The ancient pass is one of the four famous passes in the west of Beijing in Ming Dynasty (the other three passes are Juyong Pass, Amethyst Pass and Daoma Pass), and it is called "the screen of Gyeonggi". Guguan Changcheng starts from Niangziguan Jiayugou in the north and ends at the entrance of Baihui Village in the south, with a total length of 20 kilometers. It is a relatively complete stone inner Great Wall in China and is called "the charm of Little Badaling" by the famous Great Wall expert Luo. According to Mr. Luo's research, the Guguan Great Wall was built in 369 BC, 155 years earlier than the Great Wall of Wan Li built after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries. Although most of the existing relics are Ming dynasty buildings, they have a history of 2374 years since they were built, which is rare in China.
Guguan Great Wall has a dangerous terrain, a long history and profound ancient post roads. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty visited this place in the west, admiring the grandeur of this pass and presenting a poem "Crossing the Ancient Pass": "Birds enter the clouds, the scenery is barren, people stand in danger, the city is in Yamanoe, and the people are humble, so there are many brave men. Qin Quan is even in northern Hebei, looking back, referring to the green onions. " The dangerous fort is called "Little Badaling" by Mr. Luo, a Chinese cultural relic expert and vice president of the Great Wall Society of China. Guguan Great Wall has become a unique scenery on Pingding East Gate and Taijiu Expressway. According to Ji Fu Tong Zhi, "At the beginning of Tang Changqing, Pei Du went out to meet Wang Ting. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it was an old fortress. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the army made a real decision, and Xu Da went through the old customs with his teacher and sent others to take over Liuzhai and return it. " According to the Record of Great Emotions, "In the second year of next year (1437), Guancheng was built, and the defense was divided. Zheng Dejiu (15 14) set up a general judge, Jiajing 22 years (1543) set up a new city, plus an assistant, and set up a general in 23 years. "
Guancheng was first built in the second year of Ming Dynasty (1437), then called "Laoguan", in Jiuguan Village, Niangziguan Town, Pingding County. In the 22nd year of Jiajing (1543), "Lukou crossed Taiyuan, and the old city was in danger." So he moved ten miles to the west to build a new city, taking the meaning of "impregnable" and changing "old" into "solid", and later repaired the Great Wall on both sides of Guancheng.
Guguan experienced many major historical events, and many emperors, generals and literati came and went here. For example, the sword beheaded Zhao, Qin Shihuang's corpse returned to Xianyang, Han Xin's "backwater war", Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi's "Anshi Rebellion", and Emperor Kangxi's voyages to the West all passed through here. Han Yu, Sima Guang, Han Qi, and Kong. Also left an excellent poem here.
There are some buildings on both sides of the ancient Guanlou, with Xifeng Temple being restored in the west and the Great Wall Monument Gallery in the east. On the north and south sides of the Monument Gallery are a series of scenic spots, such as the statue of Han Xin and the Great Wall Exhibition Room in Guguan. From Guanlou to the high wall and narrow urn, there are deep ruts on the smooth and round stone road, the deepest of which is one foot. Because this pass was the only tunnel leading to the capital in Ming and Qing Dynasties, all passing vehicles had to pass by, and a deep rut was formed over time.
The Great Wall starts from Niangziguan in the north and ends at the entrance of Baihui Village in the south, winding for more than a hundred miles. The wall is nine meters high and three meters wide. It is actually made of lime clay grouting, strong and dangerous, majestic and magnificent. Above the city wall, it is the way for garrison officers to patrol the city. The fort was built on the top of Songshan Mountain around the city. There are nine platforms and three docks, including headboard, two platforms, three platforms, entrance platform, drum tower platform, double platforms, garden platform, square wharf, Nanshan wharf and Dongshan wharf. The top of the platform is all built with big brick coupons weighing 20 Jin. There are several brick benches in the platform, so that people can reach the top of the platform from the bottom. The top surface of the platform is square, and the top area is 225m2. The battery is twelve meters high. At the top of the battery, there are watchtowers and gun holes all around, which are very magnificent from a distance, just like Qin Changcheng. Santai and Shuangtai are particularly high, built on the top of Xifeng Mountain. If you stand on the top of the platform and overlook it when there is no fog, you can expect two provinces, one city and nine counties (Hebei, Shanxi, Yangquan, Jingxing, Pingshan, Yuanshi, Zanhuang, Heshun, Yuxian, Xiyang, Shouyang and Pingding).
The forehead of the west gate is inlaid with the word "ancient view" carved by Dou Da, which is the inscription of the ancient celebrity Wang Shiqiao. Outside the city gate cave, there is a natural wall, that is, a cliff, with a thousand-year-old cypress hanging on it. Inscriptions such as "behind the mountain" and "outside the mountain" are engraved on the cliff, and the inscriptions are unknown. The gate tower is an octagonal China building, beautifully decorated and magnificent. There are dozens of bronze cannons and iron cannons on both sides of the building, which are very tight and very threatening. The sidewalks on both sides of the city gate are paved with stones, which are very strong. Between the west gate and the east gate is an arc urn ring 100 meters long. There are three yamen in Guancheng. Dayu Gate covers an area of about 1.500 square meters, with colorful paintings in front of it, which is extremely gorgeous. A pair of stone lions crouched on both sides, exquisitely carved and vivid. There are seven halls opposite the gate, and the mural in front of the hall is the pine tiger under the moon. There are hundreds of guns in front of the hall. The largest gun is about four meters long, the muzzle has an inner diameter of 400 mm and the gun weighs more than 600 kilograms.
There are earrings on both sides of the gun body, on which the manufacturing year number is cast. There are five rectangular kneeling stones in the yard, with a distance of two meters. On the left side of the courtyard is the five-eye cave, which is the inner room of the official family, and on the right side of the courtyard is the building, which is magnificent and terrible. The second yamen is roughly the same as the big yamen. Small yamen is the place where gatekeepers take over and handle official duties, and the building scale is not as large as that of big yamen and second yamen. There are general officers in charge of the three yamen, namely, general manager, general, general secretary, general secretary and garrison. The gatekeeper will always be a handsome official. The existing inscriptions include the names of officials in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and their subordinates include Wang Jiaxiang, Song Zushou, Chen Ji, Gao, He and Akdag Chun.
There is an arrow path in Guancheng, where officers and men shoot arrows. There is a teaching venue outside the city. The guards of the eight passes under the jurisdiction of Guguan, such as Nanheishan, Erkou, Huanganling, Shibanpan, Dadiya, Niangziguan, Huangshaling and Benguan, lead soldiers to inspect Guguan teaching ground once a year. There are martial arts schools, rostrum, purlin and monument in the venue.
There are many temples in Guguan. There is Longwang Temple under Xicheng Gate; There is an old temple next to the big yamen; There is Sanguan Temple next to the second yamen; Behind it is a mountain temple; Dongcheng Building is Wenchang Temple, and there is Kuixing Temple at the waist of Nanshan. There are Old Mother Temple, Guandi Temple and Xuanwu Temple on Xifeng Mountain. These temples have exquisite architectural skills and unique features, and some are beamless halls; Have a plenty of sunshine pavilions; Have a plenty of enemy towers. Among them, the old mother, Guandi Temple and Xuanwu Temple on Xifeng Mountain are particularly majestic and antique.
At the foot of Xifeng Mountain stands a towering three-door and four-poster archway, with the golden vertical plaque of "Notre Dame Palace" hanging on the middle door, which is the gateway to the three ancient temples. Here, the first ancient temple is Guandi Temple.
The architecture of Guandi Temple is particularly good in the main hall, with cornices and intrigues. The temple is carved with beams and painted with buildings, and the murals are vivid. The statue of Guan Di sits upright with a long beard and drooping chest. On his left is Guan Ping, and on his right is Zhou Cang, holding a horse and carrying a knife, which is really daunting. There are more than 20 plaques hanging on the four walls of the temple, most of which were presented by garrison generals in past dynasties. There is the largest plaque under the eaves in front of the temple, which is four meters long and one meter wide. It is engraved with the words "the best person in the world" in gold, including the royal seal, which was inscribed by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
Old Mother Temple is located above Guandi Temple, with high walls and deep courtyard, and Gu Song is towering. There are more than 20 stone tablets in the temple, and a big clock weighing more than 800 kilograms hangs from the bell tower. The bell is engraved with inscriptions all over the body, and the bell is extremely loud, but it is said that it is twenty or thirty miles. This clock is not only used to ring when the dignitaries smell the incense, but also used when the city gate opens and closes the Times in the morning and evening, especially when the alarm goes off. Therefore, there is a seasonal river with a length of 100 miles, named Gantao River.
Xuanwu Temple is located on the right side of Guandi Temple. Although this temple is small, it is very unique in architecture. Most houses are built halfway up the mountain, looking up at the foot of the mountain, layer upon layer.
At the foot of Xifeng Mountain, there is a "Xifeng Cave", which is more than a thousand meters deep, more than a hundred meters wide and more than 30 meters high. There are stone dragons, Shi Hu, stone men, stone pigs and grotesque stone dragons. The small holes on both sides are deep and shallow, accounting for more than ten. There is a "Xifeng Cave" stone carving at the entrance of the cave, which was inscribed by Chen Yi, the general manager of Qin Yi stationed here in the Ming Dynasty. On the outskirts of Guguan, the East Pavilion of Gantaoyi is engraved with four characters: "Xiongguan is close at hand". The stone tablet of Niangziguan is engraved with the words "The terrain is dangerous with the same name" and "The distance between this pass and Guguan is equal ..." These all illustrate the heroic risk of Guguan.
The ancient Guancheng, with thick walls and towering walls, is surrounded by fortresses, with iron plates nailed to the east and west doors and guarded at dawn and dusk. In ancient times, there was a saying that "one person seized the customs, and ten thousand people were incompetent" and "the door to the natural barrier in the divine realm".
In the meantime, the city wall twists and turns across the north and south, which really scares the enemies at the gate. According to legend, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Chuangwang led a rebel army to attack Beijing, passing through this pass. When the siege failed, he had to withdraw his troops and enter Beijing by way of Ningwu. When Chu Zhuangwang left Guguan. There is a sigh of "it's hard to fly". Wang Shizhen, a celebrity in the Qing Dynasty, passed by Guguan City, leaving a eulogy: "The flying danger flows through Wan Ren Mountain, the garrison building shakes at dusk, the west wind suddenly sends drizzle, and the road is full of Sophora japonica."
The three temples on Xifeng Mountain are properly arranged up and down, left and right, and the buildings are ingenious, forming a perfect ancient architectural complex. Against the backdrop of natural scenery, tourists are immersive and relaxed.
Among these buildings, there are more than 20 ancient pagodas, the largest being six cubits thick and the smallest being three cubits thick. Looking from a distance, the peaks are in the clouds, the ancient temples are looming, and there are mirage. The existing Great Wall is the Ming Dynasty Great Wall, which is a relatively complete stone inner Great Wall in China. Existing stations are: 7000m from Xinguan to Baihui Village via Jiangjun Tower in the south, and Jiayugou 13000m from Guguan to Niangziguan in the north, all of which are built on the mountain. The wall is 2 meters wide and 3-4 meters high. The city wall is divided into towers, medicine buildings, fortresses, docks, beacon towers, outposts and other military defense facilities. The Guguan Great Wall has two gates in the east and west, and the defense target is mainly in the west, so the Ximen Building has strong gates and urns. There is a double-eaved building on the city gate to rest on the top of the mountain, and the stone carving of "Guguan" on the city forehead is intact. Because of its strategic fortress position, the Ming Dynasty set up three yamen in the city, with the "big yamen" in the middle, guarded by the military attache with the third grade, and called the generals to participate in the war; The "second yamen" is headed by the general manager in charge of services and lives in the backstreet of the city; Little yamen.
In addition, there is a cavalry tinker in the south of the city, which contains a martial arts school, a point platform, a runway and an arrow platform, and a small training tinker in the west. There are Xifeng Cave, Guandi Temple, Grandma Temple, Kannonji, Pizhang Temple, Wang Yao Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Kuixing Temple, Wenchang Temple, Sanguan Temple, Mawang Temple, Longwang Temple, Heshen Temple, Yanshi Temple and pavilions to form a small imperial city.
The three-character stone carving of "Xifeng Cave" and the plaque of "Heroes on Earth" inscribed by Marshal Xiang Rong for Guandi Temple during Guangxu period, historical relics such as bronze cannons and iron cannons cast in Ming Dynasty and some ancient buildings are well preserved. National Highway 307 and Taijiu Expressway pass through the city. 1998 10, the Guguan Great Wall 1 phase project started smoothly. In Xinguan village, the cadres and the masses are United as one. In order to restore the style of the Great Wall, women and children have gone into battle together, regardless of difficulties and obstacles. 650,000 yuan was invested, including 240,000 yuan raised by villagers and 654.38+3,000 volunteers. In 9 months, 620m of the Great Wall in the northern section, 3 watchtowers, 2 upper watchtowers,150m stone railings and steps on the city, 70m dam protection and 30m retaining wall were restored, and 4 hexagonal pavilions in Xifeng Temple were restored. At the same time, the west side of the Great Wall has been afforested, and it is initially open to tourists.
The investment of the second phase project is 6,543,800 yuan+0.5 million yuan, which is used to repair the 800 meters across the bridge, Wengcheng, Guanlou and the southern section of the Great Wall, and truthfully record the original appearance of the Great Wall. The restored Guguan Great Wall adds a beautiful scenery to the east gate of Shanxi: the dangerous building faces Qingfeng, the ancient road stage is old, the wind is light, and the clothes are cold and armored, which deserves the praise of Professor Luo, a famous cultural relic expert of the Great Wall. He called the Guguan Great Wall "the charm of Little Badaling".
Xinguan Village regards the restoration of Guguan Great Wall and the development of mountain tourism as its pillar industries. During the National Day Golden Week, there are a constant stream of tourists every day, and more than 500 tourists are received at most one day.
1986, the people's government of Shanxi Province listed the Guguan Great Wall as the second batch of key cultural relics protection units. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the old appearance of the ancient customs still existed, and the historical sites were not destroyed. Later, it was repeatedly subjected to war, unsupervised and in disrepair. Especially during the Cultural Revolution, it was severely damaged, and ancient buildings such as city walls and forts were demolished at will. There is only one complete battery, three and a half batteries, and the rest are just low piers; The tower collapsed, and all the yamen and temples were demolished, almost in ruins. In the past, only its remains could be seen in Guguan City.
There is a poem that says: the grandeur of the past is the most solid barrier, and the present remnant city is a tiny drop. If it weren't for the word "big seal", who would know that Fang's name was this pass?