore, the classification of "Jiading School" and "Jinling School" is not enough to understand the technical expertise of famous bamboo carving artists in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are many outstanding "bamboo people" in the late Qing Dynasty, neither "Jiading School" nor "Jinling School". Therefore, from the perspective of bamboo carving techniques, some famous bamboo carving artists in Ming and Qing Dynasties are introduced as follows: (1) The deep floating sleeping round carving was created by Zhu Songling's grandparents and grandchildren. Later, Hou Songzeng, Qin Yixuan, Shen Jian, Feng Xilu, Shi Tianzhang and others died one after another. Feng is especially good at carving figures with bamboo roots. By the time of Jiaqing, Cai Shimin was still making three-dimensional round carvings, but later he was on the verge of being lost. (2) Pu Zhongqian created the carving method of shallow carving or micro-chisel. Pan Xifeng also carved bamboo in this way. Scholars carved bamboo and admired Pu Zhongqian's natural taste, so there were successors. (3) According to legend, it was written by Zhang at the end of Ming Dynasty. Because the art of youth living in France is rich in expression, there are successors. Shang Xun (1796- 1850), a Taoist master in Ting Anne, is also a master of painting and carving relief. But he is not from Jiading, which is not recorded in Zhuren Zhuren Biography, and the inscription is too simple. So far, his name, penetration, date of birth and death are unknown. (4) The relief created by Wu Zhikun is a kind of bas-relief, which can be expressed in two ways: the first way is to use composition techniques, that is, to separate the far and near levels of space through the covering and overlapping of scenes, so the depth of perspective can be expressed at a limited height or even at the same level. Secondly, the bamboo carving pattern only accounts for a part of the whole device, and a large area of plain bamboo filaments and finely carved patterns set each other off. Therefore, critics have a comment on Wu Zhikun's handling of bamboo, which is "exquisite". Inheriting this skill is her husband Zhu Wenyou (or right composition), named Zhai Yun. And Wang Zhiyu, Shao, escaped from the heat. Because his uncle Xu He is a neighbor, Wang Zhiyu can learn the method of "writing in thin places", and carving bamboo is also famous for some time. (5) In the early Qing Dynasty, the landscape figures carved by Wu Zhikun still came from the Northern School. Therefore, Jin Jianzhai's evaluation of Zhu Zusun's works is as follows: "Generally speaking, flowers and birds caress, the landscape of freehand figures is between Ma (Yuan) and Xia (Gui), painting Nanzong is the practice, and carving bamboo advocates Beizong more." But in the early Qing dynasty, the painting circle was dominated by four kings and one faction. Therefore, the painter is orthodox about Nanzong landscape. Zhou Hao, a famous bamboo carving artist, can carve landscapes without other people's paintings. He uses a knife like a pen, mainly in intaglio carving, pays attention to rough carving, is light and gloomy, and has sharp knife marks. Although he is a southern Sect, he is very interested in chopping people with axes, because he has the reputation of combining the southern Sect with the northern Sect. It has a great influence on later bamboo carvings. Zhou Li, whose name is Sam, is Zhou Hao's nephew and a painter. His bamboo carvings are rich and exquisite, and his reputation is comparable to that of Zhou Hao. He is called "Two Weeks in the South". Yan Yu, with the word Jing 'an and the word Gao, is a student and has also inherited Zhou Hao's engraving method. (6) Carving bamboo root toads Jiading is good at carving bamboo roots, and there is Miss Feng who is famous for carving bamboo root toads. It's easy to get a silver or two for a toad she carved. Zhu, another Suzhou native, is good at carving old bamboo root whips into toads. He is like jade, and he is also a master at carving bamboo root toads. (7) Carving bamboo stamps with bamboo roots, among which Bao Yang and his son in Jiading are the most famous. Yang Zan, named, and made a bamboo seal. The button system followed the Qin and Han dynasties, and because the bamboo seal was easy to carry and beautifully carved, people at that time cherished it more. Bao Yang is the author of two volumes of printed bamboo slips. Yang Qian, the son of Bao Yang, whose name is Yungu, is a lucky man. He inherited his father's skill in carving bamboo seals, and he was also good at sealing ink stones. Pan Xifeng is also famous for carving bamboo seals. Sealed by Pan, it has the word "child" and is also good at making bamboo seals. Qiao Lin, a native of Rugao, whose real name is Hanyuan, was named Xishu, No. Mozhuang in the evening is good at carving bamboo root seals, which is elegant and chic. Qiao Lin gave it to Qiao Yu. His name is Dan Hui and Jingtan, and he inherited his father's skill of carving bamboo seals. During Guangxu period, Wang Minfu was a master of bamboo carving. (8) Carving calligraphy and lettering on bamboo slips have a long history. According to the Records of Bamboo People, Wang Yongfang was the first famous artist specializing in bamboo slips carving. According to Su Dongpo's Lingnan Climate Theory, it is Wang Ruofang's fault to make textual research. Wang Ruofang, Yu Fu, a native of Shunjiang, Jiading, is famous for his bamboo carving of Su Dongpo's ci. Liu Qi, whose real name is Han Yao and whose real name is Chang Fu, was a ridiculous old man in his later years, from Jiading. In the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732), Zhu became a master of the title list by paying tribute to the army and copying Yu Shinan. He is good at carving bamboo and grass. Deng Wei, whose real name is Huang and whose real name is Qiao Yun, is the son of Deng Shijie and the nephew of Deng Fujia. He is good at carving lines and is the best in Qianlong period. Zhou E, a native of Jiantang, Jiading, is famous for his exquisite fine print, which is as thin as mosquitoes and flies, while the branches are dense and dense. Han Dynasty, whose real name is Jiaomen, is a famous micro-sculptor, who can carve hundreds of fine characters of fan bones. Wang Meilin, the word Maolin, Wang, a native of Jiading, is famous for his fine carving of fine print. Yu Shuo, born in Yangzhou in the early years of Guangxu, is a famous micro-engraver. His fan-bone characters are like mustard seeds, and each side can be engraved with thirty or forty lines of fine print. (9) Deng is most famous for carving and folding branches. Deng Fujia, a native of Fujian, whose real name is Yongji. Living in Jiading, I am good at carving bamboo, and the carved branches are the most beautiful. Its method is straight up and down, and the branches are connected. Flowers overlap, as thin as a light cloud, but the reflection is brought back to the ring, beautiful and elegant. B-brother, Zhen, named Chunjiang, is the grandson of Shao. Carving is especially good at folding orchids. Ma Guozhen, whose real name is Mingyu and whose real name is Ke Ting, is from Jiading. Good at carving bamboo slips, slightly changing Deng's method, making broken branches and flowers, which belong to the genus of green plum, orange and bayberry, and are full of piles, clear and interesting. (10) Carving small portraits (portraits) Carving small photos with bamboo carving is an extension of the theme of bamboo carving, which happened occasionally in the early Qing Dynasty and became popular after the middle Qing Dynasty. Zhang Hongyu, who is blessed with a hundred words, is from Jiading. At first he carved flowers and fruits with Marcoting, and later he carved portraits with bamboo roots. Fang Huan, the most famous portrait carver, has a flat character and is named Zhi 'an. Originally from Shexian County, Anhui Province, I now live in Huangyan, Zhejiang Province. Known as "Zhu Fang", he is good at iron pens, especially carving bamboo. "The past is like a dream" says, "It is better to set a statue of Lushan Mountain on the arm than to set up a statue of Ruan Yuan". At that time, many celebrities asked Fang Huan to carve figurines. Xu Fang has a unique method. Her face is embossed underground and the rest is carved in the shade. Although the concave and convex are different, the yin and yang are concave and convex, and the eyebrows are full of vitality. The two methods can be seamlessly unified. Therefore, some critics call its unique carving method "shallow carving in the ground" (1 1). The description book is based on famous paintings, which can be directly inked on the bamboo surface by famous artists, while the previous famous paintings can only be abbreviated. Zhu made a pen container for a lady with a screen. The manuscript was taken from Chen Laolian's illustration "A Brief Look" for "Due North West Chamber". In the future, there will be famous artists who specialize in describing Ben. For example, in Jiading Zhuang, figures are printed, and bamboo carvings are dedicated to carving ladies, claiming to be based on chalk books drawn by Zhou Fang and Qiu Ying. Bamboo carving works include Four Beautiful Women, Little Princess Sleeping in Spring, Red Leaves Poetry and Painting, etc. , are vivid and vivid. Xiaoshan, formerly known as Xiaoshan, is good at carving bamboo and wood, and also good at carving famous paintings painted by Ren Weichang, such as Liexian Wine Brand, Biography of Yue Shengren, Biography of Swordsman, etc., with exquisite brushwork, which makes people sigh. Yuan Xin, whose real name is Jiao Sun, from Haining, Zhejiang, carved a handrail based on Ren Weichang's painting "Ode to the Goddess of Luo". The carving technique was meticulous and kept the original painting wonderful. Therefore, Biography of Guangyin said: "The only people in central Zhejiang who are famous for carving bamboo are Jiao Sun and Rong Zhuang." (12) The textual research of epigraphy prevailed during the reign of Long Jiaqing. There are many scholars who carved stone with bamboo people in the late Qing Dynasty. Famous bamboo carving masters include Zhu Baozhen, Ziyuan, a native of Deqing, who carved bamboo with meticulous skills and copied epigraphy with carving fans. Formerly known as Hai, Zi Zhutang,No. Dragon and Lion, Wujiang native, good at carving bamboo slips and inscriptions. His knife marks are deep and round, which is unique. Zi, Zi, Hao, a native of Suzhou, is a disciple of Wang (Yun). He can engrave and shape, and if there is anything broken, he can remove it. Because when carving stone carvings, it is often necessary to show the rust and mottle of the ancient mirror of Chunbi, and then gradually derive a rough carving method. Therefore, all kinds of sandy land and walnut land were carved late and prevailed after Jiaqing and Daoguang years.