Li Zicheng (1606- 1645), a peasant uprising leader in the late Ming Dynasty, was originally named Hongji. When I was a child, I worked as a shepherd for the landlord (once I said my family was rich) and as a postal courier in Yinchuan. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he rebelled and fought bravely under Gao Yingxiang. At the Xingyang Congress in 1988, he put forward an operational plan of dividing troops and attacking in four ways, which was approved by the leaders of various ministries and gained increasing prestige. The following year, after Gao Yingxiang's death, he continued to be called Chuangwang. Eleven years in Tongguan defeat, only rate Liu Zongmin and more than ten people, hidden in Shangluo (at the junction of Henan and Shaanxi) mountainous area. The next year, the mountain rose again. Thirteen years later, he was trapped in Yudu Mountain, Brazil, and broke through with fifty riders and entered Henan. At that time, the famine in the Central Plains was serious and the class contradictions were extremely acute. Yan Li put forward slogans such as "even the fields are not paid", which were welcomed by the broad masses of the people, and there was a ballad of "welcoming the king and refusing food". The army has grown to millions and become the main force of the peasant war. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), Xiangyang was called Xinshun King. In the same year, in Ruzhou (now Linru), Henan Province, Sun Chuanting, the governor of Shaanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, was completely annihilated and successfully occupied xi 'an. In the first month of the following year, the Dashun regime, named Yongchang, was established. Soon, he conquered Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Because when the rebel leader won, he made a proud mistake and persecuted the Wu Sangui family. Forced to fight against Wu Sangui, Manchu nobles entered the customs and jointly attacked the peasant army. Faced with failure, he withdrew from Beijing and led his troops to Henan and Shaanxi. In the second year of Yongchang (1645), I visited Jiugong Mountain in Tongshan, Hubei Province, and Li Zicheng mysteriously disappeared. After the fall of Qing Dynasty, the rest of Li Zicheng rebelled against Manchu Dynasty and continued the struggle against Qing Dynasty.
all one's life
Li Zicheng was born in August in the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606). Zicheng was born in Licun, 200 miles west of Mizhi River, more than 60 miles away from his old parents (both places are now Hengshan Mountain). Li Zicheng's ancestral home is Lijia Station in Mizhi County. In Dianshi, Mizhi County, there is a village called Licun, and the locals also call it Lijia Station. The village has been handed down from generation to generation and is a descendant of Li. This is the place where Xixia Tuoba lived after moving eastward. Li Zicheng's ancestral home is Lijia Station in Mizhi County, which belongs to Li Li in Tai 'anli. Li Zicheng's ancestors moved from Tai 'an, Gansu Province to Lijia Station (Xixia Liqianbing Station) in Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. His grandfather Li Hai was forced by life and moved to Changmao Village (now Hengshan County) in Mizhi County. "An Examination of Li Zicheng Nationality in Mizhi County" records: "Born in Li, taian county, he lives in Beijiang River, 70 miles away from the city. "
revolt
Teenagers in Li Zicheng like guns, horses and clubs. After his father died, he went to the post station in charge of delivering court documents in the Ming Dynasty as a postman. There are many disadvantages in the post office system in the late Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1628), the post office was reformed, and one third of the post offices in China were abolished. Li Zicheng came home unemployed and owed money. In the winter of the same year, Li Zicheng was sued by Ai to the Mizhi county government because of her inability to repay her debts. County magistrate Yan Zibin "travels around the city mechanically, and there is no doubt that he will die." After being rescued by relatives and friends, he killed his creditor Zhao Ai at the end of the year. Then, Li Zicheng killed his wife for adultery with Han Jiner, a villager. Two lives were at stake, so the government had to ask and the lawsuit had to die. So in February (1629), Li Taichong joined the army in Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganzhou District, Zhangye City). At that time, Yang was appointed as the company commander of Ganzhou, and Wang Guodong was appointed as a participant. Li Zicheng was quickly promoted by the kingdom to the general manager of the army. In the same year, in Yuzhong (now Yuzhong County, Lanzhou, Gansu Province), due to the problem of arrears of military pay, the warring vassal States and local county magistrate were killed and a mutiny was launched.
To explore/take part in sports
In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Li Zicheng was laid off. In Mizhi, he called on the hungry people to revolt, led all the people to vote for the leader of the peasant army without touching mud, and then voted for Gao Yingxiang of the eighth team.
In six years, after Wang Zi, the leader of the peasant army, died of illness, he recruited more than 20,000 people. Later, Zhang Huishi, the leader of the peasant army, defeated Deng Gui, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Linxian County (now Linzhou), Henan Province, killed his Ministry, and then moved to Shanxi and Shaanxi.
In seven years, Lianke was defeated by Zuo Guangxian, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Chengcheng, Shaanxi, Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganxian) and later Gaoling and Fuping.
In eight years, I got together with the leaders of various peasant armies in Xingyang, Henan Province (once said that there was no such meeting) to discuss the strategy of dividing troops and orienting. Then he moved to Jiangbei, Henan and Shaanxi, and killed Ai Wannian, the deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, in Ningzhou (now Ningxian, Gansu). Spin in Zhenning (now southwest of Zhengning) and defeated the Ming army, forcing Cao Wenzhao, the company commander, to commit suicide.
Nine years later, he was captured and killed in Gao Yingxiang, and he was promoted to king. Leading the people to "defect to the enemy", they adopted the tactics of introducing from the east to the west, avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and even connected Longzhou (now Wudu, Gansu), Longzhou (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) and other States. Soldiers entered Sichuan in three ways, and defeated the Ming army repeatedly in (now southwest of Guangyuan), Jianzhou (now Jiange) and Mianzhou (now Mianyang), killing Hou Liangzhu, the general of the Ming Dynasty.
In the winter of ten years, the siege of Chengdu failed for many days. Later, Zitong, the defeated teacher, confronted Zuo Guangxian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao was defeated by a wide angle. So they parted ways and went back to Shaanxi and moved to Tongguan, where they were ambushed by the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. He led Liu Zongmin, Tian Jianxiu and others 18 to ride in Shangluo mountain area of Shaanxi province. Soon, I went to Gucheng (now Hubei) and got Zhang's support for the Ming court.
In 12 years, Zhang joined hands with Zhang, who made a comeback, to break the Zhuxi River and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the Ming army. Later, he helped Luo Rucai defeat Yang Shien, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty in Xiangyouping.
In thirteen years, Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated in Fangxian County, re-entered Henan Province, broke Yongning (now Luoning) and beheaded Wan 'an Cai? . Fighting the local peasant army leaders, hundreds of thousands of people conquered Yiyang. Go to Lushi, get Niu Jinxing, give advice and use it as a counselor. Naliyan's policy of exempting farmland taxes won the support of the people. There is a ballad "Welcome the King, Don't Receive Grain" ("Ming History? Biography of Li Zicheng ").
In the spring of 14th year, when he moved to Luoyang, he was defeated by the defenders and executed Zhu. Revolving troops surrounded Kaifeng, failed to attack several times, and reached Dengzhou in the south, where they would learn from Luo Rucai, who had left Zhang. Later, the fourth route of the Ming army was taken to gather in Xincai and Xiang, Henan Province, and soldiers were sent to ambush on the way, causing the Ming army to flee in disorder and killing Fu, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, in Xiang.
After 1634, 8 jin j entered the fortress for the second time. 1635, thirteen 72nd Battalion Insurgents, including Zhang, Lao, Luo Rucai, Ge Liyan, Zuo, Gai Shi Wang Wang, She Tian, Du Tian Wang, Hun Shi Wan, Du Tianxing, Jiu Tiaolong and Shun Tian Wang, held a "Xingyang Conference" in Henan, and Li Zicheng put forward the operational strategy of "dividing troops and attacking on all sides". After the meeting, Zhang Lingbing captured Fengyang, South Zhili, dug up the tomb of the royal family, burned the "ancestral temple" where Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk, killed more than 60 eunuchs and beheaded the commander-in-chief. Zhang was at odds with Li Zicheng, but left.
After 1636, Jin changed to Qing. The Qing army entered the fortress for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted to "King of Breakthrough" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi.
In the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Yang Sichang mobilized 654.38 million soldiers and increased his salary by 2.8 million. He put forward the strategy of "four corners, six corners and one net on all sides" to limit the mobility of the rebels, divide them one by one and finally annihilate them. This measure has achieved considerable results in two years. Zhang was defeated. Li Zicheng was ambushed and defeated by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Nanyuan and Tongguan in Weinan, and took the remnants 17 people to hide in Shangluo Mountain in the southeast of Shaanxi. In August of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the Qing soldiers entered the customs from Qingkou Mountain (now northeast of Yu 'an, Hebei Province) and Qiangziling (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing), and launched the fourth entry operation. In order to implement its strategy of "keeping the country safe and the outside world busy", Yang Sichang advocated making peace with the Qing Dynasty, but it was strongly opposed by Lu Xiangsheng, governor of Xuanda and commander-in-chief of Qin Wangbing. Chongzhen and the battle were undecided. Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the east to serve, but Li Zicheng survived.
Declare oneself a king
1639, Zhang started again in Gucheng (located in Xiangfan, Hubei), and Li Zicheng led thousands of troops from Shangluo Mountain. 1640, Li Zicheng pursued Sichuan Zhang by the main force of Ming army and took in the hungry people. In Bian Yulue, Zheng Lian recorded the grand occasion of Li Zicheng's great relief for the hungry: "Thieves used it as a sign to open positions and help the hungry. Hungry people from far and near hoe away, and those who answer are like running water, calling a million day and night, which is unstoppable. " Since then, Li Zicheng's army has grown to tens of thousands, and put forward the slogan of "divide the land equally and exempt from taxes", which is also the folk song "Welcome the king, don't collect food." In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1 year, 1 month), he conquered Luoyang, killed Zhu, the son of Emperor Wanli, got some deer from the backyard, cooked it with meat, and named it "Fulu Banquet" [1], and had dinner with the soldiers. Known as the "Grand Marshal Fengtian Chongyi". After that, Kaifeng, the capital of Sanwei, failed within one and a half years. The Yellow River burst its banks for the last time 1642, and Kaifeng was destroyed. Killed fu he, the governor of Shaanxi province. 65438+ 10 defeated Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting in Jiaxian County, Henan Province. At the same time, the Ming dynasty was unfavorable to the war in the Qing dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou was cleared. 165438+ 10, the Qing army entered the fortress for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, plundering 360,000 people.
1643 In June, Li Zicheng was called "Xinshun King" in Xiangyang. In March, Luo Rucai, a peasant leader who joined the army, was killed. In April, he killed Yuan Shizhong, a rebel. In May, Zhang Jianli established the "Great West" regime. In June 5438+10, Li Zicheng attacked Tongguan, killed Du Shi Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi. 1644 65438+ 10 Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Ann, with the founding name "Dashun".