Chinese knowledge in the second volume of the eighth grade
A letter to Zhu
1. Literature common sense
Wu Yun was a writer in A Liang in the Southern Dynasties. Wu Jun is good at describing mountains and rivers, and his style is bold and fresh, so he is called "Wu Jun Style".
2. The ideological content of the article
Based on the real feeling of sailing around the river, the author of this paper focuses on describing the scenery of Fuchun River from far to near, expressing the author's boredom with officialdom, contempt for fame and fortune, and his thoughts and feelings of expressing affection for mountains and rivers.
3. Keywords
Pronunciation of a word
Light blue (pi m÷o) and rapids (tuān)
(Xuān mi m o) Lingling
Melody (y and yīng) Flying a kite (yuān)
Performances by Li Ritian and He.
Common words
(1) Cicada is endless.
(2) Looking at the valley and forgetting to turn back (through "return", return)
Different meanings of ancient and modern times
(1) One hundred miles
Ancient meaning: with integer numbers, it means divisor.
Meaning: yes, or maybe.
(2) Kites fly in the sky.
Ancient meaning: arrive, arrive.
Modern meaning: evil, pervert.
(3) Economic and social affairs
Ancient meaning: planning, governance.
Modern meaning: metaphor for the ability to plan and manage politics.
polysemy
Absolutely.
Apes never stop barking (verb, exhausted, cut off)
Unique in the world (adjective, wonderful)
(2)
Compete with negative potential (verb, grow)
At the top of the horizontal branch (noun as adverbial, above)
(3) Straight line
Look straight (adjective, always)
Strive for height (adjective, straight)
(4) Hundred
A hundred miles
Apes have a loud cry. Here refers to non-stop, equivalent to adverbs. )
(5) None
Look straight (adverb, no)
Apes never stop barking (adverb, no)
Flexible use of parts of speech
(1) negative potential competition
Nouns grow upward as verbs.
(2) Mutual charm
Adjectives act as verbs, trying to stretch high and far.
anything
Nouns as verbs, East or West?
(4) Wind and smoke are clean
Adjectives as verbs eliminate and disperse.
(5) Horizontal coverage
Positional nouns as adverbials, same as above.
(6) If a huge wave strikes,
Verbs as nouns, running horses
(7) watch the peak and rest.
Verb causative usage makes ... calm down.
Special sentence patterns
elliptical sentence
(1) Floating from the stream, anything (omitting the subject "boat")
(2) The rapids are like arrows (omitting the preposition "Yu" should be "the rapids are more than arrows")
inverted sentence
Kites fly in the sky.
4. Key issues
(1) "People who fly in the sky want to have a rest; How does this sentence express the author's thoughts and feelings?
The author touches the scenery with emotion and expresses his ambition with emotion, which not only shows the charm of Fuchun River landscape from the side, but also expresses the author's praise, nostalgia, contempt for fame and fortune and indifferent thoughts and feelings.
(2) The author describes various sounds in the mountains and their functions.
The author described all kinds of sounds in the mountains, which looked lively on the surface, but in fact they were very noisy and quiet, showing the silence of the mountains. Implicitly denied the secular society and expressed the yearning for nature. For the following article, "those who fly kites in the sky hope their hearts will rest;" Those who are in charge of the affairs of the world, looking at the valley and forgetting the rebellion, have laid the groundwork, emphasized the subtle role of nature on people, and also showed the beauty of nature.
Summary of Chinese knowledge points in the second volume of the eighth grade
1, the story of Xiaoshitang
The Carboniferous Period is the work of Liu Zongyuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The full name of Xiaoshitang Ji goes to Xiaoshitang Ji in Xiaoqiuxi. The Story of Little Stone Pond describes the whole process of the author's play, depicts the scenery of Little Stone Pond in beautiful language, and implicitly expresses the sadness and bitterness that the author can't get rid of after being demoted. This article is lyrical and emotional, or recalling the present, or feeling the past, or worrying about the country and the people, or homesickness, leaving a strong artistic appeal to readers from generation to generation.
The word (1) is ambiguous:
① Possibility: Probably, there are hundreds of fish in the pond; Yes, you can. You can't stay long.
② From: from, from, from the hill to the west 120 steps; Cui Shi, the second boy, said that if you are angry with yourself, you should take one.
3 clear: clear, look at the small pool below, the water is particularly clear; Cold and cheerless, the boundary is too clear.
4 poor: the length is different and uneven; Interlaced, verbs, their shore potential is different from each other.
5 to: because it is too clear; A method or means to show that the former behavior is the latter. The component before "a" is an adverbial of the latter verb, so it can be translated without translation.
⑥ Music: Take pleasure in … and enjoy it with your heart; Amuse and play, as if enjoying the tourists.
⑦ See: the verb appears through "now", see Tan Xiao below; Verb, flicker is visible.
(2) Different meanings in ancient and modern times:
1 Xiao Sheng: ancient youth, epigenetic, slave, Cui Shi's second Xiao Sheng; This refers to the role in China traditional opera art.
(2) Go: Leave, but remember (so write down this scene and leave. ); Today is often used as "going".
(3) Flexible use of words:
(1) west, west, nouns as adverbials. For example: from the hill to the west 120 steps.
(2) Music: A. Verb conation, taking pleasure in …. Example: the heart is happy; B. Adjectives as verbs are fun and funny, as if they were as fun as swimming.
(3) Down, a. nouns as adverbials, Down. Example: It is clear in the sun; B nouns as adverbials, see below, see Tan Xiao below.
2. The story of Yueyang Tower
Yueyang Tower is a story written for rebuilding Yueyang Tower. Fan Zhongyan, a writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, was invited by Teng, a good friend of Baling County, to write it on September 15th, the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1046). Among them, the poems "Worry about the world first, then enjoy the world" and "Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself" are well-known and quoted sentences. The story of Yueyang Tower can become a masterpiece, not because of its description of the scenery of Yueyang Tower, but because Fan Zhongyan expressed his feelings of worrying about the country and the people through Yueyang Tower.
(1) Tong Jiazi:
"Tool" is "furniture", which is all-round.
"Belonging" means "directing" and instructing.
(2) Different meanings in ancient and modern times:
① Wei: No, Weiss; This meaning is very small.
(2) Meteorology: The scene is full of weather; This refers to the state and phenomenon of the atmosphere.
(3) Polysemy:
(1) come: come, it belongs to the composition to remember; Because, don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself.
2 view: look, to see the victory of husband baling; Scenery, this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3 one: one, one million hectares; All the cigarettes are gone.
4 open: clear, even closed for several months; Open, open the door of my East Pavilion; Open, set, and then open a small window beside it.
⑤ Then: Then, when will you be happy? That is, this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower; If you live high in a temple, you will worry about your people.
6 poles: poles, people who feel extremely sad; Go ahead. It's an honor.
7 or: sometimes, but the smoke is gone; Maybe, maybe, or different.
8 empty: there are turbid waves in the sky; It's gone.
9 links: smooth and harmonious; It leads to the Wuxia Gorge in the north.
Attending harmony: harmony, political style and harmony; Warm, if spring and scenery are bright.
A. Husband: Then, watch the prosperity of Baling; Speak, do not translate, attack; Husband, woman's spouse, husband snores.
B, go: leave and go home; Distance, trip to the South China Sea; Run away, run away, let it go.
C. behavior: behavior, activity or different behavior; Do, do, with the whole stone as the bottom.
(4) Flexible use of words:
Worry about the world first, then enjoy the world: adjectives are adverbials, and "before" and "after" are adjectives, indicating "before" and "after" as adverbials. Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later.
(2) In the spring of four years, Teng was ordered to guard Baling County: guarding, nouns as verbs, and doing ... satrap.
(5) idiom accumulation:
Colorful weather: describe all kinds of scenery and things, very spectacular.
Feel relaxed and happy: Feel comfortable and happy.
Political affairs are smooth and the people are happy. Believe in the country and the people.
(6) Translation of special sentences and key sentences:
A: True sentence:
This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (Judging from the Leaf Table)
These are the magnificent scenery of Yueyang Tower.
B: inverted sentence:
(1) Carve Tang Xian's modern poems on it (adverbial postposition, prepositional phrase "carved on it" as adverbial of "carved", postposition. The normal word order should be "inscribed with poems before Tang Dynasty". Translation: Yueyang Tower is engraved with the trial fu of famous officials in Tang Dynasty. )
(2) The adverbial "here" is used as the adverbial of "hui". The normal word order should be "more than this". Most parties are held here. )
(3) If you live in a temple, you will worry about your people; If you stay away from the Jianghu, you will worry about your husband. (Attributive postposition, "Gao" is the attributive of "Temple" and "Yuan" is the attributive of Jianghu, postposition. The normal word order should be "high temple" and "remote Jianghu"; A person who is an official in the imperial court and is worried about despair; I'm no longer an official of the imperial court. I'm worried about the monarch. )
(4) with whom? (Preposition object, "Who" is the object of the preposition "He", which is often used as the preposition of interrogative sentences. The normal word order should be "Who do I belong to". Who am I with? )
Wes, who are we going home with?
Who would I be with if I wasn't such a person?
C: omit:
(its) the topic is the distant mountains, swallowing the Yangtze River, and the soup is endless; It's sunny in the morning and cloudy at night. Qi is Dongting Lake.
Translation: (it) is connected with the distant mountains and devours the flowing water of the Yangtze River, which is boundless; Sooner or later (in one day), rain or shine, the scenery changes endlessly.
(Fujiko Jing) belongs to the kind of composition to remember.
Fujiko told me to write an article about it.
D: translation:
① Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself.
It is because they are not sad or unhappy because of external things and their own gains and losses.
2 Worry about the world first, then enjoy the world.
Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later.
Chinese knowledge induction in the second volume of the eighth grade
Be born at hardship, die at peace and happiness
1. Ideological content of the article
Through the examples of six famous figures in history from humble to noble and related reasons, this paper demonstrates the central argument of "born in sorrow and died in happiness"
2. Keywords
Shunmu
Zeng Yi and Fu Shi
Common words
(1) So be patient.
Endure, preach "tenacity", tenacity
(2) Once in, there will be no legalist school.
Brush, pass "finish", assist
(3) Yico Zeng can't.
Once, through "increase", increase
(4) trapped in mental balance before action.
Balance, "cross", infarction, obstruction
Ancient and modern synonyms
(1) Therefore, heaven is a great responsibility, and people are also.
Ancient meaning: this;
Modern Meaning: Judgment Verb
(2) Wealth cannot be immoral.
Ancient meaning; Confuse or confuse;
Modern significance: fornication
(3) Fu Shuo was held between buildings.
In ancient times, the pestle was used for tamping soil;
Modern significance, architecture, structure
(4)-Wu is a scholar.
Ancient meaning: prison officer;
Modern meaning: soldiers
(5) Sign in color, send in sound, and then metaphor.
Ancient meaning: inspection, performance;
Today's meaning: walk a long way (referring to the army); Send troops to suppress/suppress/suppress
(6) characterized by color, sound and metaphor.
Ancient meaning: understand, understand;
Modern meaning: for example
Flexible use of parts of speech
(1) causative usage:
You must first put up with his thoughts (pain: make ... painful)
Strain a bone (fatigue: make ...)
Hungry (hungry: make ...)
Weaknesses: creating ... suffering from poverty.
Patience (forbearance: making ... tough)
Act out of order (disorder: obstruction)
(2) Action:
If you enter, there will be no legalist (enter: at home)
If you go out, you won't have any foreign patients.
(3) representative works:
People always make mistakes.
polysemy
(1) hair
Shun Mao zai mu (Mao, used)
Its characteristic is that color appears in the sound and then metaphor (hair appears).
(2) in
Shun fa Yu mu (Yu: preposition, cong)
Therefore, the day will be reduced to a great post, so people are also (metaphor: preposition, give)
Then knowledge is born of worry and dies of happiness.
(3) Stroke
Behavior disorder (fú, violation)
If you enter, you can't go home.
(4) Stone
Guan Yiwu is a scholar (noun, prison officer)
If you enter, there will be no legalists (nouns, saints)
Explanation of other keywords
1. Therefore, the day will be a big responsibility, and people will also.
Ren: responsibility, burden
2. Do what you want.
Flirt: to object, violate, or violate.
Do it later
Stand up, stand up, want to do something.
4. Color signature
Logo: test
5. Later metaphors
Understand, understand
6. If you enter, there will be no Legalists.
Enter: inside, which means at home.
Legalist: a law-abiding minister
Complementary food: a saint who assists the monarch
7. This country will perish forever.
Heng: Chang
Translation of key sentences
1. Therefore, if the sky is going to drop on people, they must first suffer their minds, work their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and do things in disorder.
Therefore, in order to give this man a great mission, God must first make his heart miserable, his bones and muscles tired, his body hungry, his poverty and his inability to do things well.
2. trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made;
Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor.
Translation: Only when inner troubles and thoughts are blocked can we make a difference; Gaunt and haggard, expressed on his face and revealed in his voice, and then people knew him.
3. If you go in, you can't go home; if you go out, you will be invincible against foreign invasion, and your country will die.
If there are no ministers who stick to the statutes and sages who assist the monarch at home, and there are no enemy countries and foreign invasion abroad, the country is often in danger of extinction.
4. Born in sorrow, died in happiness.
Worry (can motivate people to work hard) makes people survive and develop, and enjoying happiness makes people die.
Therefore, patience has benefited from what it can't do.
Disturb his heart, be patient and increase his talents that he didn't have before.
Key content
First, the overall grasp:
This paper demonstrates the viewpoint of "born in sorrow and died in happiness" by combining examples and reasoning. The full text consists of two parts. The first part: In the form of parallelism, six famous figures in history are listed, and the reason that talents should be cultivated in hardship is demonstrated. The second part demonstrates the necessity of hard training from both positive and negative aspects, and shows that talents are cultivated in difficulties, and comfortable enjoyment can make people (countries) perish.
Second, the specific problems:
1. The article talks about talent cultivation and governing the country in adversity. The central argument is: born in sorrow, died in happiness.
The common feature of the historical figures mentioned in the first paragraph of the article is that they all achieved extraordinary careers after experiencing hardships.
The function of parallelism in the first paragraph is: it strongly shows that talents are cultivated in a difficult environment.
3. In the second paragraph, the sentence connecting the preceding with the following: Therefore, the sky will be demoted to be a human being, in which "being a human being" refers to the above six people and others similar to this.
4. The second paragraph talks about the role of objective conditions in cultivating talents, and expounds the truth that to achieve great things, you must go through hardships and tempering first.
Among them, the sentence that has been honed in thought is: suffering from its will. The sentence honed in action is: starve your body, empty your body, and disturb your behavior. The sentences honed in life are: strain your bones and muscles, starve your body and skin, and empty your body. As a result, it can endure and reap what it can't get.
The third paragraph talks about the role of people's subjective factors in success, that is, difficulties can stimulate people's fighting spirit.
Write about the change of people's psychological state: trapped in the heart, consider balance, and then do it. Write down the changes of people's facial expressions: they are characterized by colors and sounds, and then metaphors.
The third paragraph discusses the benefits of being tempered from both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, exercise stimulates people's fighting spirit (individuals): people will always pass and then change.
Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. Reveal the reasons for the country's demise from the opposite side (country): if you enter, you will not be able to go home, if you leave, you will be invincible against foreign invasion and the country will die forever.
7. Mencius' judgment on governing the country is: if you enter, you can't go home, if you leave, you will be invincible against foreign invasion, and if your country dies, you will die.
Mencius believes that a country needs legalists and foreign enemies if it wants long-term stability.
Hebei education edition eighth grade second volume Chinese knowledge
Wealth cannot be lewd.
1. Literature common sense
Mencius, Mink, Zi Yuzi. Warring States people, famous thinkers, educators, representatives of Confucianism. He is the author of Mencius (note: edited by Mencius and his disciples). Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is called "the sage of Asia" and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu regarded Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean as four books.
2. The ideological content of the article
In view of Jing Chun's so-called "gentleman" image, this paper puts forward the real gentleman's way and advocates Confucianism's benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom.
3. Keywords
Yan (yǐ n) husband crown (guàn) fornication (yín)
Common words
Go to your daughter's house. "Female" is the same as "Ru", you.
Different meanings of ancient and modern times
(1) Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are both courageous people.
Ancient meaning: Really, indeed.
Modern meaning: honesty
(2) Father's orders
Ancient meaning: teach, teach
Meaning: command
(3) So is the husband's crown.
Ancient meaning: adult men;
Modern significance: a woman's spouse
polysemy
(1) Exit
A warning statement.
Respect and caution (caution)
(2)
Go to the daughter's house (verb, arrive)
The way of concubine (auxiliary word, true)
With people (pronouns, correction methods)
Flexible use of parts of speech
(1) invincible
Take advantage of, make yield to.
(2) First, it is necessary to suffer from its mind, work hard on its bones and muscles, starve its body and skin, and empty its body.
Adjective causative usage; Suffer: To cause pain to; Li: manufacturing ... tired; Hunger: to make hungry; Weakness: Suffering from poverty.
4. Key content
Gentleman's practice: live in the world, stand in the right position in the world and be the best in the world.
The ideal of a gentleman (attitude towards life): it is up to the people, not to go its own way.
Virtue of a gentleman: wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent.
1. How to understand the standard of "rich and poor" put forward by Mencius?
You can't be fooled by it when you are rich, you can't let it change its moral cultivation when you are poor, and you can't make it yield by coercion and inducement. This is what you call a man. No matter what the situation, one can't change one's conduct. One should have one's own life attitude and principles, and pay more attention to it at any time in today's increasingly rich material life.
2. What do you think of Mencius' "invictus is not ambitious"?
Walk with the people when you succeed, and stick to your principles when you fail. That is, when you succeed, you should be people-oriented and be a good official. If you don't succeed, you must strengthen your self-cultivation, never lower your requirements in moral cultivation, and strive to be a good person.
3. Please compare and analyze the difference between Mencius's "the way of wives and concubines" and "the way of men".
The former is unprincipled obedience (obedient to the father when he was young, obedient to the husband when he married, obedient to the son when his husband died), such as Zhang Yi and others, unprincipled obedience to the king of Qin. The gentleman said that "rich is poor, strong is strong", which is the insistence on benevolence, righteousness and propriety, as advocated by Confucianism, "poor is immune, and rich is helpful."
Eighth grade Chinese knowledge points in the second volume are summarized in encyclopedia related articles;
★ Catalogue compiled by Chinese Knowledge Department in the second volume of Grade 8
★ The second volume of the eighth grade Chinese knowledge points edition
★ Main points of China's ancient poems in the second volume of the eighth grade edition
★ Knowledge points in the second volume of the eighth grade Chinese version
★ Junior middle school classical Chinese knowledge points sell oil Weng.
★ All the ancient poems in the second volume of the eighth grade Chinese textbook (with exercises).
★ Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of Grade Three Chinese.
★ Unit 6 Knowledge Points of Grade 8 Chinese Volume I
★ Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of Grade Three Chinese.
★ Review materials for the second volume of Senior One Chinese.