Primitive period

Dai Mingshi, Fang Bao and Liu Dakui were the representatives during the reign of Qing Kang Gan. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, Tongcheng academic rose, and scholars organized lectures. "Those who can use calligraphy as ancient prose will be handed down from generation to generation." . At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Fang Yizhi, Qian Chengzhi and others devoted themselves to the revitalization of ancient Chinese prose and started Tongcheng School. Fang Yizhi's Essays on Paying Fires praised Zuo (biography), Guo (language), Zhuang (son) and Si () as the direct communicators of the essays, which reflected the mainstream tendency of Tongcheng scholars at that time. Qian Chengzhi's "Abandoning the Eight-part Essay on Folklore and Specializing in Ancient Classics" and his articles are "clean", "elegant" and "open readers' hearts", which set an example for Tongcheng School. Dai Mingshi is the successor of Tongcheng School. He is famous for writing modern and ancient prose. In view of the complicated and illusory style of writing in the late Ming Dynasty, he put forward the viewpoints of "having substance in words" and "being sincere in words". He advocates the combination of literature, Taoism and rhetoric, and the unity of spirit and spirit. He is the real pioneer of Tongcheng school's theory of justice and law.

In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), in order to consolidate its feudal ruling position, the Qing Dynasty adopted the strategy of respecting Confucianism and respecting new ideas, and forced intellectuals to submit by combining hard and soft measures, preaching "spreading the eternal way, that is, the place where the eternal rule belongs." The political thought of the ruling class has brought good opportunities for the development of literature that promotes orthodoxy. Fang Bao, the founder of Tongcheng School, and his ancient prose school came into being under this historical condition. As early as my youth, I had the ambition to embody Cheng Zhu's way in the works of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. At the age of 25, when he talked about "praying for the body" with Jiang and Wang Kunsheng in Beijing, he once said that "learning from the times is between North Korea and Europe" ("Preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Wang Zhaofu"). Later, he put forward the idea of "righteous law" in reading Eight Books of Historical Records and After Ten Tables of Historical Records. After being freed from the Nanshan case, the theory of "righteous law" has been further clarified and improved. In the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733), Fang Bao was appointed as a lecturer of imperial academy, and compiled Selected Works of China Ancient Literature for Prince He Shen, which provided a model for the theory of "righteous law". In the preface of this book, he expounded the integration of Taoism and literature, revealing "the original intention of supporting politics and religion". "Selected Works of Ancient Chinese Literature" was immediately published and distributed to all students. Scholars under Imperial edicts in the early Qianlong period became the official textbook of ancient Chinese. Fang Bao's Preface, which advocates "just law", also has the authority to award prizes. Since then, the theory of "just law" has been widely valued by scholars. Fang Bao has been a disciple for decades, and there are countless disciples. They have their own emphasis on Taoism, Confucian classics, benevolence and righteousness. Later, they became the core figures of Tongcheng ancient prose movement, including Ye, Zhang Yin, Lei Ling of Ninghua, Shen Tong of Wujiang, Wang Youpu of Tianjin, Ren Heshen of Daxing, Cheng Yi of Shexian and so on. Liu Dakui, a native of this county, is good at classical Chinese, with words like Ou Su. He has a rich style. Although he is different and has nothing to do with his teacher, he has great respect for him and Fang attaches great importance to his prose.

Liu Dakui's literary activities were mainly in the Qianlong period. He devoted his life to teaching and writing. On the basis of inheriting Fang Bao's theory of "righteousness and law", he put forward the theory of "arrogance". His disciples were Yao Nai and Wang Zhuo from Tongcheng, Wu Ding from Shexian, Cheng Jinfang and Qian Rusi from Changzhou. Among Liu Dakui's disciples, Yao Nai studied under the King of Europe and entered Zuo's clan prescription and Liu. His prose is elegant and pure, which is the true story of Tongcheng ancient prose. Qian Ruth and Wang Zhuo recited the teacher's words in Yanghu and Zhang Huiyan in Wujin. Yun He gave up textual research and couples' studies and turned to the creation and research of ancient Chinese prose. Moire continuous culvert, elegant in Zhang Wenyuan. There are dozens of his disciples, including Yang Jitun, Dong Weicheng, Dong Shucheng, Wujin Dong, Zhang Qi, Xie Shiyuan, Tang Chunfan, Wuxi Qin Xiaoxian, Yang Shaowen and Qiantang Daixi. And they have their own system and the lineage of "Yanghu School". It is a branch of the early Tongcheng school, which preaches the doctrine of the mean and the Liu family law.

Baiyin age

The time was from Qianlong period to before the Opium War 1840, with Yao Nai as the representative. Yao Nai is a master of Tongcheng School. In the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777), the flag of Tongcheng School was officially unveiled in Preface to Mr. Liu Haifeng's Eighty Birthday. In this article, he quoted the words of Cheng Jinfang, the official minister, and Zhou Yongnian, the editor: "Those who have knowledge and laws can only change, and those who change can only become great. Weisheng and Qing Dynasty have surpassed thousands of years of ancient times, and those lonely people can rule ancient Chinese. There used to be an assistant minister, but now there is Mr. Liu. Is the article in the world in Tongcheng? " This paper also expounds the theoretical inheritance relationship among Fang Bao, Liu Dakui and Yao Nai, and reveals the formation of ancient prose schools in Tongcheng. Since then, the name of Tongcheng School has appeared in front of the world.

Yao Nai was first trained as an ancient prose writer and uncle Fan Yao, then followed Liu Dakui and served as the editor of the library of Sikuquanshu. When he was middle-aged, he told Li that he was ill. He has been teaching in Zhongshan, Meihua, Ziyang and Jingfu College for more than 40 years, teaching ancient prose and cultivating writing talents. Yao Nai is a refined man, with a more unrestrained and rigorous temperament than Liu Dakui. He dabbled in Han and Song studies, as well as textual research and exegesis. Advocate the article "textual research, righteousness and rhetoric". The Ancient Chinese Vocabulary compiled by him is called the most accurate book for reading ancient Chinese. Tongcheng School came to Yao Nai, and the wind of articles began to spread all over the country, forming a situation that "every family is Tongcheng" and "everyone is Yao". Among the Yao family, Mei Zengliang, Guan Tong and Tongcheng School have great influence and are called "the four Yao families". Secondly, Liu Kai in Tongcheng, Yao Chun in Xincheng, and Mao in Baoshan are among the best. They turn around, teach and teach, and have more and more friends. Fang has made outstanding achievements in the literary world, and his disciples include Tongcheng Dai Equilibrium, Su Dunyuan, Fang Zongcheng and Chen. Yao Ying is good at economics, and his disciples are Wujin Bu Qiyuan and He Fei Xu Zicen. Chen Yongguang's disciple is Shouyang Qi Chunpu; Yao Chun's disciples are Gu Guangyu of Pinghu, Shen Yuefu and Chen Shouxiong of Wujiang. In addition, Yixing Wu Dexuan learned from Yao Nai and gained the methods of Tongcheng and Yanghu, which was praised by Qu. His disciple Yongfu Lv Huang inherited the teacher's learning, returned to the village in his later years, advocated backwardness, and initiated the study of ancient prose in western Guangdong, which was valued by the world. This is another branch of Tongcheng School. After Yao Nai's death, his disciple Mei Zengliang had the highest reputation and had the potential to inherit the literary world. He gave lectures in the capital, with many disciples: Guangxi Lingui Zhu Qi, Long Qirui, Pingnan Peng Yuyao; Chen Xueshou, Chen Pu and Nanfeng Wu Jiabin of Jiangxi New City; Crane in Hunan, Guo Songtao in Xiangyin, Sun Zi, Ou Yangxun in Xiangtan, Shu Tao in Xupu, Duanfu in Jiangsu, Yang in Wujin, Qin Lianru and Lu Yi in Wuxi; Zhejiang people and Shao, Rui 'an Sun, Zhuji Yu Kun, Shanxi Daizhou Feng Zhiyi, Pingding, etc. Tongcheng School inherited the northern and southern provinces and formed a strong school of ancient Chinese prose.

Last stream period

The time was from the Opium War of 1840 to the May 4th Movement of 19 19. During this period, the popularity and influence of Tongcheng School was not as good as that of Gansu and Jia, but it was popular in a wide area and had a large number of people. Liu Shengmu's Textual Research on the Origin of Tongcheng Literature includes more than 200 writers of Tongcheng School/kloc-0 (2 women from Inner Mongolia and 2 women from Japan), most of whom are the last writers of Tongcheng School. After the Opium War, China changed from a feudal society to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. "The article is different from the world." Tongcheng School, which follows feudal orthodoxy and literary tradition, is facing the challenge of "changing the world". Mei Zengliang and Fang held their ground and spared no effort, but the barriers of Tongcheng School still began to shake. At this time, Zeng Guofan from Xiangxiang came out to revive Tongcheng School. With his political strength and talent, he attracted a group of Tongcheng School scholars, put forward his own academic opinions, and promoted the ancient prose movement. The Tseng family claimed to be private. In addition to theory, textual research and rhetoric, the paper emphasizes "economic application" and its style has changed. It is called "Xiangxiang School" and is actually a variant of Tongcheng School. Zeng Guofan's disciples are famous for Zhang Yuzhao in Wuchang, Wu Rulun in Tongcheng, Li Shuchang in Zunyi and Xue Fucheng in Wuxi, and they are called "the four great disciples of Zengmen". Zhang, Jiao Yan and Ji have hundreds of disciples. Zhang's main teachers are Rongcheng Sun Baotian and Nantong Zhang Jian. Wu's main teachers are Li Gangji from Jizhou and Nangong. At the same time, Zhang and Wu Ershi respectively studied under the sons of Wu Tao, Tongzhou Fan Dangdai, Jin Qing, Tongcheng Ma Qichang, Yao Yongpu and Yao Yongqi. Other disciples are Hou Fu, Lin Shu, Wu Zongqi, etc. They are called the post-official school, but they are actually another tributary of the Tongcheng school in the later period. Among Zeng Guofan's "Four Disciples", Ma Qicheng has the highest reputation and is known as the "Temple Army" of Tongcheng School. But at this time, China has become a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, with sharp and complicated ethnic and class contradictions. Tongcheng School represented by Cheng and Zhu Daotong has fallen far behind the trend of the times. At the same time, the last-rate writers stick to Tongcheng's "righteous law", seek every word and sentence, cling to the remnants, and think that metrical rules are contrary to the May 4th New Culture Movement, so that they gradually decline. This is a historical necessity. However, most Tongcheng writers in this period were able to stick to their patriotic stance, and their national integrity and patriotic feelings were reflected in their political activities and creative activities. Words of Guilt from Fang's Sick Bed, Letter from Mei Zengliang to Lu Lifu, Postscript of Family History, and Records of Guan Zhong's Family History, as well as some works by others, either express patriotic feelings or express tragic wishes. Yao Ying also practiced, insisted on the military stance of resisting Britain in Taiwan Province, and won many victories. His prose about the war is full of patriotism. In addition, Xue Fucheng advocated the revitalization of industrial and commercial economy, Wu Rulun advocated the establishment of new schools, and Lin Shu and Yan Fu translated a large number of western classics in order to improve society, all of which were bourgeois reformists and had certain positive significance under the historical conditions at that time.