The indoor layout of green buildings is very reasonable. Minimize the use of synthetic materials, make full use of sunlight, save energy, and create a feeling of being close to nature for residents. Taking the coordinated development of people, buildings and the natural environment as the goal, while using natural conditions and artificial means to create a good and healthy living environment, we should control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment as much as possible, fully reflecting the balance between demand and return on nature. The reason why green buildings emphasize indoor environment is because the mainstream idea in the field of air conditioning is to strive for a balanced relationship between internal and external environment, but the internal environment, namely health, comfort and productivity of building users, shows different needs.
1. 1 heat dissipation problem
First of all, thermal comfort obviously affects work efficiency. The traditional air conditioning system can maintain the indoor temperature, but in recent years, the research shows that indoor absolute comfort is easy to lead to "air conditioning disease", which consumes a lot of energy and increases the destruction of ozone layer by freon. Green building requires not only ensuring the overall thermal balance of human body, but also paying attention to the special requirements of individual parts of human body, such as head and feet, and being good at applying natural energy. In addition, the commonly used buildings with large glass surfaces will produce greenhouse effect in summer, while the low-temperature radiation effect of cold glass surfaces will occur in winter. Therefore, in addition to the design conditions of air conditioning in winter and summer, it is also necessary to analyze the influence of local climate and internal load changes of buildings on indoor environmental comfort. It is best to change the load and comfort of the air conditioner once a month and every hour.
1 .2 lighting and sound problems (sound problems)
Similarly, indoor light environment directly affects work efficiency and indoor atmosphere. It is a part of green light environment to introduce pollution-free and bright sunlight as a light source in green buildings. However, a comfortable and healthy light environment should also include easy-to-watch, safe and beautiful brightness distribution, glare control and uniform illumination control, so strong light should be adjusted according to different time and place to avoid affecting the high quality of sunlight. In addition, a healthy and comfortable acoustic environment is beneficial to people's physical and mental health. Green sound environment requires that hearing should not be damaged and noise sources should be reduced as much as possible. In this way, the equipment that produces noise is usually arranged separately from the room, and the outdoor noise level is controlled.
1.3 air quality
Air quality reflects people's satisfaction with environmental requirements. The factors that usually affect air quality include air flow and air cleanliness. If the air flow is not enough, people will feel uncomfortable. If the air flow is too fast, it will affect the temperature and cleanliness. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the appropriate fresh air volume according to different environments, control the cleanliness and flow of air, and make the air quality reach a better state. At the same time, effective control of indoor air pollutants is also one of the main ways to improve the indoor environment. There are thousands of pollutants that affect indoor air quality. Green building thinks that not only the concentration of pollutants in the air is lower than the recognized harmful concentration index, but also most people in the room should be satisfied with the indoor air quality index. In 1960s, American architect Paul Sollery put forward a new concept of ecological architecture.
1969, American architect Ian Machar wrote Design with Nature, which marked the official birth of ecological architecture.
In 1970s, the oil crisis made various building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy, geothermal energy and wind energy come into being, and energy-saving buildings became the forerunner of building development.
1980, the World Conservation Organization put forward the slogan of "sustainable development" for the first time, and the energy-saving building system was gradually improved, which was widely used in developed countries such as Germany, Britain, France and Canada.
65438-0987 The United Nations Environment Programme published the report Our Common Future, which established the concept of sustainable development.
1990 The world's first green building standard was released in Britain.
1992 "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development" promoted the idea of sustainable development, and green buildings gradually became the development direction;
1993 The United States established the Green Building Association;
1996 Hong Kong issued its own standards;
1999 Taiwan Province province has issued its own standards;
In 2000, Canada introduced green building standards. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992), the government of China has successively promulgated a number of relevant programs, guidelines and regulations to vigorously promote the development of green buildings.
The "National Green Building Innovation Award" issued by the Ministry of Construction in September, 2004 indicates that the development of green buildings in China has entered an all-round development stage.
In March, 2005, the first international symposium on intelligent and green building technology and technology and products exhibition (once a year) was held, and the winning projects and units of the National Green Building Innovation Award were announced. In the same year, the Ministry of Construction issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Energy-saving and Land-saving Buildings.
In 2006, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development officially promulgated the evaluation standard of green buildings.
In March 2006, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Construction signed a cooperation agreement on "Green Building Science and Technology Action", which laid the foundation for the development of green building technology and the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.
In August, 2007, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued Technical Rules for Green Building Evaluation (Trial) and Management Measures for Green Building Evaluation Signs, so as to gradually improve the green building evaluation system suitable for China's national conditions.
In 2008, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development organized and promoted a series of measures such as green building evaluation signs and green building demonstration projects.
In March 2008, the energy-saving and green building professional committee of China Urban Science Research Association was established to work in the name of China Green Building Committee.
On August 27th, 2009, the government of China issued the Decision on Actively Responding to Climate Change, proposing to develop a green economy and a low-carbon economy based on the national conditions.
At the end of 2009 1 1, before actively welcoming the Copenhagen climate change conference, the China municipal government made a decision that by 2020, the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP would be reduced by 40% to 45% compared with 2005, and it would be incorporated into the medium-and long-term planning of national economic and social development as a binding indicator, and corresponding domestic statistics, monitoring and assessment would be formulated.
In 2009, the Environmental Monitoring and Control Optimization Research Center of China Institute of Building Research was established to assist local governments and owners to apply for green building signs.
In 2009 and 20 10, the evaluation standards for green industrial buildings and green office buildings were compiled respectively.
In 20 1 1 year, the number of green building evaluation and appraisal projects in China has greatly increased, and the technical level of green buildings has been continuously improved, showing a benign development trend. By the end of 20 1 1, there were 353 projects, 2,647 buildings and 34.88 million square meters in China, including 330 design logo projects with a construction area of 32.72 million square meters. There are 23 operational appraisal projects with a construction area of 210.6 million square meters. 20 1 1, project 24 1, building 1950, with a construction area of 25.04 million square meters.
With the continuous introduction of China's green building policy, the continuous improvement of the standard system, the continuous deepening of the implementation of green buildings and the increasing financial support of the state for green buildings, China's green buildings will continue to maintain a rapid development trend in the next few years.
20 12 in may, the Ministry of finance issued the implementation opinions on accelerating the development of green buildings in China.
2013,65438 10.6, the State Council issued the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Forwarding the Action Plan of Green Building of the Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, proposing to complete the new green building10 billion square meters during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period; By the end of 20 15, 20% of new buildings in cities and towns will meet the requirements of green building standards. At the same time, the plan and policy support of green building during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period are also defined.
China's green buildings have entered the era of large-scale development. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, it is planned to complete 654.38 billion square meters of new green buildings; By the end of 20 15, 20% of new buildings in cities and towns will meet the requirements of green building standards.
Chou Baoxing, Vice Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that in the past five years, China's green buildings have doubled every year, and the number and area of green building projects in 20 12 years are equivalent to the sum of 2008 to 20 1 1.
Chou Baoxing said: "The transformation from urbanization to new urbanization means that human housing, as the most basic cell of urbanization, must be updated from traditional buildings to green buildings. In the future, we must integrate new concepts of ecological civilization such as economy, intelligence, green and low carbon into the urbanization process. "
Chou Baoxing said that despite the rapid development of green buildings in China, there are still some problems, such as unsatisfactory implementation of high-cost green technologies, disjointed green property management, and a few commonly used green building technologies cannot operate due to defects. To solve these problems, it is necessary to achieve the "five in place" of expert appraisal institutions, government supervision, open and transparent social supervision, subsidy punishment mechanism and green property operation and maintenance services, and strictly control the quality of green buildings.
Energy-saving buildings cooperate with the new development of low-carbon cities
In order to meet the challenges of global climate change, shortage of resources and energy, and deterioration of ecological environment, human beings are following the concept of carbon cycle, developing circular economy, building low-carbon ecological cities and popularizing low-carbon living buildings.
Qingdao: Promoting green buildings can save 70,000 tons of standard coal every year.
Qingdao Development Zone aims to build a green ecological city, strengthen the management of building energy conservation, reduce building energy consumption, and vigorously promote the construction of regional green and low-carbon cities. According to statistics, Qingdao Development Zone has completed 150 energy-saving building projects, implemented 9 energy-saving renovation projects of existing residential buildings, and started construction of 34 renewable energy building application projects. After the project is completed, 70,000 tons of standard coal and175,000 tons of carbon dioxide can be saved every year.
One-star buildings in China are expected to become compulsory green buildings in the future.
2012165438+122 October, at the third China Housing New Trend Summit Forum held in Beijing, Li Congxiao, director of the Green Building Research Center of China Urban Science Research Association, pointed out that it is the general trend to develop green buildings in China, and one-star buildings are expected to become mandatory green buildings in the future.
Chou Baoxing, Vice Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, interprets green buildings.
Green building is a broad concept, and green does not mean high price and high cost. For example, Yan 'an caves are warm in winter and cool in summer, and the cost of transforming them into Chinese-style green buildings is not high; There is a kind of architecture with local characteristics in Xinjiang. Its wall is composed of local gypsum and breathable straw, which has high thermal insulation. Coupled with the very localized roof, it is a typical rural green building, and the cost is only 800 yuan/square meter, which is cheap and good.
Hunan: In 2020, 30% of new houses will be green buildings.
20 12, 12,12 On June 3rd, a news was revealed at the 20 12 National Conference on Demonstration of Well-off Housing and Technological Innovation of Housing Industry held in Hunan Province. At the end of the 12 Five-Year Plan, more than 20% of the new buildings in China towns are required to meet the requirements of green building standards.
Three years later, 40% of new houses in Xiamen are green buildings.
By 20 15, it is estimated that 40% of new buildings in Xiamen will be green buildings, and the application area of solar energy buildings will reach more than100000 square meters. 20 12 national supervision and inspection of energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction field-Fujian briefing was held in Xiamen. The reporter learned that in the next few years, Xiamen will continue to promote energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction field, in which green buildings will be vigorously promoted.
Green buildings should have a gradual return period of 10 years.
Green commercial real estate and hotel summit held in Shanghai. A number of industry experts discussed the building energy efficiency of commercial real estate, especially hotels, and how to promote the energy efficiency of commercial buildings in China and reduce operating costs. Zhang Yongming, executive deputy director of Tongji China-Europe Building Energy Efficiency Training and Research Center, revealed at the summit that in 12, Shanghai has issued relevant regulations that the proportion of energy-saving buildings in the total area of existing buildings should not be less than 65%.
Three-star green buildings can be awarded 80 yuan/m2.
The Opinions on Accelerating Green Building in Shunde District was released, and all or part of the construction projects using financial funds were included in the key implementation scope of green building. If they reach the three-star green building standard in the future, they will be awarded 80 yuan/square meter.
March towards "green building" and return to nature
At present, the development of China's real estate market is consistent with the direction of the world's green living environment construction, and it is also returning to its essential content, that is, the direction of "green building". The basic driving force of this trend is the inevitable requirement of realizing the coordinated and sustainable development of economy and ecology in the ecological era, and the maturity of the socialist real estate market in China.
The first intelligent ecological power plant in China is just around the corner.
With the commissioning of the second million kilowatt ultra-supercritical coal-fired unit of Huadian Laizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., the first phase of China's intelligent ecological power plant is fully put into operation, and the annual power generation will reach 1 1000 billion kWh, effectively filling the power gap in the eastern coast of China. At the same time, taking this as a symbol, the installed power generation capacity of Huadian Group exceeded 654.38+0 billion kilowatts.
The "upgraded zero-carbon pavilion" appeared in Shanghai and can be transported anywhere by truck.
"After the version 2.0 of the Zero Carbon Pavilion comes out, you can build it by the sea or live at the foot of the Himalayas and feel the scenery of the snowy plateau." Chen Shuo, chairman of Zero Carbon Center and director of the UK Zero Carbon Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo, said at the recent launch of Zero Carbon Pavilion 2.0. The "upgraded version" of Expo Zero Carbon Pavilion integrates a number of low-carbon and intelligent technologies, and can generate electricity and supply water by itself. Because there is no need to connect to the power grid and tap water pipe network, it can be transported to any picturesque place by container trucks and built on the spot to become a resort hotel or private villa.
Anhui: 20 15 green buildings account for more than 20% of new civil buildings.
From 20 13 10, the "energy saving measures for civil buildings in Anhui province" was officially implemented, and "green buildings" will increasingly enter the citizens' lives. According to the Measures for Energy Conservation of Civil Buildings in Anhui Province, the construction unit shall timely check and accept the sub-items and sub-projects of civil building energy conservation; Those who do not meet the mandatory standards for energy efficiency of civil buildings shall be instructed to make rectification.
Haidian: the new building is green, and the old building is transformed into a green building.
"All new buildings must be green buildings, and buildings that fail to meet the standards must also be transformed into green buildings." A few days ago, the implementation plan of low-carbon ecological construction in the northern part of Haidian was officially launched. Yu Dongwei, the person in charge of the project, revealed that the entry threshold will be located in Haidian North New District, and all buildings in this area have reached the green building standards. A "greenway" system will also be planned in the north to encourage people to travel green. It will be built into the largest low-carbon ecological zone in Beijing.
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, 20% of new buildings in cities and towns need to meet the green building standards.
"Green Building Action Plan" sets clear targets for energy-saving renovation of new buildings and existing buildings. Among them, new buildings in cities and towns strictly implement mandatory energy-saving standards, and during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, 654.38 billion square meters of new green buildings were completed; By the end of 20 15, 20% of new buildings in cities and towns will meet the requirements of green building standards.
Chongqing: The first green building demonstration project passed the acceptance of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.
The first batch of national green building demonstration projects-the green building demonstration building project of Logistics Engineering College passed the acceptance of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. The building has adopted more than 20 green building technical measures such as natural ventilation, intelligent sunshade, wall self-insulation, solar power generation, ground source heat pump, reclaimed water reuse, optical fiber lighting, building automation control and waste recycling. In 20 13, new public buildings in Chongqing will take the lead in implementing the one-star green building standard in China, at the same time, the calculation method of carbon emission in the construction field will be introduced, and the pilot of carbon emission trading in the construction field will be launched. Public buildings account for about 20% of new buildings in the main city of Chongqing. The national development and reform commission requires that the proportion of green buildings in new urban buildings will reach 20% in 20 15 years. Chongqing Urban and Rural Construction Committee proposed that new public buildings in the main city should take the lead in implementing the one-star green standard, and encourage residential buildings and public buildings in other districts and counties to implement the one-star green building standard in advance; At the same time, the energy-saving renovation of public buildings was completed by 4 million square meters. Chongqing will take the lead in implementing the one-star green building standard in China.
Hunan: Green building standards will be implemented and promoted in policy.
20 13 Hunan provincial conference on building energy conservation and science and technology proposed that Hunan province will carry out green building action and promote regional and large-scale development. Among them, from 20 14, all public welfare buildings and affordable housing invested by governments at all levels in Changsha should implement green building standards; By 20 15, the proportion of green building standards for residential and public buildings in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, as well as conditional areas and non-government investment will exceed 20%. From 20 14, for projects that must strictly implement the green building standards, when issuing the construction project planning permit and construction permit, the relevant contents of green building should be implemented.
Nanjing: All new buildings invested by the government implement green building standards.
From June 1 2003, the government invested in new buildings, new affordable housing, new large public buildings with a single building area of more than 20,000 square meters, new civil buildings in eight new towns (districts) and four national development zones, and green building demonstration zones above the provincial level have fully implemented green building standards.
Before the 20 14 Youth Olympic Games, 30% of the newly-built green buildings in the city10000 square meters, and 30% of the newly-built civil buildings in cities and towns meet the requirements of green building standards: during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the newly-built green buildings in the city 150000 square meters, and 40% of the newly-built civil buildings in cities and towns meet the requirements of green building standards by the end of 20 15.
Shenzhen: green building has become the new main force to build a green building capital.
20 13 Shenzhen is making every effort to build a green building capital. All kinds of energy-saving and low-carbon green buildings have become the main force in the construction, from roof greening of mountain gardens to solar power generation in the Garden Expo Park, and then to Longyueju, a low-rent housing project integrating low-carbon technologies such as constructed wetlands, water recycling and solar energy, which profoundly shows that Shenzhen has begun to take a drastic step towards the road of "green revolution".
It is understood that up to now, there are130,000 square meters of buildings in Shenzhen that adopt green environmental protection technology. According to the annual increase of 6.5438+million square meters, it is estimated that the number of green housing projects in Shenzhen will exceed 40 million square meters in 2065.438+05.
In urban planning, as early as 2005, Shenzhen delineated the first ecological control line in China. In 20 13, 974 square kilometers of land in Shenzhen was formally included in the basic ecological control line, accounting for about 50% of the city's total land area. A total of 2209.67 kilometers of greenways have been built in the city, achieving the goal of having greenways 1 kilometer per square kilometer of land in the city.
The person in charge of Shenzhen Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau said that Shenzhen's green building and building energy-saving work started early, setting a number of "firsts": taking the lead in exploring the establishment of a building energy-saving emission reduction system, taking the lead in comprehensively promoting the construction of green energy-saving buildings, taking the lead in focusing on the pilot demonstration of green energy-saving buildings, and taking the lead in cultivating and developing industries related to green energy-saving buildings. "The scale of energy-saving buildings and green buildings in Shenzhen ranks first among cities in China. Today, Shenzhen has become the only city in China with an energy-saving compliance rate of 100% for new buildings. " The person in charge said.
Tongling: The first two-star green building project started construction.
2065438+July 2005, the first two-star green building project in Tongling, Anhui Province-the West Lake Campus Project of Tongling No.1 Middle School officially started construction. This project is not only the content of the 20 15 urban and rural construction plan, but also one of the energy-saving and emission-reduction building greening projects in Tongling, with an annual planned investment of about 260 million yuan. As of July 14, the first phase of earthwork and the pile foundation of plot A of the teaching building have been completed, and the excavation of the dormitory foundation trench and the earthwork excavation of the underground parking lot are under way.
It is reported that the first two-star green building project in Tongling City, Anhui Province was successfully listed as a green building demonstration project in Anhui Province on 20 15. In the next step, Tongling Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development will strictly carry out project quality supervision and safety inspection to ensure the progress and quality of the project construction in accordance with the provisions of "promoting public welfare buildings and government investment in large-scale public buildings to build green buildings".
Shaanxi: The 126 project won the green building sign.
20 15 In the first half of the year, Shaanxi Province declared 5 1 green building evaluation and certification projects, with a total area of 73 1 10,000 square meters, and the number of declared projects increased by 183% year-on-year. Among the 5 1 green building evaluation signs declared by Xi Antai Huajinhui Times, there are 45 one-star projects and 6 two-star projects, all of which are design signs. There are 39 in Xi 'an, 5 in Xixian New Area, 3 in Xianyang, 2 in Weinan, and 1 in Yan 'an and Yulin respectively. Among them, 36 projects passed the expert review, and 25 projects were reported to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development for review.
Guizhou: Enterprises developing "green buildings" can enjoy many preferential policies such as tax reduction.
2065438+August 30, 2005 Guizhou Province recently promulgated the Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Civil Buildings in Guizhou Province, and issued a number of incentive measures to encourage enterprises to develop civil green buildings.
Enterprises that develop "green buildings" can get preferential tax reduction or fee reduction, including research and development expenses incurred in developing new technologies, new products and new processes for civil building energy conservation and green buildings, which can be deducted when calculating taxable income. The investment in the purchase and use of energy-saving and water-saving equipment in the Preferential Catalogue of Enterprise Income Tax for Energy-saving and Water-saving Special Equipment can be deducted from the taxable amount of enterprise income tax according to law; The income from the production of building energy-saving and green building products that meet the relevant national and industrial standards and are not restricted or prohibited by the state, with resources that meet the requirements of national policies as the main raw materials, shall enjoy tax preferences when calculating the taxable income.
In addition, if the ground source heat pump system is used for heating and cooling, and qualified metering devices are installed in water intake wells and recharge wells, the water resource fee shall be levied according to the difference between the water intake and the recharge water after being approved by the water administrative department of the people's government at or above the county level. In 20 16, Hebei province will vigorously develop green buildings and fully implement 75% energy-saving housing construction.