Edit this chronology of Wang Anshi's life events.
Li Qing was the fourth scholar in the second year (1042). Served as a local official for many years. Wang Anshi believes that the root of social poverty in Song Dynasty lies in merger. Song Renzong and Zhao Zhen called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book "Wan Yan Shu" written in the third year of Jiayou (1058), so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness and realize the reform of written law immediately. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Wang Anshi was summoned to know jiangning house, calling him a bachelor of Hanlin. In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing to carry out reforms and establish a system to enrich Qiang Bing and change the current situation of poverty and weakness. Because Zongshen appreciated Xining for two years (1069), Wang Anshi became a political adviser, and Xining was promoted to prime minister for three years (1070), and began to vigorously carry out reforms and carry out political reforms. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, the royal family and the conservative literati joined forces to oppose the political reform. So in the seventh year of Yexining (1074), Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time. Return to worship in the eighth year of Xining (1075). Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), he resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon. Wang Anshi traveled north and south with his father as an official since childhood, and he knew something about the hidden social crisis in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty. As a local official, he stepped into his official career, was able to care about people's livelihood and sufferings, and repeatedly wrote to suggest promoting advantages and eliminating disadvantages and reducing the burden on the people. Because of long-term contact and understanding of social reality, "I have the ambition to change the world." In the book "Last Words of Renzong" written by Jiayou for three years (1058), he systematically put forward the idea of political reform, demanding to change the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness" in the Northern Song Dynasty, restrain the merger and privilege of bureaucratic landlords, and carry out the policy of enriching the people in Qiang Bing. During his tenure as a political adviser and prime minister, he won the support of Zong Shen, grasped the two major topics of "financial management" and "army consolidation", and actively promoted new laws such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, equal loss, equal tax on land, tax exemption, easy market, and armor protection, which was called "Wang Anshi Reform" or "Xining Reform" in history. Due to the resolute opposition of big bureaucrats and big landlord groups represented by Sima Guang, Zongshen later wavered and compromised, and cracks appeared in the reformists, and the new law was finally abolished. Although the ultimate goal of Wang Anshi's political reform was to strengthen the imperial power and consolidate the dominant position of feudal landlords, it did play a role in promoting the development of productive forces and enriching Qiang Bing at that time, and also reduced the burden on the people to a certain extent, which was of progressive significance in history. Lenin, the great revolutionary teacher, praised Wang Anshi as "a reformer in China in the1/century" (The Complete Works of Lenin, vol. 10, p. 152). In order to establish a theoretical basis for the reform and counter the old school, Wang Anshi put forward that "the change of nature is not enough for fear" and "those who still change are heaven", and refuted the metaphysical argument of the old school that "the Tao remains unchanged" with the evolutionary view of "distinguishing the old from the new". At the same time, he openly put forward that "the law of ancestors is not enough" and thought that "the law of ancestors may not be perfect, but it is not enough to follow" ("Sima Wen Chuan Jia Bao". Li Qingchen and other undergraduate examination policies "). In the process of political reform, he even set up a special bureau to let Zifang and his disciples compile the new meanings of the Three Classics of Poetry, Shu and Zhou Guan, explain and expound the New Deal in theory, and take government power as the final version of school recitation, which is called "new learning", directly or indirectly serving the implementation of the new law. These thoughts have certain progressive significance. Wang Anshi is not only a famous politician and thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Really be a clever fairy China, there is no need to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Wang Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation, so his works expose the shortcomings of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Mr. Linchuan Song. Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes, preface, etc., which explain political opinions and opinions and serve the reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete proposal for political reform, which showed that the author's progressive thought of "treating people's diseases" had nothing to do for a hundred years. While describing and explaining the peaceful situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, it pointed out sharply the social problems that were at stake at that time, expecting the religious circles to make favorable political achievements, and thought that "today is the time to make great achievements." "It played the overture of the government that began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. Wang Anshi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. " Just one or two sentences, you can sweep away a large number of others "(Liu Xizai's" Outline of Literature and Art "), which has a strong generality and logical force. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Wang Anshi's essays, such as Moxibustion Population, Guns, Reading Biographies, Biographies of Book Assassins, Shang, etc., comment on characters with vigorous brushwork, incisive writing and full emotions, giving people a fresh feeling of being suddenly enlightened. He also has a part of landscape travel prose "The Creation of the City Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; The Journey of the Treasure Toad not only records the journey, but also explains the truth. The combination of the two makes the abstract truth vivid, increases the ideological depth of specific notes, and makes the layout flexible and tortuous. Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, and there are obvious differences in content and style. "Wang Jinggong is not so confident, so his poetic language is just what he wants, and he is no longer so introverted ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and used it for reference. In his later years, he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest" (Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm of land annexation by big landlords and businessmen to the country and the people, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars poems, requiring the use of talents who can contribute to the country; "Yuan Ri" and "Song Yuanfeng" enthusiastically eulogized the new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the political reform; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. Wang Anshi's seclusion in his later period brought about changes in his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks. Poems such as Poems on the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms, and Mr. Yin's Wall on the Lake are exquisitely observed, with a long and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people. As far as the poetic style is concerned, although Wang Anshi's ancient poems are mostly classical and argumentative, they are novel in conception, rich in emotion and rich in imagination, like a bend and a peach blossom star. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has a variety of styles, and he is good at quatrains (Poems of Cold Hall) and Gong Jing's quatrains are wonderful in the world (Poems of Boat House). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang). Wang Anshi wrote about twenty poems today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are elegant and wash away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Yi Ci Qu"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles. From the literary point of view, Wang Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, Wang Anshi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism and Buddhism that are obscure and dry. These are the limitations of his artistic concept and creation.
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