The Soviet Union * * * *

Vladimir ilych Lenin1917101October 6-1922 April 3 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Brazil).

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin1April 3, 922-1March 5, 953 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU)

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchov 65438+September 7th 0953-196465438+1October14 (First Secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU)

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev196410/0/0/0/4-198210/0 65438 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU,/

Yuri vladimirovich andropov1982165438+1October12-1February 9, 984 (General Secretary of CPSU Central Committee)

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko/KOLOC-0/984 February/KOLOC-0/3-/KOLOC-0/985 March/KOLOC-0/0 (General Secretary of CPSU Central Committee)

Mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev1985 March1-199165438+February 25th (General Secretary of CPSU Central Committee)

1917165438+17 After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia, and immediately signed the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany to withdraw from the First World War. In the following years, Trotsky's Red Army defeated the interference of the White Army and the Allies through a brutal civil war. 1922 12.30, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia jointly formed the Soviet Union. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, died in 1924. Joseph Stalin came to power. He cleaned all his political enemies by cruel means, implemented the policy of agricultural collectivization, and at the same time carried out a major cleaning of the party, the country and the army by eliminating counter-revolutionaries.

Although Stalin was regarded as a tyrant who slaughtered people of all ethnic groups by western countries and some Soviets, he successfully transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union greatly transformed its economic production mode, and its military was several times stronger than before. 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov-ribbentrop Treaty, which formed a seemingly inseparable alliance and secretly divided their spheres of influence in Poland, Baltic countries, Finland and Romania. The Soviet Union adopted a pro-German policy and was hostile to Britain and France and other allies, trying to sabotage their war against Germany. On June 22nd, Adolf Hitler launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. With the great assistance of the Allies, the Soviet Red Army and the Allies captured the whole territory of Nazi Germany in 1945 and won the Second World War. After World War II, Stalin established the Warsaw Pact with other socialist allies to compete with the United States and NATO, and the Cold War began.

Stalin died in 1953. The political struggle between the top leaders of the Soviet Union lasted for several years. Then Khrushchev came to power. His secret report at the 2nd1Congress of CPSU in 1956 criticized the serious consequences of Stalin and his cult of personality, and the political struggle in the Soviet Union turned to a more humane way. Due to ideological differences, since 1959, CPSU and China have had a series of arguments and quarrels. 1964, Khrushchev stepped down and Brezhnev came to power. During the Cultural Revolution, Sino-Soviet relations were at a low point, with only nominal diplomatic relations and border conflicts such as Treasure Island Incident and Tielekti Incident. 1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. These two actions have been unanimously condemned by the international community.

In the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union pursued an expansion policy. In addition to the Eastern European Group and Mongolia, Vietnam, South Yemen, Cuba, Angola, Ethiopia and other countries were included in the Soviet camp or military bases were established in these countries. Brezhnev put forward the theory of "limited sovereignty", holding that the sovereignty of socialist countries is limited. In fact, he put forward this theory in order to deprive other socialist countries of their sovereignty and turn other countries into vassals of the Soviet Union. 1980 The Moscow Olympic Games is regarded as a showcase for the Soviet Union to show socialism to the world. However, due to the invasion of Afghanistan, it became the Olympic Games with the largest number of boycotts in history.

1985, reformist Gorbachev came to power. He changed many old ideas. Gorbachev tried to improve the political and economic methods of governing the country, implement the policy of reform and opening up at home, and liquidate historical mistakes. He tried to establish "democratic and humane socialism" in the Soviet Union. On the other hand, his reform has brought unexpected consequences. With the decentralization of central power, the republics began to seek greater autonomy. With the deepening of "opening up", CPSU's historical problems and crimes were exposed, which led to its loss of popular support. Especially in 1989, the mistakes accumulated by communism in politics and economy broke out, * * * and its political goals became increasingly unpopular in eastern European countries, and the * * * regimes in eastern European countries collapsed one after another. The governments of Soviet republics have also followed the example of eastern European countries and planned to leave the Soviet Union for independence.

199 19 August 19, CPSU conservatives launched an unsuccessful coup, trying to recover the power delegated to the republics and terminate the unsuccessful economic reform. However, under the joint opposition of the people, the army and most CPSU party member, the coup failed after only three days. Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered CPSU to be declared an illegal organization and its activities in the Soviet Union were restricted. 199 1 At the end of the year, he signed a contract with the presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States and replace the Soviet Union with a structure similar to that of the Commonwealth. Other Soviet countries responded one after another, leaving the Soviet Union, which had existed in name only at this time. 19911On February 25th, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation and handed over state power to Russian President. The Soviet Union officially ceased to be a sovereign country.