Brief introduction of Pangu
China folk myths and legends, Pangu myth spread from the lower limit to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the narrative can be found in the calendars of three five-year calendar years and five-year calendar years, as well as the narrative of different stories. The theory of Pangu's transformation of everything first appeared in Ren Fang, a native of A Liang in the Southern Dynasties. The earliest images can be found in Guangbo Legend and The Trial of the Fairy World, which are snake heads and snake faces. Pangu is the oldest god in China folk myth system. Its birth is very old and has been passed down by people for a long time. It was not until the Three Kingdoms period that Xú Zhēng, a scholar of the State of Wu, recorded it. 1986, Mr zong yirao published a textual research on Pangu, pointing out that in the first year of Xingping at the end of Han dynasty, namely 194, there was a statue of Pangu in the stone room of Yizhou lecture hall in Sichuan. This achievement of Mr. Rao not only pushed the appearance of Pangu to the end of the second century A.D., but also provided enlightenment in research methods: myth and religion are two sides of the same thing, and language and idols are linked, so the two studies can confirm each other.
The origin theory of Pangu
Explore the times
As we all know, the legend of Pangu first appeared in Xú Zhēng's "May 3rd Calendar". There is also a "five-movement calendar" to record its metaplasia. The textbook "History of China's Philosophy" quoted these two historical materials. As for whether the legend of Pangu reflects the true situation of ancient legends in China, the textbook thinks? Although the myth and legend of Pangu's creation can't be found in pre-Qin documents, as Lv Simian said: Is there Pangu in this world? ,? Gage said it was old, so it spread widely? . It can be inferred that because there were no words in ancient times, our ancestors had a tradition of speaking without doing. Although this myth and legend was written late, its content should have occurred in very early ancient times, which was the result of thousands of years of word of mouth from Chinese ancestors. ?
India said
Did Lv Simian put forward the above argument in the textbook? Inference? However, Lv Simian's statement was quoted from his article, which distorted her original intention. The first paragraph of Lv Simian's Pangu Kao is:? Now everyone in the world knows that there is a story about Pangu, but it can't be said that it is very old, so it is widely circulated and barren. ? Omitted by the textbook? What shortage? It's just weird and ridiculous. Because the myth of Pangu's creation is bizarre and absurd, so? Is it old? This does not mean that Lu believes that the legend of Pangu occurred in early ancient China. As a matter of fact, Lv Simian's Pangu Kao quoted three historical materials, namely, Annals of the May 30th Five-Year Plan, Annals of the May 5th Movement and Narration of Different Stories, and then quoted Indian historical materials such as Aitelli You Ya Bonishatan, The Theory of Exotic Hinayana Nirvana and Modern Jiajing. Lv Simian Thought? The theories of "five-movement calendar" and "three-five-movement calendar" are all based on the theory of teaching East and mixing with others. The theory of the first number in Yi Shu Ji is the theory of the five-movement calendar. ? It can be seen that Lu did not think that the legend of Pangu occurred in ancient China, but after the spread of Buddhism to the east? It is made up of heresy? .
According to legend, Ren Fang wrote Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, in which Yun Pangu incarnates everything. Lv Simian pointed out? The theory of the first number in Yi Shu Ji, that is, the theory of the five-movement calendar? Later he said:? The same is true between Qin and Han Dynasties. There is no doubt that the stone men in Qin and Han Dynasties were wrong. ? Visible, Lv Simian thought that the myth of Pangu's creation should take place in? Between Qin and Han dynasties? After that. As for Yi Shu Ji? Confucius said? 、? Gu said? And then what? Wu Chu said? Lu thinks, this? Are different from the above theory? .
Lv Simian's Pangu Kao was revised to 1939, and his History of the Pre-Qin Dynasty (first edition 194 1) has? Create a legend? The first chapter, this chapter continues the viewpoint in Pangu Kao, namely: The first two theories in Yi Shu Collection are the same as those in Wu Liyunji. This statement is similar to that in the May 35 calendar, attached to the legend of piracy. The so-called pre-Confucian narrator in Yi Shu Collection seems to be the same as the real narrator, but its so-called ancient narrator is the same, which covers China's old theory. ? According to Different Records? Confucius said? And then what? Gu said? It's not true? Create the world? Question, what else? Call it survival, not death? , this and "Shan Hai Jing"? The name of Zhongshan God is Yin Candle. He regards Zhongshan God as day, night, winter and summer? Yun Yun has similarities, so Lv Simian thinks, this? Guy China's old theory? What about Pangu's creation myth? Are you different? . From The Story of a Different Story? Wu Chu said? , Lv Simian thinks, this? Obviously, Pangu has a husband and wife, a tomb in the South China Sea and a country in the South China Sea. If people still take Pangu as their surname, then they are not gods. Where should this come from? Southern nationalities? That legend, what else? Is it different from the saying that a body becomes everything? .
What is the difference between "different notes"? Confucius said? 、? Gu said? And then what? Wu Chu said? It is different from the creation myth of Pangu recorded in 35 Li Ji and other books. Obviously, Lv Simian thought that the myth of Pangu's creation did not occur in ancient China, but after the spread of Buddhism to the east. Steal Indian legends and attach them? And become. Does the textbook take Lv Simian's theory as? Inference? Lu's basic point of view has indeed been misunderstood.
Although there have been different views on Pangu's creation myth in academic circles, the mainstream view of academic circles is still roughly the same as that of Lv Simian, with solid historical materials and more rigorous analysis and argumentation. For example, in the article Pangu Tukao published in 1986, Zong Zhen quoted Song He's Yizhou Famous Paintings Record? Not as famous as painting? Based on this, the article believes that Zong Qinghou believes that? Painting with Pangu was popular in Shu at the end of Han Dynasty, so Pangu myth didn't appear until the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest? . Two years later, Zong Yi wrote "Waituo and Dunhuang Murals", quoting modern Jia Jing translated at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. On this basis, Zong Qinghou thinks? Freedom day? Myth can be traced back to the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty when it entered China. Fang's Shuo Wen Jie Zi quoted Pangu's theory, and incorporated the Buddhist wild theory that heaven is Brahma into Pangu's deeds. Three Kingdoms Xú Zhēng's "May 35 Calendar" and another "May Movement Calendar" (quoted from Ma Zi's "Yi Shi") all tell the story of Pangu, which seems to be influenced by Indian heresy. ? In fact, the historical materials of Jiajing in modern times are quoted in Lv Simian's Pangu Kao and History of Pre-Qin Dynasty (only in different versions). According to Zongyi Rao Yi, there are pictures of Pangu in Yizhou Famous Paintings, although he thinks Pangu myth? Won't it be produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest? But according to the fact that Modern Jia Jing was first translated into Chinese by An Shigao at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, what do you think? Freedom day? Can myth enter China from the late Eastern Han Dynasty? Pangu myth in Yi Shu Ji, San Li Wu Ji and Wu Li Yunji? Are all influenced by Indian heresy. , this and Lv Simian think Pangu myth is after the spread of Buddhism to the east? It is made up of heresy? The same view, but what about the Pangu myth? Won't it be produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest? In fact, it should not be earlier than the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
He Xin quoted Zongyirao's Pangu Tukao in his book The Origin of Gods, and also thought about the time when China Pangu myth came into being? Not earlier than the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty? . He Xin also quoted the Manu Code and Upanishads of ancient Indian Brahmanism, as well as the Buddhist hereditary Hinayana Nirvana theory and several historical materials of modern Jiajing, and thought that Pangu myth was the prototype? Is it really the story of the creation of the universe by the Brahma God from the creation myth of ancient India? This is the same as Lv Simian and Tsung i Jao.
Ye Shuxian quoted the viewpoint of Japanese scholar Xiong Minxiao Mu (1876- 1922) in the Mythological Philosophy of China. In Comparative Mythology completed by 1904, this scholar has proposed that Pangu's egg-shaped creation myth originated in India. It first appeared in Vedic poetry in India? . At the same time, Ye Shuxian also quoted Lv Simian's Pangu Kao in detail, thinking that it was different from Takagi Toshi Utsumi? Great minds think alike, but meet unexpectedly? . From this, Ye Shuxian asserted: The earliest Pangu myth in China's classics? Are all influenced by Indian Buddhist scriptures. Chinese and foreign scholars have concluded this question decades ago: the origin of Pangu myth is no longer a mystery. ?
negate
Facts have proved that the myth of Pangu has been circulated for thousands of years. But popular in modern times? Foreign theory? . Its main points are as follows: 1. India is an important place to explore fairy tales in the world, and two motifs of Pangu myth (oozing myth and corpse metaplasia motif) can be found in Vedas of India. 2. In the Buddhist scripture Modern Jiajing translated by the later Han Dynasty, the great god Andu means chicken lays eggs, and Andu myth contains these two motifs. Xú Zhēng may have read this passage when he was writing. 3. Brahma, the great creator of Brahmanism in India (referred to as? Van Gogh? , its pronunciation and? Disk? Or? Pangu? Similar).
These views seem to have some truth, but careful analysis is impossible. Six ways recorded in the Han Dynasty? Daming? The article (written by Jiang Taigong Ziya at the beginning of the week, not impossible) has been recorded? Pangu school? Is unshakable. How did Pangu, which has existed for a long time, suddenly become an Indian import? This is of course impossible.
From six towers? Pangu school? It's not just about the name of God, but also about? Pure heaven, moral generation, and peaceful personnel? If heaven and earth are in harmony, his thoughts are authentic China traditional thoughts, and there is no Buddhism. ? Foreign theory? Obviously it is untenable. [ 1]
Native theory
However, Pangu was widely distributed in Henan and Shandong in the first century A.D., one of which was definitely in 86 A.D., and some statues may be as early as Xin Mang's time. And knocked it down? Pangu originated in India? Statement.
In the Ming Dynasty, the records of Pangu were quoted from the Five Elements Calendar in Volume 9 of Dong Guangbo Zhi. Is the king of Pangu dead? Blood for Huai blaspheme? Narration. In ancient times, it was called Jiang, He, Huai and Ji. Four blasphemies? Huaidu is the ancient Huaihe River, now called Huaihe River, so the Huaihe River basin should also constitute the spread of Pangu myth. There are still many living Pangu myths circulating in Tongbai Mountain, the birthplace of Huaihe River. It is said that it is one of the possible original collections of Pangu myths recorded in ancient books, and it can also be established.
It is worth mentioning that Tongbaishan area may also be related to the ancestors of Miao and Yao in history. According to "Southern History" records:
Jing, people, also in Tiger Pan, planted in various counties. ? Without corvee, the strong will not pay official tax. Hundreds of people joined the party and the country. ? How dangerous it is.
Among them, Yongzhou is also based on Ci Hai 1978 published by Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House. According to "Geographical Volume" (Historical Geography), it was established for the northern part of Jingzhou in the 26th year (449) of Song Yuanjia in the Southern Dynasty, and it was governed by Xiangyang, and its jurisdiction extended to Biyang, Henan in the northeast. Zhou Yongren? Where is it? Deep risk? When the Tongbai mountain area is included. If so, is the Pangu myth circulating in Tongbai Mountain area related to. After Tiger Pan? Zhou Yongren is related to the ancestors of Miao and Yao, which should be an unsolved case.
The bigger unsolved case is that Yao people have both Pangu culture and Pan Hu culture, and because of different historical materials, there are still many disputes in academic circles about the relationship between Pangu and Pan Hu and whether Pangu culture is the primitive culture of Yao people. Hunan scholar Peng questioned Pangu as Pan Hu (10) and pointed out that among Yao people,
Before the Tang Dynasty, Pangu and Pan Hu were distinct and not confused with each other? Yao people only believe in Pan Hu, not Pangu. ? In the early Tang Dynasty, Pangu's name was included in the "Mountain List". In the early Song Dynasty, Pangu became one of the objects of Yao worship and was listed as the ancestor of Yao.
In his view, Pangu is only the shell of Yao belief, and Pan Hu is the core of Yao belief? . Another scholar in Hunan, Li Bengao, who was born in Yao nationality, also pointed out in Pan Hu and Pangu (1 1):
Yao people also worship Pangu, but only regard Pangu as a symbolic god. It's too late for Yao people to offer sacrifices to Pangu. According to "The Story of Wang Juan", Yao people began to offer sacrifices to Pangu in the Song Dynasty, and even later in some areas.
Comments on Wang Juan Dies, also known as Guo Shan Bang, is another name for similar documents of Yao nationality. Didn't Yao people before the Tang Dynasty believe in Pangu? Or do you still believe in Pangu, but Pan Hu's belief is more prominent, so it is ignored in the list of mountains? Further discussion may be needed.
Scholars such as Peng and Li believe that the Pangu culture of Yao nationality is influenced by Han nationality. Indeed, the myth of Pangu was first recorded in China classics, and it was widely circulated through the influence of China culture, which is beyond doubt, just a continuation. What about going up? It seems that we have to trace the root of Pangu myth in China/Han culture along the line of Huaxia/Han.
As mentioned above, most of the above descriptions about Pangu can be traced back to pre-Chinese classics. Laozi, Zhuangzi, Huainanzi and other related discourses all reveal the narrative of Pangu from the cultural background and narrative form, which should be in the same strain. Let's explain it in detail.
Looking back at the Pangu myth quoted above, we may find some key words, such as vitality, chicken, yin and yang, hush and blow, day and night, limbs, and so on. It seems that we can start with these keywords and analyze the Chinese/Chinese cultural connotation in Pangu mythology.
? Vitality? It can be found in the "Three Five Calendars" and the "Five Yun Calendars" cited in the first volume of "Taiping Magnolia", and the words compiled by these two books in different versions are often different. "Taiping Yulan" volume one cited "35 calendar" opening is:
When there is no heaven and earth, chaos is like a chicken. I begin to have teeth, and I am full of enthusiasm.
The "Five-Movement Calendar" has been further developed:
The exuberant vitality germinates from the beginning, and then divides into heaven and earth, dry Kun and Yang, and distributes vitality, which is the harmony in the bosom and the human being. The first born Pangu,
This is the chaos of the universe before Pangu appeared, using traditional Chinese/Han nationality? Vitality? Said. ? Vitality? It is an important category of China traditional culture, representing an inseparable entity of chaos, or the original substance that produces and constitutes everything in the world. Say it earlier? Vitality? It's a pipe. According to Hanshu? Yi Wen Zhi and Guan Zi were written during the Warring States Period? Truman? ,? Living in the mountains, taking the stork as the crown? ; There is a similar account in the lost article of Yi Tong Customs written by Ying Shao. His book? Telu? There is a cloud:
Heaven and earth are based on vitality, and everything is multiplied by heaven and earth.
The western Han dynasty "river map" cloud:? Vitality is invisible and fierce, it is the earth that suppresses it, and it is the sky that lies. ? Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty "On Balance? Tell me about the sky: The vitality is not divided, and chaos is one. ? Visible? Vitality? On the profound cultural background.
As for it? Chicken? Language, the Eastern Han Dynasty Zhang Heng's "Hunyi Tu Shuo" has also been used. What is elaborated in his book? Huntian said? Shi Yun,
The sky is like a chicken, the celestial body is like a projectile, the ground is like yellow in a chicken, and there are lonely inside, big and small. Heaven and earth stand by and float in the water.
This theory has long dominated China's view of the universe structure in traditional culture.
How does the vitality form heaven and earth, and the "three-five calendar" follows the tradition? Yin and yang changes? Say, what is that? Yang Qing is the sky, and cloudy is the ground? . This expression was first seen in the Western Han Dynasty's Huai Nan Zi? Astronomical training, huh? Clear yang is thin and arrogant, while heavy turbidity is stagnant. After the above-mentioned "River Map" and other dramas, it gradually became a classic.
The vitality is divided into heaven and earth, pregnant and neutral? Born Pangu? , the king of Pangu, according to the "five-movement calendar" quoted in Volume 9 of Dong Guangbo Zhi in Ming Dynasty, right? The faucet is snake-shaped, hissing for wind and rain, whistling for lightning, opening eyes for day and closing eyes for night? . This is also related to Shan Hai Jing? The image of Yin Candle in overseas classics is very similar. Yin Candle's image is:
Think of it as day, night, winter and summer. Breathing is the wind. It is thousands of miles long.
More specifically, Pangu is quoted from the five-movement calendar in the first volume of Ma Zi's Yi Shi in Qing Dynasty. Near-death incarnation? And the traditional culture of China? Harmony between man and nature? 、? Heaven-man induction? Are inextricably linked. Pangu? Avatar? The arrangement of everything in different parts of the body is very similar to Dong Zhongshu's Huangdi Neijing and Chunqiu Fan Lu in the Han Dynasty. Dong Zhongshu wrote in the article "Man's Vice Heaven" in the Spring and Autumn Story:
The essence of heaven and earth, so nature, do not return to people; Man is predestined, so he is detached and dependent. ? People have 360 knots, even days; The flesh and blood of the body, even the thickness of the land; There are eyes and ears in the world, and the image of the sun and the moon is also; The body is empty, but the pulse is clear, and the image of the valley is also; Do you have emotions, moods and air in your heart? The body of an old friend is the first member (circle), such as the sky; Hair, like stars; Eyes and ears are violent, like the sun and the moon; Breathing through the nose and mouth is like an atmosphere; Harmony in the chest is like a god; Being full is like eating a hundred things. ? All should be the same and vice versa.
At this point, it is far from the original author of Pangu myth. Perhaps, the following summary may be more reasonable, that is, from the various variants recorded in ancient books such as the May 3rd Calendar and the May 5th Sports Calendar, as well as the narratives of different stories, the Pangu myth may have emerged and spread not only in a certain region and a certain nation, but also in many regions and nationalities, with different types, plots and cultural connotations. This generalization may be a bit general, but it may also be the most practical.
Here, let alone the origin of the Indian Pangu myth? From the west? Yes Perhaps the Indian Brahma myth has influenced the Pangu myth to some extent, but because of the traditional culture and narrative structure of so many Pangu myths mentioned above, it is impossible to find out the origin of Pangu myth in any case. Western heaven? The conclusion is rooted in all ethnic groups in China.
On the humanistic value of Pangu
Humanistic idea
First of all, Pangu myth shows a humanistic thought. Everything is people-oriented, and the universe is created by people. Pangu stands tall, ten feet high, ten feet thick and ten feet long. Eighteen thousand years later, how tall has Pangu Giant grown? God is in heaven and sacred to the earth? It embodies the precious humanistic thought that human beings are the masters of nature. This is very meaningful. This is a sense of life. People can create everything as long as they live and work endlessly, which is the brilliant thought in Pangu mythology.
Secondly, the essence of human beings lies in labor, which makes human beings higher than all animals and different from all animals. The myth of Pangu is essentially the most magnificent hymn to human labor. Labor creates the world and labor creates everything, which is the most profound ideological connotation of Pangu myth.
Pangu spirit
First of all, Pangu spirit can be summarized as pioneering spirit and innovative spirit, which is very much needed for us to create a harmonious and happy new world through reform and opening up.
Secondly, Pangu spirit contains the spirit of seeking truth from facts of materialist dialectics. At the same time, Pangu spirit is the belief that labor creates the world and everything, that is, the spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, persisting assiduously, struggling for a long time, sacrificing oneself and benefiting the people.