Hui Lizong sent Ren Yi and Wang Wei to congratulate him.
In 2002, assistant minister Liu Kui and assistant minister Wu Wan were sent to the embassy.
Zhuan Xu died, and his son was the heir, who paid tribute in succession. Five scholars, including Jin Rui, were admitted to the business school, and the court appointed them as doctors.
Zheng and Hua were promoted to ambassador, and the ceremony was held. Both Liao people were transferred to the Privy Council. Change the escort, escort officer to pick up the library escort. Give "Sheng Da Le Yan", water beans, hairpin, honour instrument and other utensils to feast the emissary in Murray Hall.
Xuanhe four years, died. At the beginning, the vulgar brothers in Korea finally made up, and even the brothers fought with each other, and the senior Li also made a speech. There are also letters to Fu, the person in charge of Zhongshi and Zhongshu, who came to offer condolences. When he was in office, he went to the DPRK for medical treatment, and ordered two envoys to go there. He stayed there for two years. The first sentence says: "I heard that the imperial court will use troops to attack the Liao country, the brother country of the Liao country, and there must be enough border crossings." Jurchen wolf tiger ears, do not pay. It's already there, and I hope they will return to the emperor. It is advisable to make preparations early. "Back to his words is common.
(Zhonghua Book Company, page 14084- 14085. )
What is said upstairs is totally groundless. In addition, in the Song Dynasty, the monarch of the Koryo dynasty was surnamed Wang instead of Li, and the monarch of the Koryo dynasty was surnamed Li.
The "Song History" cloud has fully answered the landlord's question, which has nothing to do with resisting the 8 Jin Army.
Korea's position is a powerful country. He dares not offend anyone. How can he help the distant Song Dynasty? If you are interested in this issue, you can refer to the records in Korean history. And the following article:
Government exchanges between Song Li.
Among the four generations in ancient China, the Korean Peninsula is undoubtedly one of the regions with the closest ties with China. During the Song Dynasty, the Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Koryo Dynasty established by Wang Jian. Because of its border with Liao, Jin and Yuan, its own security has become an important issue for the kings of Korea. At the same time, influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains for a long time, it is inevitable that the Korean dynasty will communicate with the Zhao and Song dynasties, which have long confronted Liao and Jin dynasties and represented the advanced Central Plains culture. The communication between Song Li is all-round. This paper only discusses several important aspects of inter-governmental communication in Song Li in detail. Please correct me if there are any shortcomings.
First, the intermittent clan-vassal relationship
In ancient China, there was no diplomatic concept of equality and mutual benefit between the Central Plains Dynasty and IV, and the exchanges between Song Li were also based on the unequal diplomatic concept. The communication between them is a kind of relationship between patriarch and vassal. This suzerain-vassal relationship has a long-term theoretical basis in ancient China. Xunzi said:
Therefore, Xia Guo has the same service and instrument, and the countries of Yi, Yi, Rong and Di have different systems. Seal the clothes inside, seal the clothes outside, Hou Weibin's clothes, Man Zi's clothes, Rongdi's clothes. The battle of ritual sacrifice, the battle of worship, the battle of enjoying guests, the battle of tribute and the battle of famine will eventually be king. Sacrifice on the day, sacrifice on the month, enjoy the time, pay tribute at the age, and finally be king. Husband means to make machinery and use it according to the situation, and make contributions from far and near, which is also king.
The suzerain-vassal relationship between Song Li is mainly reflected in the following aspects: King Koryo accepted the knighthood of the Song Emperor and paid tribute to him; The crown costume of King Koryo is nine crowns and nine chapters, which is a typical royal costume. The princes and ministers of South Korea also regard themselves as princes. In the thirty-second year of Korean literate Sect (AD 1078, the first year of Yuanfeng), Jiayin arrived in Korea in June and was sent by Song Dynasty. Ding Mao "Wang greeted the imperial edict, and after the ceremony, he said,' Your majesty is not far from a small country, and he sent his ministers far away, showing great honor and being ashamed of it?' "As far as Mitchell who compiled Korean history is concerned, they also admitted that North Korea is a vassal state. First of all, in the history of South Korea, the kings of South Korea are recorded in Shi Jia. " According to historical records, the emperor called Ji, and the vassal called Ji. Today, Wang Ji, who compiled the History of Korea, is a master. "In the history of North Korea, it was said that the Emperor Liao (Qidan) was the Lord and financier of Liao (Qidan), while the Emperor Song was the emperor. This is also based on the Song Dynasty, indicating that North Korea was a vassal of the Song Dynasty rather than the Liao and Jin Dynasties. What needs to be explained here is that the suzerain-vassal relationship between Song Dynasty and Korea is different from that between Ming and Qing Dynasties and Korea Dynasty. The emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties had direct political rule over Korea, while the Zhao and Song dynasties had indirect political influence on Korea mainly through conferring titles, giving gifts and cultural influence.
The suzerain-vassal relationship between Zhao and Song Dynasties and Koryo Dynasty was influenced by Liao and Jin Dynasties, so it showed an intermittent process, which roughly went through the following stages:
(1) From the first year of Kant in Song Taizu (AD 963, 14th year of Guangzong in Korea) to the 5th year of Chunhua in Song Taizong (AD 994, 13th year of Guangzong in Korea).
When Wang Jian, the great emperor of North Korea, became king, he established the foreign policy of letting the Khitan be given to Tang and respecting China. Zheng Linzhi said in "History of Entering Korea": "Wang Zhixing began with the rise of Tai Feng, the decline of Luo, and the destruction of the economy. The three Koreas merged into one family, leaving Liao as the Tang Dynasty and respecting China to protect the East." Since the 16th year of Emperor Taizu Gao Li (AD 933, the fourth year of Ming Emperor Changxing in the later Tang Dynasty), the title of Central Plains Dynasty has been used, covering four dynasties: the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, in November, the third year of Jianlong (962, the 13th year of Guangzong in Korea), Bingzi's "Zhao Haoqi of Korea sent a tribute" went through this tentative contact between North Korea and the Song Dynasty, and the suzerain-vassal relationship in Song Li was formally established in the following year1February, marked by the Korean "Song Year of that year1February".
At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, it was always on the offensive against the separatist regime. Although there was no big conflict with Liao, it did not show weakness to him. Under such conditions, Song was able to safeguard the dignity of the sovereign state. However, after the failure of cutting Liao twice, it suffered a double blow both physically and psychologically. From then on, he no longer aimed at the military and became increasingly conservative politically. On the contrary, the strength of Liao Dynasty increased. Under this background, the relationship between Song Li and the vassal states was in crisis. In the tenth year of Liao Dynasty (992 AD, three years of Chunhua, eleven years of North Korea's succession), Xiao Hengde, who stayed in Tokyo, conquered North Korea. Eleven years, Wang Zhi (Emperor Chengzong) sent Park Liangrou to plead guilty. After the military attack of Liao country, Korea surrendered to Liao country, but it did not turn to Liao country because of this. But in June of the thirteenth year of Emperor Chengzong, Korea sent Yuan Yuru to ask the teacher to report the war the year before last. It's not appropriate to be frivolous in the north of Song Dynasty, and it's natural to break up with Song Dynasty. Without the support of the Song Dynasty, Korea paid tribute to Liao this year and adopted the title of Liao Tonghe in February.
(2) The period from the fifth year of Chunhua in Song Taizong to the ninth year of Xiangfu in Dazhong, Song Zhenzong (AD 10 16, the seventh year of Xianzong in North Korea).
This stage is the period when North Korean ministers were subordinate to Liao (Khitan). Although North Korea is outside China, it is deeply influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, and its culture and economy are much higher than that of the Khitans. Therefore, although he was forced to belong to Liao (Qidan) under military threat, he did not really pay back the money. For example, in October of the second year of Mu Zong in North Korea (AD 999, the second year of Xianping in Song Zhenzong, and the seventeenth year of Zongtong in Liao Dynasty), "the Khitan sent Liu Jijia, the right constant servant, to write to Wang Shangshu", and shortly thereafter, Mu Zong sent Zhu Renshao, the assistant minister of the official department, as the Song Dynasty, who was summoned by the emperor and Ren Shao longed for the Chinese style from Chen's hands, just like the robbery of the Khitan, and the emperor wrote to him to return it. Similarly, Emperor Shengzong of Liao also saw that North Korea was not sincerely obedient to the Liao State (Qidan), so Emperor Shengzong of Liao was also looking for opportunities to completely subdue North Korea.
(Twenty-eight years of Liao Tonghe and three years of Dazhong Xiangfu) In May, Koryo Xijing stayed in Kangzhu to recite () and was good at reciting from his younger brother (Xianzong). In August, Sanzong reported to the Song Dynasty that he would attack North Korea, and sent an introduction ambassador, Han Qi, to inquire about it. It is not allowed to ask for a table and a teacher.
Since then, Liao (Khitan) and North Korea fought for years, which made North Korea miserable. Therefore, in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (A.D. 10 15, the sixth year of Xianzong), Xianzong "sent Guo Yuanru, assistant minister of the people's government, to present a gift, but even at the age of 20, he told the Khitan to invade, saying that it was' to show wisdom or to save his life in advance in times of crisis'." Obviously, the purpose of the Constitutional Sect's trip was to seek the assistance of the Song Dynasty under the continuous military attacks of Liao (Qidan). However, since the Song Dynasty made peace with Liao, it had no intention of fighting with Liao. As early as the seventh year of Xiang Fu in Dazhong, North Korea sent envoys to pay tribute and put forward "Please enter the DPRK as before". Some people in the Song Dynasty were worried about offending the Khitan, but they had doubts about whether to receive the North Korean envoy:
First of all, Dengzhou said that South Korea sent envoys to pay tribute, but did not dare to meet him, thus making an imperial decree. The Prime Minister said, "What's the matter?" Wang Dan said, "Korea has been sacrificed for a long time, but if we want to grant it a vacancy today, Qidan will not dare to say anything. If you leave North Korea, the Khitan will know. Be sincere if you have any questions. " Wang Qinruo said, "This envoy and the Khitan envoy arrived at the same time." Dan said, "Four generations paid tribute to honor China, which covered the ordinary things. They have their own gaps, which the courts like and hate. " The master said, "Your words are very profound." That is to send someone from the embassy to pick you up.
Therefore, the Han monarch and his subjects expected Song Ting to "be fearless in times of crisis and rescue in advance", which was just a flower in the water and a moon in the mirror. But the next year, South Korea "restored the title of Song Dazhong Xiangfu".
(3) From the 9th year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu to the 1st year of Song Zhenzong Ganxing (AD 1022, 13th year of Emperor Xianzong of Korea).
Due to the above reasons, the courtiers of North Korea had no hope of seeking help, and the Liao (Khitan) war against North Korea never stopped. In the 9th year of Liao Dynasty (AD 1020, 11th year of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, 4th year of Emperor Xi of Tian Dynasty), Emperor Xun of Han Dynasty finally could not bear the military attack of Liao Dynasty (Qidan). "February is like Qidan, please call it tribute." Liao (Khitan) "Enter the inquiry form and plead guilty." North Korea's Xianzong "In April of 13th year, the Khitan emissary was registered as king, and the title of Khitan was naturally restored." Due to the negative policy of Song Ting towards North Korea, this short-lived suzerain-vassal relationship finally ended.
(4) Song Zhenzong Ganxing first year to Wu Song.
From April 13th year of Emperor Xianzong of Korea, Liao (Khitan) became the suzerain, until the death of Song, Song did not become the suzerain of Korea again, and went through the following stages:
1, from the 13th year of Xian Zong of Korea (AD 1022, 13th year of Ganxing, 2nd year of Taiping of Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao Dynasty) to the 11th year of Zong Rui of Korea (AD116, 6th year of Zhenghe, 6th year of Zuotian Qing of Liao Dynasty), it was nationalized for two years. During this period, Liao (Qidan) was the suzerain until eleven years. "April liao invasion of gold, in zhengshuo is not feasible. Every document is titled Tianqing, but it uses Jiazi. "
2. From the fourth year of Renzong in Korea (1 126, the first year of Jingkang, the fourth year of Taizong Tianhui) to the eleventh year of Gaozong in Korea (1224, the seventeenth year of Jiading, the first year of Jin Aizong, and the nineteenth year of Taizong in Mongolia). During this period, the state of Jin was the suzerain. Until the eleventh year, "there was no need for the decline of the state of Jin"
3. In the first year of Yuan Zong, Korea (A.D. 1260, the first year of Ding Jing, Song Lizong, and the first year of Zhongtong, Yuan Shizu), "the year number of Zhongtong was announced in August". Since then, the Korean dynasty has taken (Mongolian) yuan as the suzerain and established the relationship between suzerain and vassal.
It is worth noting that although the relationship between Song and North Korea ended in this period, the relationship between the government and North Korea still existed in some periods, and sometimes it was quite close, which will be discussed in the next section.
Second, the intimate period of Song Li's communication under the non-suzerain-vassal relationship
The Korean peninsula, where the Koryo dynasty lived, has been an eventful place since ancient times. Both the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains and the neighboring minority regimes wanted to control this area. When Mr. Chen Yinque talked about the situation on the Korean Peninsula, Ceng Yun:
Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong were in full swing. After many difficulties, they began to conquer Korea. After that, they couldn't defend it again. Although the terrain is dangerous, the Tibetan prosperous Qiang made Tang have no spare capacity to take care of the northeast, which is the biggest reason. This negative northeast policy is not only related to the overall situation of a generation, that is, the national conditions of the Zhao and Song Dynasties in the Five Dynasties.
This shows the important influence of the Korean Peninsula on the ancient dynasties of China. As far as North Korea is concerned, Liao (Khitan), Jin and Yuan, which have long been neighbors of North Korea, are all countries of tigers and wolves. It is really not easy to ensure your own safety when the enemy is strong. The period when Song Li and Song Li maintained the suzerain-vassal relationship was, of course, a period of close contacts. However, under the non-suzerain-vassal relationship, the intimate period of Song Li's communication reflects the internal environment and external situation of the two countries. This section will discuss this issue in detail in several typical periods.
On the eve of the Song and Liao Dynasties' "alliance of Chanyuan", the intimate period of non-suzerain-vassal relationship appeared between Song Li for the first time. However, there are few records about this in the history books, and the author will discuss it in detail.
In August of the sixth year of Xianping, "Han Wang recited (Han) and sent assistant minister Li to pay tribute, saying that the golden thistle was returned to Qidan, so he took the Xuantu directly, repeatedly attacked and hacked, and sought stability to contain it. The imperial edict is excellent. The minister said,' Why doesn't Jin Zu generously thank the enemy and entrust it to the people on the land? Inherited to this day. Gaby's lack of people is also a reason. ""This material deserves our attention. In April of the sixth year of Xianping, Song Jun was defeated in the battle of Wang Du, and Wang Jizhong was captured. The whole Song court was full of discussions about the levy of Liao. At this time, Korea was a vassal state of Liao. Paying tribute to Song at such a special moment was tantamount to giving Song Ting a shot in the arm. At this time, in the face of North Julian Waghann's request to "beg for's territory", Song Zhenzong's attitude is not tough, but we can compare an example of Song Taizong:
(June 5, Chunhua) The King of Korea (Song Chengzong) sent for advice, saying that the Khitan invaded and plundered its territory. It is common to attack with barbarians, but the north is just peaceful and cannot underestimate the enemy. In autumn and July, Renzi came back with a gift, and he still replied with an excellent letter. North Korea will never pay tribute again.
By contrast, Song Zhenzong is somewhat brave compared with his father.
The reason why the author thinks that this period is a period of close communication between Song Dynasty and Song Dynasty is mainly based on the clan-vassal relationship in Liao history. "Chronicle of the Sage" said: "(In the twenty-second year of Liao Sheng, the first year of Jingdezhen, A.D. 1004), September was ugly and South Korea was cut." If Koryo and Song were not too close, which aroused the idea of Liao country, there would be no such move. The so-called "imperial edict" is both a warning and a deterrent. Liao hopes to warn South Korea not to act rashly.
The most typical period of intimate communication under the non-suzerain-vassal relationship is Song Shenzong's Xifeng period. Since the first year of Song Zhenzong's prosperous rule, the relationship between Song Li and the vassal states has ended, but the diplomatic envoys between Song Li and Song Li have not been interrupted. However, with the military pressure of the Khitan and its strict control over North Korea, the government exchanges between Song Li were completely interrupted from the 22nd year of Xian Zong of North Korea (103 1, the 9th year of Song Renzong Tiansheng) to the 25th year of Wenzong (107 1, the 4th year of Song Shenzong Xining).
In the twenty-fifth year of Han Wenzong, "in March, Geng Yin sent Jin Biao, a civil servant assistant, to present a gift to Song Like." Min Kim Chung's mission marked the resumption of government exchanges between Song Li and China, which had been interrupted for more than 40 years.
This resumption of diplomatic relations has a deep historical background. As far as South Korea is concerned, under the military pressure of Qidan, for its own survival, it has to regard Qidan as the official new moon, but it is unwilling from the heart. Moreover, South Korea has always been "self-proclaimed, and after all, the Three Kingdoms are old countries, and the style of poetry and calligraphy is no less than that of China." Therefore, from the heart, the monarch of North Korea and his subjects look down upon the Khitan extremely. As early as the 12th year of Emperor Wenzong of Korea (AD 1085, 3rd year of Jiayou, 4th year of Qing Ning of Liao Daozong), "Wang wanted to cut down trees and build a big ship in Luo and Lingyan, reaching the Song Dynasty." However, the opposition of ministers failed. The main reason for the opposition of ministers in the Li Dynasty was that they were worried that the Khitan would take this opportunity to make trouble again. However, it reflects the intention of the literate Sect to resume diplomatic relations with the Song Dynasty. Judging from the Song Dynasty, during the period of Renzong's "Qingli New Deal", when the envoys of the Tang Dynasty were in charge of northern affairs, they wrote to urge Chen Lianhe and North Korea to confront the Khitan as "the meaning of China". Therefore, high-level officials in Song Li have the intention to resume diplomacy, but the time is not yet ripe. During the Liao Dynasty to the reign of Daozong, the national strength gradually declined, and the rebellion of Qidan nobles also occurred frequently. For example, the rebellion of Daozong's uncle Lu Ye Chongyuan is an example. At this time, Zongshen ascended the throne, trying to get rid of the decline and actively brewing political reforms. Under this historical background, the reunification of Korea was once again put on the agenda of Song Ting. Korean history? Scholar family ii "cloud:
(In July of the 22nd year of Emperor Wenzong of Korea, Xinsi in the first year of Xining in Song Shenzong, and Xianyong in the fourth year of Emperor Daozong of Liao Dynasty) Huang Shen, a poet of the Song Dynasty, came to see me and said that the emperor (referring to Song Shenzong) ordered a large number of ships to transport Jianghuai, Zhejiang and Jinghu South Road, which made Luo Zheng say: "North Korea was called a country of gentlemen in ancient times, and it was very diligent and lost money from its ancestors, and it was blocked for a long time. I heard that the wise king is here, and I can send someone to tell him. " Therefore, Shen Sheng sent a warning to convey the meaning of the son of heaven. Wang Yue, the hotel is very generous.
In August of the 24th year of Korean literate Sect, "Song Zixiang, Jing and Zhejiang set out to send Luo Zheng back to Huang Shen." With the active efforts of the Song Dynasty, diplomatic relations with North Korea were finally restored in the fourth year of Zong Shenxi Ning, that is, when North Korea was stationed in the Song Dynasty.
After that, for a long time, Song Li governments frequently exchanged diplomatic envoys. Both Song Li and Song Li attach great importance to the restoration of diplomatic relations. For example, Song Ting is very careful about documents sent to South Korea. "The emperor (Song Shenzong) is a scholar of his own country (North Korea). Every time he writes a letter, he should choose a ci minister to write and choose a good one. The person who was sent will be summoned to the Chinese book by the official in writing and try to send it in writing. " Treating the envoys of South Korea is also a great righteousness to the landlord. So is Li Fang. For example, in June of the thirty-second year of Han Wenzong (A.D. 1076, the first year of Yuanfeng), Song made an envoy to Han, and Wenzong "ordered the prince to lead Song to Shuntian Pavilion, dismount from the door, and enter the Qing Palace without preparation, so that the left and right sides were helped out by a letter." It can be seen that Li Fang attaches great importance to turquoise.
However, the intimate relationship between Song Li and China did not last long. With the fall of Liao and the rise of Jin people, it had a great influence on the relationship. During this period, whether Jin destroyed Liao, Song captured Liao Youyan, or Jin attacked Song, North Korea became the object of contention between the two sides. However, the national situation of North Korea is unable to bear the struggle of either side, and all it can do is to yield to force. Therefore, in the final competition, Jin people finally won and became the suzerain of South Korea. However, South Korea also saw that the Southern Song Dynasty in the southeast could not protect itself at all. Therefore, from the perspective of its own interests, it did not dare to blame the rulers, and naturally it had no intention of interacting with the Song Dynasty. Therefore, nine years later, Song Xiaozong's main road, the diplomatic envoys between Song Li, was completely cut off.
Third, the "gifts" and "tributes" between Song Li.
The communication between Song Li governments mainly depends on the exchange of envoys between the two countries to exchange needed goods. Ambassadors often carry a large number of goods with their own characteristics for mutual exchange, which is essentially an official trade. These goods are "gifts" to the suzerain, but "tributes" to the vassals. In ancient China, the friendly exchanges between China and neighboring governments mainly depended on this form. China has always regarded itself as a big country, and with its advanced culture and developed economy, it is envied by neighboring countries. Therefore, when neighboring countries pay tribute, in order to boast of their wealth or show their broad mind, the value of returned goods is much higher than the value of tribute, which is also an important reason why neighboring countries pay tribute one after another.
In the official trade of "giving" and "tribute" between Song Li, it is largely because the official exchanges with the Song Dynasty can make North Korea gain rich benefits, and at the same time, it can absorb the advanced economy and culture of the Song Dynasty to serve its own development. Ma Duan came to Ceng Yun: "The ministers of Korea, China and Korea (Song Dynasty) also wanted to enjoy the Chinese style, but they gave their ears when they were young." This is also reflected in the history of Korea:
Wang wants to cut wood with Lingyan to build a big ship, which will be connected to the Song Dynasty. The civil history of the province said: "The state-owned North Korea is good, the border is not urgent, and folk music is born, so protecting the country is the best policy. Yesterday, at the age of Geng Xu, the Khitan people confessed:' What do you want from the structure of the East and the Jurchen, traveling to and from the Song State in the West?' On the day when Prime Minister Liu Shen played the envoy, Tokyo stayed behind and asked about the envoys of the Southern Dynasties. It seems that some people suspect that if this matter gets out, there will be trouble. Besides, people in the barren land are very poor and can only make a living by the seafood economy of Wood Road. Last autumn, they cut firewood to cross the sea and built a new Buddhist temple, which caused many disadvantages. Now they are trapped again, and they are afraid that they will change. Besides, China's cultural relics, rites and music have been popular for a long time, merchants are in an endless stream, and treasures are pouring in. They are in China, but they have no resources. If the Khitan is not eternal, it is not suitable for the Song Dynasty. "From it.
From the above remarks made by the minister of the Li Dynasty, we can see that apart from the threat of the Liao people and the "many disadvantages" of the country, there is also an important reason why North China is afraid to communicate with them. "'s cultural relics, rituals and music have been in vogue for a long time, merchants are in an endless stream, and treasures are pouring in, but it is in China and there is no capital." This reflects from one side that one of the major purposes of the Li Dynasty and the envoys is to "make some money", that is, to gain benefits from the return of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, she strongly opposed the exchange of envoys with Song when she thought that she could not get rich benefits from her association with Song and provided an excuse for invading Liao (Qidan). At the same time, North Korea is located on the side of a powerful country and has no strength to fight against Liao (Khitan) and the late Jin. In order to maintain its own security and make it survive in a special geographical and historical environment, it must skillfully deal with various regimes. Therefore, in some special periods, the relationship between tribute and gift was better than that of Song Dynasty, and it was also used as a means to contain Liao (Qidan) and Jin. Of course, no matter how effective this way can be, Li Fang has such an idea subjectively. To some extent, the Liao, Jin and even the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties could not bear to annex Korea, but tried their best to exclude Song from the Korean tribute circle. As a result, they conquered North Korea by force, making it regard themselves as a new moon, and established a tributary relationship with North Korea. One of their main purposes is to subdue the Song Dynasty and try their best to replace the Song Dynasty and become the orthodox representative of the Chinese Empire. In the Song Dynasty, how could it be called "China" without "four clothes for foreigners"? Therefore, wooing North Korea by giving back became one of the important means to achieve this political goal in the Song Dynasty.
In his thesis, Mr. Yang Weisheng listed in detail the tributary projects between Song Li. This table has detailed historical data, collecting all the tribute items between Song Dynasty and Korea, so I won't repeat them here. From the table listed by Mr. Yang, it can be seen that the main items paid by North Korea are: brocade, weapons (including swords, lacquered armor, battle lines, bows and arrows, etc. ), horses, gold and bronze, etc. The items returned in the Song Dynasty are mainly dresses and belts, Buddhist scriptures, fabrics and brocade, various books, precious medicinal materials, gold, silver and jade articles, etc. At the same time, because North Korea sent envoys to Song Dynasty in the form of tribute, Song often returned to North Korea with letters, books and titles. As can be seen from the tributes made by both sides in Song Li, the tributes are basically local products, lacking political factors. From the above analysis, we can also see that apart from some special periods, North Korea paid tribute to the Song Dynasty mainly for economic purposes. The Song Dynasty wanted to show its orthodox position as the Central Plains dynasty in front of the vassal states, so its politics had a strong purpose. For example, the dress crown given by Song Fang is an example. Such as "Korean history?" "Jade Fu Zhi" said: "In June of the thirty-second year (Korean literate Sect), Song Shenzong gave two pairs of clothes ... purple Luo Jia Gong Fu Yi Ling, light Luo Liang undershirt Yi Ling ..."; The political significance of the costume crown is to bring the costume form of King Koryo into the official system of Zhao and Song Dynasties, admit that it belongs to the traditional ritual circle of China, and determine its vassal status. In addition, the collection of Buddhist scriptures and books presented to North Korea during the Zhao and Song Dynasties is to spread China culture to North Korea and make it have a strong sense of belonging. In the second year of Jianyan (A.D. 1 128, six years in Injong, Korea), Injong sent assistant minister Yin to the Song Dynasty, saying:
The benevolence of heaven and earth makes everything salty. Emperor Wang Zhidao did not blame everyone for their difficulties, but dared to express his true feelings and listened wisely. I secretly think that my country is divided by the East and the world belongs to China. I kept a thousand-mile border and didn't bow to North Korea. I have taken care of etiquette for 200 years, but I swear to be loyal. Everyone who heard the news of Shuangsheng's relocation yesterday felt sorry for his three visits to South Korea. They can neither rashly ask officials to defend their sincerity, nor advocate that just men follow the difficulties of the country. Today, when I met His Majesty the Emperor, I met my subjects from Marshal's Mansion. Under the imperial edict, people of all ages are crying and fearful, so there is no need to be shocked. It's time anyway. When my family was in troubled times, when the militarists shouted, I was ashamed to delay the celebration ceremony and humiliate Huang Hua. Although my life is hard, it is an arduous task. Gepi Jin Guo, who took me to Ya 'an, not only took advantage of the prestige of the summer solstice, but also had bad intentions towards Wei Yan, and often sent spies to wait for opportunities. If you hear about the false way of the war sacrifice, you will make a scene from time to time, or raise troops and add responsibility, or ask for gifts. On this road, why refuse? The other party is few and hard to argue, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold. How can we know that it is not a disaster? What is the sadness today? There must be a time when he bites his navel. It is difficult to do this work, and it is not slow. I hope that His Majesty will miss the minister's heart and yearn for it, but I will invade the mausoleum outside, and the mountains will show me hiding, and I will be angry. Fortunately, the small country is safe and there is no danger from the imperial court. Pay homage to the king of Zhou at the rate of waiting, dare not talk about Qi Jin, but pay tribute to him, willing to lose the honor of the old instrument. Danno is not fake, as God is my witness!
In the above table of the King of Korea, it is said that "I secretly miss the land of my motherland, I am from China, I have defended the frontier of Wan Li, I have not bowed to the invitation of North Korea, I have taken care of the courtesy for 200 years, but I swear allegiance." Words like "desire from the heart" are not all diplomatic words. In the close contact between China and the Korean Peninsula for thousands of years, cultural exchange is an important content, so the Korean Peninsula is not only deeply sinicized, but also has a strong sense of identity with the Central Plains dynasty. This is largely due to the cultural export of ancient China to the Korean Peninsula, and the books returned to Korea during the Zhao and Song Dynasties are the important carriers of this cultural export.
Among the items returned by the Zhao and Song Dynasties, a considerable part still has the function of weaving nets, and it also has political significance. For example, in the thirty-second year of Emperor Wenzong of Korea (in the first year of Yuanfeng, AD 1076), when he went to Korea, when he returned home, "Wang (referring to Emperor Wenzong of Korea) thanked him on the agenda, and since Chen Feng was paralyzed, he asked the medical officer for medicine." Song Shenzong heard about it, and in that year 10, he immediately summoned the medical officers such as Hanlin, Yao Xing, Shao Hua and Qin Jun to see Wang Hui of korean king, and Wang Shun was sealed in the inner hall. It hurts the joints of Huiying, because Tao An and other ambassadors also went to the table for medical treatment. It is also said that SF, like Huizhou disease, can't bow to its own life and should be awarded the honor of the prince. "This group of people didn't arrive in July of the thirty-third year of Emperor Wenzong of Korea and brought a congratulatory letter from Zongshen. The letter said:" I have heard about the rash for a long time, but I have not paid attention to the prescription, and I have been worried about it. I am very eager to introduce myself and participate in a good job. "The existence of quantico is suitable for the emergence of gods, and it is more prudent and prudent, not a daydream. I'm sending Wang Shunfeng, the medical officer of Hanlin, to see a doctor there and give him a hundred medicines. If he records them, he can get them. " It can also be seen that most of the items returned by the Song Dynasty have to bear a certain political role. This is also the biggest difference between the return of Song Dynasty and Korean tribute.
Fourth, conclusion.
Four years after Song Taizu established its capital, Song Ting once said in "Letter to the King of Korea": "After the ancient sages and sages, I chose a house in midsummer and tasted the different styles of writing. I taught all over the world?" About the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Song Taizu had some lofty aspirations to realize his ideal of "speaking with ten thousand people and being at home everywhere". However, the development of history did not follow Song Taizu's ideal. Song confronted Liao and Jin successively, and was always at a disadvantage militarily. In this case, the communication between Song and North Korea's government was not sufficient and was restricted. As far as Koryo is concerned, Wang Jian, the great ancestor of Koryo, warned his son and other ministers before his death: "I am the only one in the East, and I admire tang style in the past, so I will abide by it. Different people, different human nature, do not have to agree. Qidan is a country of animals, with different customs, different characters and different clothing systems. " Even so, the objective situation of a strong enemy does not allow the North Korean monarch and subjects to have a choice. Under such circumstances, Song, Li, Liao (Khitan) and Houjin formed a very subtle triangular relationship. Among Liao Triangle and Golden Triangle, North Korea is the weakest corner, and the change of its relationship with Song Dynasty is influenced by the strength of Liao, Song and Jin. Coupled with the developed economy and culture in the Song Dynasty, it is known as the orthodoxy of the Central Plains Dynasty. Out of the pursuit of economic interests, the admiration for the advanced culture of the Central Plains, and the consideration of the security strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", North Korea lost no time in maintaining close diplomatic relations with the Song Dynasty despite the military suppression of Liao and Jin Dynasties. All government exchanges between Song Li are formed under such a political background. It is not only different from the relationship between Korea and Mongolia, the relationship between Korea and Ming and Qing dynasties, but also different from the relationship between Han and Tang dynasties and the Korean peninsula, thus forming a unique model of government exchanges.