Zhu, a female writer in Song Dynasty. No. Especially the lay man was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Originally from Zhou She (Shexian County, Anhui Province), he was born in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Born into an official family, it is said that he died of dissatisfaction with marriage and depression. Can draw, can deliver melody. Words are full of bitterness and sadness. You can also write poems. There are a collection of poems "heartbroken collection" and a collection of words "heartbroken words". Heartbroken Collection has an annotated edition by Zheng Songyuan. (Cihai 1989 Edition)

Zhu was the most prolific female writer in China before the Ming Dynasty, and was regarded as a poetess with the same reputation as Li Qingzhao in the Song Dynasty. She is not only good at lyrics, poetry, playing the piano and painting, but also writes a good hand of "silver hook and fine letter" She is a talented and attractive woman.

The difference between Zhu and the first three talented women is that she comes from an official family and seems to be more respectable than others in the eyes of future generations, but the fate of this talented woman is not luckier than the previous ones.

Shu Zhen was born into a noble official family. This woman who grew up in the beautiful lakes and mountains of Qiantang truly embodies the beauty of heaven and earth. She was smart and studious since she was a child, with good looks, brilliant talent and charm, and she was proficient in poetry, calligraphy and piano. When I was in the boudoir, I was really innocent. At that time, I was still young and didn't know the taste of sadness. I fell in love with spring and am full of longing for the future. "Double huan beginners thrush, unknown sorrow who belongs to him. When the Mid-Autumn Festival is full, I will present 10,000 poems to Xiao Lang. " This song "Occasionally in Autumn" vividly shows the romantic mentality of a girl who falls in love with spring. But contrary to expectations, at the age of 19, Shu Zhen was decided by her parents to marry a vulgar official. Her husband is mediocre and boring, which is really a disaster for the sentimental poet Zhu. So, she had to put all her feelings into Dan Qing, into poetry and light pen and ink. We seem to see an extremely charming woman, living in a deep pavilion, crying, sighing and expecting alone, but helpless. "Gull owl mandarin duck pool, should know that the wing is not suitable. Dong Jun doesn't give priority to flowers, so why don't you have a rest? My eyes are full of spring and new colors, and flowers are always red and green. If you want to relax, give the oriole a few blows. ("Regret for the Past") "At dusk, the rain in the courtyard is rustling, and I hate the lonely lamp. The needle and thread are lazy and heartbroken, and the phoenix leaf shears the wind knife. " "Although a woman's eyes are soft, tears will not wait to flow. Because there is no good situation, I broke the autumn scenery of the five lakes. ("Autumn") "Flowers can be white and red, and the evening festival is lovely and hard to work. I would rather grow old with fragrant branches than dance with yellow leaves in the autumn wind. (Yellow Flower) "

"Seagulls and mandarin ducks make pools, so you should know that your wings are uncomfortable." From these four poems, we can easily see that Shu's attitude towards her husband is extremely contemptuous and disgusting, and at the same time, she also laments and is unwilling for her misfortune. She fell into the abyss of pain and could not extricate herself. She can only write her inner sadness with a pen. This helpless sadness is the main theme of her heartbroken series.

Bodhisattva-level people

Wet clouds don't cross the stream bridge, and Hubei cold breaks the east wind shadow first. The sound of water under the stream is long, and a branch is fragrant with the moon.

People pity flowers as before, but flowers don't know that people are thin. Lonely, spend the night cold.

Autumn sounds rise and fall, and humming adds sorrow. Sleeping with a lamp on your pillow, the moon and broken dreams are round.

Get up and hook the foil. Where is the cold anvil? Lonely and powerless, forcing the wind to expose the cold.

2. Li Qingzhao (Northern Song Dynasty)

(Born in Song Shenzong for seven years 1084, died in Shaoxing for twenty-five years 1 155), Yi An lay man, Jiang Xiuren of Zhangqiu, Jinan (now Zhangqiu, Shandong). Li Qingzhao has made achievements in poetry, ci, prose and fu, among which ci is the most famous and graceful. Although only 50 poems have been handed down, their meter, content and rhetoric are comparable to those of great contemporary poets Liu Yong, Su Shi and Qin Guan. She is good at sketching, her language is refined and fresh, her scenery is lyrical and touching, and she has many unique features in using things, conceiving, refining words and cutting sentences. Her writing is clear and affectionate, with special emphasis on melody and beautiful timbre. She is a representative writer of graceful and restrained school, and has a long experience of Su Xin's bold and unconstrained school in her later period. She is unique in the field of Ci in the Song Dynasty and has a great influence on later generations. There are Collected Works of Yi 'an Jushi and Yi 'an Ci, which have been lost. Later generations have a collection of Yu Shu's ci. There is a collection of Li Qingzhao's school notes today.

Li Qingzhao's poems and essays are full of allusions and are very learned. She was born in a noble and scholarly family. Her father Li is an assistant minister in the etiquette department of an official. He is an official with a touch of elegance. According to the legend of the History of Song Dynasty, Li Ge is not specialized in lyrics, and his words are lively and his narrative is vivid and clear. He prayed for Tao Yuanming all his life and had a tendency to be born. Unfortunately, his works have been lost, and we have no chance to see them. Qingzhao's mother IX is Wang's granddaughter, and Wang is the top scholar. It is said that she is very knowledgeable. Therefore, Li Qingzhao's family studies can be said to be very profound.

According to the saying, "a teenager has a poetic name, and then he can aim high and get close to his predecessors" (Zhuo's "Bi Ji Man Zhi"). Early works are graceful, light and charming.

A touch of crimson lips and a swing;

Swing on the swing, too lazy to rub delicate hands. Beside her, the thin Germany hung with crystal dew, and the sweat on her chest permeated with the thin silk robe. Seeing someone coming, I slipped away in my socks and gold and left in shame. Looking back at the door, Wen Qingmei.

The few words 4 1 have created a pure, lively, intelligent, naughty, brave, enthusiastic and somewhat reserved girl image: on a sunny morning, the flowers in the garden are covered with clear dew, and the lively girl has just finished swinging. Feeling a little tired, she rubbed her delicate hands lazily and comfortably, sorting out her thin clothes soaked by thin sweat. Suddenly, a guest came to the garden. The girl was embarrassed and shy, so she left in a hurry without even putting on her shoes. Jin Chai slipped and her loose hair didn't curl up. However, the guest is a handsome guy or just his sweetheart. She ran back to the embroidery room, but she couldn't help leaning back against the door. Oh, no, the guests are also looking up at her! She quickly covered her shy face with a green plum, but her big eyes kept staring at the guests. -A beautiful picture of a beautiful girl in spring! The girl's lightness and graceful posture, as well as her modal charm, are vividly on the paper. This poem is fresh and delicate, vivid, subtle and vivid, and its artistic conception is healthy and lively, which can be said to be a portrayal of Li Qingzhao's relaxed and happy life in her boudoir.

Zhao Qing married her former student Zhao Mingcheng when she was eighteen (1099, the second year of Zhezong Yuanfu). Ming Cheng, whose real name is Telford, is from Zhucheng, Michigan. He is twenty-one years old this year. His father was a famous politician at that time, Tingzhi Zhao, who was an official assistant minister. Ming Cheng's mother is the daughter of Tiaodian and Dongping Guo in Kuizhou Prison.

Ming cheng is knowledgeable and versatile, and has the same interests as Li Qingzhao, and his feelings are very good; Here is a story: It is said that when Zhao Mingcheng was young, he dreamed of a wonderful book. When he woke up, he only remembered three sentences-"the word is in harmony with the company, the device has been removed, and the grass has been pulled out." He didn't understand what it meant to tell his father Tingzhi Zhao. He is an expert in dream interpretation. He smiled and said, "Son!" The word "Yan and Sihe" is the word "Ci", "An Shang has taken off" is the word "female" and "Cao Zhifu Ba" is the word "husband". You may be the husband of a ci woman in the future! "Later, Gefei married Qingzhao in good faith, and Qingzhao was an excellent poetess. This strange dream came true unexpectedly. During their honeymoon, the young couple had a harmonious relationship. It goes without saying that when the two families were prominent, they lived a rich life. The taste of being a woman for the first time is so sweet that Qingzhao's whole body and mind are intoxicated with the joy of his first marriage, and his feelings and feelings are expressed in words:

Minus magnolia

When you sell flowers, you can buy a spring flower. Tears are lightly dyed evenly, and rosy clouds are exposed.

Afraid lang guessed: slave noodles are not as good as flower noodles; The clouds are slanting, and I want to teach Lang Biguan. Compare yourself to a flower and write a lovely image of a newly married young woman coquetry to her husband.

Another example is "Huanxisha":

Embroidered hibiscus smiles, leans on Baoyu duck's fragrant cheeks, and guesses.

On the one hand, it is full of charm, on the other hand, it is charming and hateful, giving you a deep affection.

A kind of verve permeates between pen and ink; Flying literary talent, writing fascinating years, passionate emotions; Quan's ci strongly describes the lingering love life of husband and wife.

Because the couple have a good relationship and the same hobbies, they are addicted to poetry epigraphy for more than half of the time. At that time, Ming Cheng made great efforts to study archaeology. Ming Cheng has been an official in Laizhou, Qingzhou and Zizhou for more than ten years. He has collected tens of thousands of books and brought a large number of stone and stone cultural relics. These precious materials make their research work meticulous and orderly, with a broad vision and more objective. The book Jin Shi Lu, co-written by them, records 2000 kinds of stone carvings in the Han and Tang Dynasties, with a total of 30 volumes, which is the most systematic work after Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Ancient Records. However, their collection of stone and stone cultural relics mainly focuses on the study of the remains of ancient sages and the behavior of monarchs and ministers. The preface to Ming Cheng Jin Lu says: "It has two thousand volumes, and the rest are devoted to Sri Lanka, which can be described as diligent and long. Just for fun. Honest and clear, every night's work is based on lighting a candle, sometimes sorting out books and signing them; Sometimes I will comment on the paintings and calligraphy of the previous generation. According to "Yi An Ju Shi", "Yi An has a strong memory. After each meal, sit with mingcheng. Make tea and record the history of books. In a book, volumes, pages and lines, they rejected the victory or defeat. In order to drink tea, they raised their glasses halfway and often laughed. The tea knocked over their arms, but they couldn't attract it. "This is their unique boudoir fun; It can be seen that both of them are very smart, have a strong memory, read a lot of books and are knowledgeable.

Shortly after the marriage, Ming Cheng traveled far away, and the young couple who loved each other were about to leave temporarily. Qingzhao was unhappy and reluctantly sent Mingcheng away. This is the first time she has tasted the loneliness of parting since she got married. So she wrote a plum scissors on the brocade handkerchief and gave it to Ming Cheng:

Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone.

Who sent the brocade book?

The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building.

Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles. One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure.

There is no way to eliminate this situation, only frown and mind.

Zhao Mingcheng's admiration for his wife's talent enabled Li Qingzhao to fully display her talent, although she was a woman in the old society. There is an interesting story handed down-on the ninth day of one year, Zhao Qing wrote a song "Drunken Flowers", "The fog is thick and the clouds are sad forever, and the golden beast disappears. Double Ninth Festival, lying in bed, in the middle of the night, the cold on my body has just been soaked. Dongli drinks until dusk, and faint chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves. Mo Tao is immortal, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. " Give her husband Ming Cheng with gentle words. After receiving this inscription, Ming Cheng sighed, bent on surpassing Qingzhao, and closed his door for several days. After three days and three nights, he filled in 50 inscriptions, copied his wife's inscription and sent it to his friend Liu Defu for evaluation, without indicating the author. Dev repeatedly played and recited, thinking that there are three best sentences, "Don't let the Tao die, the west wind blows, and people are thinner than yellow flowers." These three sentences are addressed to Qingzhao. Since then, Ming Cheng has been candidly admit defeat to his wife. This poem "Drunken Flowers" is the representative work of Li Qingzhao's early works. Her early works truly reflect her boudoir life, thoughts and feelings, and the theme focuses on writing about natural scenery and parting lovesickness. Like these two songs,

well

I often think of dusk by the river.

As drunk as a fiddler, we didn't remember anything on the way back!

After having a good time, we rowed home.

Mistaken into the depths of lotus.

How to row a boat out, accidentally, but scared a group of Oulu.

well

Last night, it was raining and suddenly the wind blew.

Deep sleep won't leave a hangover.

Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there.

Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what?

It should be green, fat, red, thin, lively and beautiful, and the language is innovative. By describing the lonely life, I express my love for my husband, which is full of twists and turns, natural and graceful.

Recent love

Changle Guan saw off his sister.

Tears wet Luo clothes full of powder,

Quadruple yangguan pass,

The humanities mountain is long, and the water is broken.

It's raining, smelling the lonely house.

Farewell, hurt, confused,

Forgot to leave,

In order to pass audio books to geese,

Donglai is not as far as Penglai.

This word is written about the memory of a female companion, and the feelings are extremely sincere. Although most of her poems describe lonely life and express melancholy feelings, she can often see her love for nature and frankly reveal her pursuit of a better love life. This is written by a woman writer, which is much more valuable than Forever in My Heart written by the first-person narrator.

When Qing Zhao was young, the Northern Song Dynasty was on the verge of peril. 1 126, in the first year of Jingkang, Song Qinzong, nomads from the border town was captured, and the situation was very critical. At this time, Qingzhao still followed Mingcheng in Zizhou, and the couple were very worried when they learned the news. Nomads from the army are threatening, the capital is in jeopardy, and Zizhou is about to fall. The two men began to pack their bags and put the history books and Jinshi Ding into the box one by one. Zhao Qing described the mood at that time in the Preface to the Inscription: "I am in love and disappointed, knowing that it will not be my own business!" "In March of the second year of Jingkang, Jin people conferred the title of king in Bianjing, arrogating to themselves Chu, which was a great evil. He wrote a poem:

Following Shao in the Han Dynasty, the new room was like a wart, so it scattered in the middle and died in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties.

After Huidi and Qin Emperor were captured, Emperor Gaozong moved south and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. When Zhao Mingcheng was an official in Shandong. In the second year (1 127, the second year of Jiankang), Jin Bing was trapped in Shandong, and they had to abandon a large part of the stone carving paintings and calligraphy collected in previous dynasties (Ming Cheng had a large collection of books, calligraphy, stone carving cultural relics and so on). And it is not convenient to take this exile, but he has as many as 15 cars, which is quite impressive). In the first year of Jianyan, they entered northern Jiangsu from Shandong, crossed the river to Jinling, and the couple fled south to Jiankang (Nanjing). By this time, the emperor had ascended the throne in Nanjing. As soon as Ming Cheng arrived in Jinling, he reported to the court that Emperor Gaozong appointed him as the satrap of Huzhou. However, from exile in Shandong to Nanjing, Ming Cheng's health was greatly damaged by the wind and frost along the way, and he fell ill before Huzhou Prefecture arrived. Then, in the third year of Jianjian, 1 129, Ming Cheng lost his mother and his old illness recurred. In August of that year, Qingzhao arrived overnight, and he was no longer ill. He died in Nanjing at the age of 49 (Qingzhao was 47). He wrote a painful eulogy based on Zhao Qing, including: "The sun is in the middle, sighing that Pang Gong is smart;" If the city is established, it will fall and pity the women. " Wait for the sentence, it will be embarrassing.

The sorrow of the town taught her how to endure her bony body and finally became seriously ill. Illness can only play poetry for self-entertainment, wry smile wrote:

The sideburns have gradually become sparse, with white hair, lying in bed, looking at the waning moon on the window screen. Cardamom is fried in water, there are poems and books on the tea pillow, and the scenery in front of the door is good. Borrowing more from people all day, the death of osmanthus has brought a cruel and incomparable spiritual blow to Qingzhao; Besides, in traditional society, the husband is almost the whole of a woman's life. Once she lost her husband, she was completely helpless. From then on, Qingzhao wandered between Jiangsu and Zhejiang alone, holding a broken heart and living a wandering life. This year (three years since the proposal was made 1 129), the situation in the south of the Yangtze River has also undergone great changes. Jin Wushu led his troops south to invade the Song Dynasty, and captured Nanjing in September of the third year of Jianyan. This is a clear picture and he hurried onto the road of displacement. She went from Nanjing to Hangzhou, and Hangzhou fell at the end of the year. Qingzhao had to cross Qiantang River to take refuge in eastern Zhejiang.

During the war, Qingzhao fled to Taizhou (now Linhai County, Zhejiang Province), found his younger brother and appointed him as the bureau officer. Since then, the two brothers and sisters have lived together.

At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty was in a state of collapse, and nomadic people were in full swing. Jin Wushu chased the Song Emperor from the sea and went straight to eastern Zhejiang. Emperor Gaozong fled to Wenzhou in a hurry, and Wu Shu's soldiers were killed at sea, with heavy losses. Yue Fei and others led the troops to capture the king of Hubei and attack the road behind the nomadic people. The retreat of nomadic people here became a situation of partial security in the Southern Song Dynasty. Qingzhao passed through Shaoxing, Jinhua, Ningbo, Wenzhou and many other places in eastern Zhejiang, and later recovered Lin 'an (Hangzhou) before returning to live in Lin 'an.

The death of relatives, the loss of ancient books and articles and the discoloration of mountains and rivers filled her with grief and indignation. The change of Jingkang divided her life into two different periods: happiness period (early stage) and displacement period (late stage). The great change of life is also the watershed of Zhao Qing's later writing style. She reflected her personal sadness in exile, her memory of her dead husband and her feelings about the fall of her native land in the form of words, which improved the ideological content of her writing and showed her high patriotism.

Fisherman's pride

When the sky meets the clouds, the Milky Way wants to turn to Qian Fan dance. It's as if the dream soul belongs to the emperor, smelling the sky, and politely asking me where to go? I report the long night and study poetry. There are amazing sentences. 90,000 Li Fengpeng lifts, the wind stops, Pengzhou blows away the three mountains.

This work is magnificent, broad in artistic conception and rich in imagination. It is a rare romantic masterpiece. After crossing the south, the poet drifted from place to place, waded across the river and crossed the ocean, experienced the hardships of staying and drifting, and saw with his own eyes the dark reality of ignorance and helplessness of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty. She yearns for the ideal state of Wan Li and the prosperous, peaceful and prosperous fairyland on the sea.

Li Qingzhao doesn't express her personal joys and sorrows at all. Her poems, which are based on the great righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period and have lofty universal spirit, should be pushed by her-

Summer quatrains

Live and be a man among men; Die and become the soul in the soul.

Today, people still miss Xiang Yu because he refused to live and returned to the East.

Li Qingzhao was full of extreme dissatisfaction and disappointment with the political status quo of the Southern Song regime. She is looking forward to a brave man with a horizontal knife to resist the invasion of strong enemies, recover lost ground and rebuild mountains and rivers. Even herself, as a "dead woman", "will send her blood and tears to mountains and rivers and sprinkle a pile of soil on Dongshan". So she pays more attention to the indomitable heroism of serving the country with death. By the Wujiang River, she thought about Xiang Yu, pursued sages, expressed her feelings, expressed her ambitions and hopes, and loudly declared to the world: people should live upright, be outstanding, be energetic and colorful; Death should be valuable, heroic, strong and fierce, generous and sad. Therefore, even though Xiang Yu was a failed hero, his heroic integrity of being generous to death, rather than being humiliated to drag out an ignoble existence, was admirable, and was not possessed by the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time. "Life is a hero, and death is a hero"-this is Li Qingzhao's outlook on life.

At this time, Qingzhao Ci changed its early beauty and lightness, but it was full of sad and low voices, mainly expressing nostalgia and homesickness.

A slow voice

Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. Three glasses and two glasses of wine, how can you beat him? It's late in the wind. Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance. The yellow flowers are piled all over the floor, withered and damaged, and now no one can pick them. Looking out the window, how can you be alone? Indus is raining in Mao Mao, dripping at dusk. This time, brother, what a sad sentence! "Looking and searching, cold and desolate, sad and miserable") uses fourteen overlapping words to write a lonely and helpless situation. To this end, Zheng Zhenduo even called it "unprecedented, no one came after".

Qingzhao used to be a "jade pot incident" and almost went to jail; Because of the unfair situation, her talent was exposed, and the standard of criticizing literary works was too high, which naturally offended many people. So some people fabricated some rumors to slander her, saying that she remarried a person with bad moral character-Zhang Ruzhou, insulting her dishonor. It is not harmful to morality for a married woman to remarry: for example, when Fan Wenzheng was a child, she went to Zhujiajian Island with her mother (meaning that her mother remarried); After Wang Anshi's death, Wang Anshi forced his widowed daughter-in-law to remarry. Therefore, if Qingzhao remarries, there is no fault, not to mention that she did not actually remarry; The purpose of their rumor mongers is to hurt Zhao Mingcheng, who has died of illness, and Li Qingzhao, a talented woman who is alive, and leave the world with the impression that Zhao Qing is lewd. These rumourers also said that they would remarry this time under the guise of Zhao Qing: "I am not as good as a monk because of the dusk scene in Sang Yu. Although this rumor has played a small role in history, Wu's Lotus Poem (see appendix), Yu's Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Li Ciming's Diary of Yuemaotang all prove that her remarriage was all fabricated by villains, and Hu Shi also said that "remarriage is not immoral, but she didn't remarry at all." Qingzhao's life in her later years was lonely and had no fixed place, and most of her time in Jinhua was lonely and had no fixed place. She spent most of her time in Jinhua. Her grandfather, husband and family were celebrities, and she was praised for a while. However, in her later years, she was lonely. After Shaoxing, the monarch and ministers of Du Nan gradually settled down. Everyone had a great time in Lin 'an, where the mountains and rivers were beautiful, incompatible with the dignitaries at that time, and polluted by these people. In such an environment, she sometimes mourns, for example, "Wujiang in the south is too cold, and it is too cold and sad to go to the north." "and other sentences, all with deep feelings.

She was forgotten by the powerful people in Du Nan, and she also tasted the eternal happiness of life in her bitter mouth. In this way, she quietly retired from the crowd, wandered into the rivers and lakes in the evening, disappeared into the vast sea of people, and even the year of death was not tested. According to the general inference, she lived about 60 years old. Li Qingzhao's poetic style is graceful and graceful, and her artistic features are as follows: 1? Good at lyric creation. She is good at casting strong feelings in artistic images and creating an artistic realm of blending scenes. She is also good at showing touching artistic conception by describing a relationship and a turning point of thought. 2? The text is simple and novel. The language of Li Ci is simple and natural, novel and vivid. She doesn't use many words, but she is good at using spoken and common sayings to make her words clear and homely. Li Ci is harmonious, flowing like pearls and full of musical beauty. To succeed, a great writer must have three superior conditions: first, he must have rich emotions; Second, we must have fantastic ideals; Third, we must have unique creativity. Because there is no rich emotion, it is tantamount to losing the life of literature; Without fantastic ideals, it is not easy to reach an ethereal and broad realm; Without creativity, the risk is to imitate predecessors and never establish a unique style. Among the poets in the Northern Song Dynasty, there are all kinds of emotions, ideals and creativity, but Su Shi and Qin Guan are unique and self-contained. Secondly, the only person who should be counted is Li Qingzhao.