When Feng Guifen was born, osmanthus was in full bloom, so it was named Guifen. Feng Guifen's ancestors were noble families. By his father's generation, there was a fire at home and he never recovered. Since childhood, I have read extensively, studied classics and history, calculated accurately, and learned how to check stocks. He is famous for his talent. Smart and special since I was a child, I can understand several lines at a glance. 20-year-old weak crown, supplementary county school students. Feng Guifen was angry in poverty and longed for strength. When I was young, I used to be a county magistrate's clerk, and I also managed Qian Gu. The county magistrate will be dismissed for failing to pay the grain. He tried his best to defend the county magistrate and brushed it off. Feng Guifen is thoughtful and taciturn, but in the face of major issues, he will be impassioned and perform his duties without hesitation. Feng Guifen is strict with himself, doesn't associate with people easily, and has not been an official, so he has become famous all over the country.
In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he took the provincial examination and got a juror. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1833), when Lin Zexu was the governor of Jiangsu, he recognized Feng Guifen, whom he had never met before, and called him a "rare talent in a hundred years" and accepted him as a disciple. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), he took the exam of Gengzi, palace examination, won the Jinshi twice, and was edited by imperial academy. In the twenty-third year of Daoguang, he was appointed as the examiner of Shuntian Provincial Examination. In May of the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), Feng Guifen was the examiner after having obtained the provincial examination in Guangxi. He is the director of Yin Xi Academy in Jinling. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang, after having obtained the provincial examination in Guangxi, he won many places. In the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), Feng Guifen returned to Beijing.
In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing, and he was sent to Suzhou near Nanjing to help organize troops against the Taiping Army. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Taiping Army captured Suzhou. After the defeat, he went to Shanghai and continued to participate in Li Hongzhang's Xiang Army's campaign to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Later, he helped Li Hongzhang create the Huai Army with the experience of British and American weapons. During the staff period, he completed 40 political theory masterpieces "School of Lu * * *", and proposed that "China's ethics and morality are the original, and the country's prosperity is supplemented". His thought had a great influence on the Westernization School and was regarded as the forerunner by the bourgeois reformists. Yu Yue once praised him for "learning is omnipotent, but its meaning is contemporary useful learning" (Preface to the Hall of the Sages).
After the Qing army captured Su and Chang, in the first year of Tongzhi (1862), it urged Li Hongzhang to reduce the land tax in southern Jiangsu. Finally, the court agreed to reduce taxes by one third in Suzhou, Songjiang and Taicang and one tenth in Changzhou and Zhenjiang. Zhang Taiyan once attacked it in the book edition. After moving to Mudu in his later years, he set up a local records bureau at home and compiled Suzhou local records into 153 volumes. He gave lectures in Yin Xi, Shanghai Dedication, Suzhou * * *, Justice Academy, geography, mathematics, primary schools, water conservancy and farmland, all of which paid special attention to the river, military punishment, salt and iron at that time. In terms of learning, it is not a door-to-door dispute, but a calligraphy that can accept the influence of capitalism and advocate "western learning spreading to the east" and "controlling foreign tools". Calligraphy is sparse and simple in Europe, Henan and ICBC, and has unique border town characteristics. Feng Guifen died in Mudu apartment and was buried in Jikeling, North Bamboo Dock, Tianchi Mountain. Mudu now has the "second place". Suzhou gentry and ordinary people set up a shrine for him. After his death, in the ninth year of Guangxu reign (1883), Suzhou local records were published in Fu Zi.
Academic proposition and literary proposition
Feng Guifen was good at writing parallel prose since he was a child. Before he became an official, he was already famous in Jiangnan. He studied all his life and never neglected his studies. After middle age, he devoted himself to ancient Chinese prose. Learn all kinds of classics, taking Confucianism in Han Dynasty as a teacher and Confucianism in Song Dynasty as a teacher. Besides history, Feng Guifen also read all other books, such as astronomy, geography, military punishment, salt and iron, river Cao and so on. All these have been carefully studied, and they tried their best to explore the origin with great ambition to set things right.
Feng Guifen's literary proposition calls for breaking through the barriers of Tongcheng School. Advocate "from the heart." In "Fuzhuang Hygiene", he declared "the theory of not believing in righteousness and law", and pointed out that although the text contained the Tao, "the Tao may not be named as destiny and frankness, and all statutes and images are made by the Tao, that is, it cannot be written in the text." In view of the literary traditions of Korea, Liu, Europe and the Soviet Union advertised by Tongcheng School, it is pointed out that "those who are good at economics must be good at discussing things, and may not be invincible to Korea and Liu; Those who are good at textual research will be better at ancient documents, and your examination sequence may not be invincible in Europe and the Soviet Union. " Clearly demand "to be content", expand the ideological content of prose and liberate the language form of prose. He believes that Tongcheng Yifa is a model of restraining prose creation, and opposes "following the rules and regulations". Therefore, he pointed out in "Learning from Lu * * *" that "the great plan of the country is that Chen has a cut" and "everything Chen has done is an urgent need to save the world, which was a wise statement a hundred years ago." His article is "better at grasping arguments than narrating". It embodies the progressive trend of breaking the shackles of Tongcheng before and after the Opium War.
Feng Guifen's prose is good at holding arguments, not floating words, and his political essays are the most successful, often meticulous and thoughtful, which means that Chen is incisive and fluent. There are 40 "learning from land", the most prominent of which was once compared by Yu Yue to Zhong Changtong's "Chang Yan". For example, "On the System of Foreign Countries" said at the beginning: "Since the beginning of the world, there has been unprecedented indignation. Anyone who knows blood and qi will be crowned with a finger. Today Wanli is the largest country on earth and is subject to filial piety. " However, the most representative 18 articles were omitted from the Collection of Fairy Tales compiled by my son, such as "Introduction of Western Learning to the East" and "Making Foreign Countries", and only 22 articles were included.
Adhering to Gu's thought
Feng Guifen was deeply influenced by Gu's academic thought, and he respected and admired Gu. Anyone who goes to Beijing will go to the ancient Yanwu Temple to offer sacrifices. Feng Guifen himself believed in two kinds of ethics: First, even thousands of troops could not change his moral integrity. Young and poor, he knows how to understand and understand people's feelings and pay attention to folk stories. Second, it is private self-assertion: in people's eyes, he will always be a bachelor of arts and will not treat people with official positions. ?
Make extensive use of all aspects of expertise.
Feng Guifen emphasized the usefulness of learning, and thought that writing articles was not empty talk. His exposition of the truth of reforming politics can really clarify the philosophical spirit of ancient ancestors' rule, but it criticizes the mistakes of the last stream. He once wrote 40 comments, according to his own statement: "Ten years of study involves 30 years of hardship and hypocrisy, and sometimes there are private discussions. We can't help but speculate and even talk about foreigners, but we aim at not rebelling against the laws of three generations of saints. " In other words, learn from others' strengths and never leave the purpose of sage advice.
Academic achievement thought
Feng Guifen's thought of linking Lin and Wei and enlightening Kang and Liang not only comes down in one continuous line with "Western learning and reform", but also takes the lead in proposing a solution to the contradiction between China and the West, ancient and modern, that is, "being kind and obedient". Feng Guifen's thought of "being obedient to goodness" is rooted in the intellectual tradition of China culture, and it is a valuable thought that grows out of China culture and can lead China culture to keep pace with the times, and it is also a vivid embodiment of the strong vitality of China culture.
During the Second Opium War, Feng Guifen discussed the problem of learning from the West in a more comprehensive way. He inherited the tradition of Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, affirmed the slogan of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and advocated learning from western military industry. However, military industry is only one aspect of his study. Feng Guifen pointed out that "in addition, such as arithmetic, emphasis on learning, visual science, optics, chemistry, must be reasonable. The books on the land are for mountains and rivers, and the products of Ethiopia are beyond the reach of many people. " I saw that "all kinds of work need farm tools and weaving tools, and wheels are much used." Get twice the result with half the effort and can be used to make a living. " The idea of using machines in industrial and agricultural production is clearly put forward. What skills do foreigners have? Feng Guifen's understanding has made great progress than Wei Yuan's. He concluded that China is not as easy as it is in five aspects. In addition to realizing that strong guns are not as good as Man Zi, we also realize that "people are not as good as Man Zi, the land is not as good as Man Zi, and the name is not as good as Man Zi." Feng Guifen put forward the problem of "no distinction between monarch and people" here, which is very valuable. Feng Guifen put forward the idea of "self-strengthening and resisting foreigners", which he summarized as "teaching ethics in the name of China as the original, supplemented by the skills of enriching Qiang Bing."
Feng Guifen attaches great importance to China's own mastery of new technologies. He used a wonderful sentence: "Or, how about buying a boat and hiring someone?" Oh, no. Being able to build, repair and use is my sharp weapon. If it can't be built, repaired or used, it is still people's weapon. A sharp weapon in the hand can turn the bottom and make me hungry one day; To transport salt, and one day I can eat it all; In order to get involved in the rivers and seas, and to make me drown again one day, it is temporary and very important to hire a boat by borrowing soldiers. At present, there is no gap between solids. There will be no gap in the future and it will not be permanent. Finally, there is no harm in self-creation, self-study and personal use. "It contains the idea that developing countries must master their own economic lifeline to ensure their independence when learning from developed countries. This idea has reference significance for the third world countries to deal with their relations with developed countries today.
Feng Guifen was dissatisfied with the corrupt rule of Qing Dynasty and suggested reforming the current politics. He attached great importance to western practical knowledge and advocated adopting western learning and manufacturing foreign tools. He became rich and strong on the basis of China's ethics, supplemented by foreign new skills. His thoughts and theories had a great influence on the Westernization School, and were also regarded as pioneers by the bourgeois reformists.
After Feng Guifen's death, his theory of governing the country, such as reducing redundant staff, refining rules, stopping donating money, changing the imperial examination, recruiting talents, abolishing martial arts, adopting western learning and making foreign instruments, was recognized and adopted by the court, and most of them were implemented. Even during the Guangxu period, it was necessary to reform and failed to deviate from his rule.
Other achievements
He is good at calligraphy and is famous for seal script, official script, especially official script. Feng Guifen is square in character, serious in manner, abstinence and abandoning comfort. Lin Zexu was an official in his early days. When he was governor in Jiangsu, he valued Feng Guifen very much and thought he was a national talent. When Lin Zexu was editing the books on northwest water conservancy, Feng Guifen participated in editing and proofreading.
He assisted Tao Shu and served as Li Hongzhang's staff. Feng Guifen was one of the most talented scholars in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, he set up a defense bureau to reconcile China and foreign countries. Feng Guifen worked hard in difficult times. Although he was a servant for ten years, he did his best in Caohe, building schools, accumulating various policies and discussing articles. He studied arithmetic, made a directional ruler, and stepped on the field with an inverted compass to draw pictures. Feng Guifen's writings are abundant, among which the second volume "Learning from Lu * * *" is even more to the point. Explain Feng Guifen's familiarity with western affairs and his progressive thoughts. Therefore, this book is particularly important to the world. ?
His main works include collation of Lu * * *, Records of Salt Law in Huaihe River, Textual Research, Arithmetic Begging for Grass and Arrows, Twelve Volumes of Direct Interpretation of Western Calculations, Poems of Xianzhitang, Travels of Guangdong, Records of Salt Law in Huaihe River, etc., totaling hundreds of volumes. ?
Thinkers and bibliophiles in Qing Dynasty. The word Lin Bu,No. Jingting,No. HuaiSao, alias Deng Weishan, was born in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). Form a county student. The 12th year of Daoguang (1832) was held in the township. In twenty years (1840), he was a scholar, granted editing, supplemented by You Chunfang and You Zhongyun, and entered the Li Hongzhang shogunate. He was dissatisfied with the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty and repeatedly suggested reforming current politics. He pays attention to practical learning and has given lectures in Yin Xi, Ye Jing, Suzhou and Justice College for nearly 20 years. He learned a lot, besides telling historical stories, he also paid special attention to astronomy, geography, mathematics, primary school, water conservancy and farmland. He used to be the editor-in-chief of Suzhou Fuzhi and a retired official of southeast literature and history. There are "Yirentang" and "Gengyuxuan" libraries with toothpicks, and Gong is asked to manage and organize books. In the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1874), Ye Huitong and others compiled 20 books for him, which were divided into four subsets: classics and history. The collection of books is printed with Xiao Jing of School Poetry, School Land and Deng Weishan Man. He is the author of Collation of Lu * * *, Collection of Xian Zhi Tang, Textual Research, Illustration of Arc Loss Arithmetic, Direct Solution of New Method of Western Calculation, etc.
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