First of all, briefly introduce grapes:
Grape is a kind of berry and one of the oldest and most widely distributed fruits in the world. Humans began to cultivate this fruit tree a long time ago. Berries are mostly round or oval, and the color varies with varieties. Almost a quarter of the world's fruit production; It has high nutritional value and can be made into grape juice, raisins and wine. Eurasian grapes with large grains, thick skin, less juice, more water, easy separation of skin and flesh, sweet and sour taste, and storage and transportation resistance are also called raisins, which generally grow in strings, including yellow-green, red, black-blue or purple. There is a thin skin outside the pulp and a thin frost outside the skin. Some varieties have no seeds. Grapes can be used as raw fruit, wine or raisins. In addition, it can also be used as decoration. Grape is called "crystal pearl" because of its bright color, delicious taste and high nutritional value.
Second, the effect:
Grapes are not only delicious, but also have high nutritional value. The sugar content in ripe berries is as high as 10% ~ 30%, mainly glucose, which can be directly absorbed by human body. It also contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins and various essential amino acids. From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, grapes are flat, sweet and sour, and non-toxic. Chinese medicine believes that grapes can "enrich the blood and strengthen Chile's bones and muscles, strengthen the stomach and promote fluid production to eliminate polydipsia, invigorate qi to drive water to urinate, and nourish the kidney and liver to look good." Here, ancient Chinese medicine takes you to understand the efficacy and function of grapes:
1, anti-anemia, vitamin B 12 in grapes has anti-pernicious anemia effect, and drinking red wine often is beneficial to treat pernicious anemia;
2. Anti-poison and sterilization. Grape contains natural polyphenols, which can combine with protein in virus or bacteria, making it lose the ability to spread diseases. Eating grapes often has a good killing effect on spinal gray-white virus and other viruses, which makes the human body produce antibodies; 30 grams of Vitis amurensis root is decocted in water, which is used to treat vomiting and edema during pregnancy, and has the effects of stopping vomiting, diuresis and detumescence. Some people drink 30 grams of fresh grape root decoction to treat icteric hepatitis; It can be used as an adjuvant therapy.
Third, the growth environment:
The lowest temperature for grape growth is about 12℃- 15℃, the lowest ground temperature is about 10℃- 13℃, the optimum temperature for flowering is about 20℃, and the optimum temperature for fruit expansion is 20℃-30℃. If the temperature difference between day and night is large, the coloring and sugar content are better. After the grapes germinate in spring. If the temperature rises too fast, the branches will grow too fast, which is characterized by insufficient node length and poor fertilization at flowering stage. In case of cold spring, we should pay attention to applying more phosphate fertilizer and high-carbon organic matter and reducing nitrogen fertilizer as much as possible. Grapes have a high demand for water, and strictly controlling the water in the soil is the premise of planting grapes well. Grapes need more water in the early growth stage or vegetative growth stage, and less water in the late growth stage or fruiting stage, so it is necessary to avoid damaging the root system so as not to affect the quality. Grapes shelter from the rain. Years of rain can easily lead to insufficient sunshine and limited photosynthesis. Excessive water absorption can easily lead to excessive growth of branches and high humidity, which can easily lead to various diseases, such as black pox and gray mold. Therefore, it is ideal to keep the branches at 40-70 cm when flowering; The amount of irrigation in the fruit-cracking area should also be controlled during the fruit-bearing period. In areas prone to water shortage and drought, straw should be properly covered to keep soil moisture and control the growth of grass.
Four, morphological characteristics:
Climbing woody vines, sparse herbaceous vines with tendrils, or erect shrubs without tendrils. Simple leaves, pinnate or palmately compound leaves, alternate; Stipules are usually small and deciduous, sparse and persistent. Flowers are small, bisexual or heterozygous, arranged in corymbose cymes, compound cymes or panicles, with a cardinal number of 4-5; Calyx discoid or shallow cup-shaped, sepals small; Petals are as many as sepals, and when separated or withered, they are hat-shaped and stick together. Stamens are opposite to petals and develop well in bisexual flowers, but they are often small or extremely underdeveloped in unisexual flowers, leading to abortion; The disk is annular or split, and the thinning is extremely inconspicuous; Ovary superior, usually 2-loculed, 2 ovules per locule, or multi-loculed, per locule 1 ovule. The fruit is a berry with 1 to several seeds. Embryo is small, endosperm has different shapes, W-shaped, T-shaped or chewy.
There are about 700 species in the genus 16, mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with a few species distributed in the temperate zone. There are 9 genera 150 species in China, which are produced in both northern and southern provinces. Wild species are mainly distributed in Central China, South China and Southwest China, with fewer species in Northeast China and North China. So far, no wild species have been found in Xinjiang and Qinghai.
Five, nutritional components:
The sugar content of grapes is as high as 10% ~ 30%, mainly glucose. A large amount of fruit acid in grapes helps digestion. Eating more grapes properly can strengthen the spleen and stomach. Grape contains calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, glucose, fructose, protein, tartaric acid, vitamin B 1, B2, B6, C, P and other minerals. It also contains a variety of amino acids needed by the human body. Eating grapes regularly is of great benefit to neurasthenia and fatigue. In addition, it also contains a variety of substances with physiological functions. After grapes are made into raisins, the content of sugar and iron will be higher, which is a good tonic for women, children and people with weakness and anemia.
Ancient medical books and records in China discussed the medicinal value of grapes. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that grapes are sweet and slightly sour, and have the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, benefiting qi and blood, appetizing and promoting fluid production, and diuresis. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica says: Grape is the master of "dryness and dampness of bones and muscles, benefiting qi, strengthening ambition, making people fat and healthy, resisting hunger and keeping out the cold". If you eat for a long time, you won't get old. Grape not only has a wide range of medicinal value, but also can be used for dietotherapy: when dizziness, palpitation and cerebral anemia occur, drinking proper amount of wine 2 ~ 3 times a day has a certain therapeutic effect; 15g dry grapevine can be decocted in water to treat poor pregnancy. "Household necessities" also records that grape juice has the function of relieving boredom and quenching thirst. Baidu encyclopedia-grape family