(1) Temperature: Pepper requires high temperature, and the annual average temperature in the main pepper growing areas in the world is between 25℃ and 27℃. According to the cultivation situation in China, the average annual temperature is 2 1 ~ 26℃, and the absolute low temperature is higher than 0℃. Pepper can grow and bear fruit normally in frost-free areas. Pepper can survive even in short-term low temperature and short-term frost in winter. It is most suitable to plant pepper in the frost-free period with an annual average temperature of 23 ~ 27℃.
Low temperature has a certain effect on pepper. When the ten-day average temperature is below 18℃, the growth of pepper is slow, and it basically stops when it is below 15℃. When the daily minimum temperature is below 10℃ for 2 ~ 3 days, young leaves begin to suffer. When the lowest temperature is lower than 6℃ for 2 ~ 3 consecutive days, the tender vines and shoots will suffer and the tops will break. When the lowest temperature is lower than 3℃, branches will fall off, fruits will fall off, and even the main vines on the ground will be damaged and dried up.
Too high temperature is not conducive to the growth of pepper. In the hot and dry season, plants with high surface temperature and no shade are often burned or even sunburned.
(2) Rainfall: Pepper requires abundant rainfall and even distribution. Too much or too concentrated rainfall is not good for pepper. The rainfall in the main pepper producing areas in the world is between1900 ~ 3,000 mm. In the areas where peppers are planted and cultivated in China, peppers can grow, blossom and bear fruit normally, with an annual rainfall of 800 ~ 2400 mm and an annual rainfall of1500 ~ 2,400 mm, which is relatively evenly distributed. The investigation of main pepper growing areas in Hainan shows that in rainy season, if the rainfall in one month is greater than 1000mm or the total rainfall in two consecutive months is greater than 1000mm, it will lead to the epidemic of pepper blast and the occurrence of water disasters. In dry season, less rainfall also has obvious influence on the growth, flowering and fruiting of pepper. In light cases, the plants grow poorly, the leaves turn green, which affects the flowering and fruiting, causing the fruits to shrink and fall off, resulting in reduced production; In severe cases, plants will wither and die. However, in arid areas, if irrigation can be carried out to ensure the water demand of plants, peppers will grow well, bear good fruits and have fewer diseases. However, when the soil temperature is high, small showers or irrigation are not good for pepper growth.
(3) Wind: Pepper is a vine, which climbs and grows. The vine is fragile and has poor wind resistance, so it needs a calm environment. In windy areas, young leaves are blown away, which affects growth. In case of typhoon, leaves and flowers are lightly blown, resulting in reduced production; In severe cases, branches, vines and columns will be broken, which will seriously affect plant growth. In addition, typhoons and rain are conducive to the spread of germs. After the typhoon, the vines, branches and leaves of plants have wounds, and a large number of leaves are in contact with the ground, which is conducive to the infection and reproduction of germs and creates conditions for the epidemic of bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf spot. According to the investigation, 1989, from June 5th to June 5th, there were four typhoons in Wanning City, which caused a great epidemic of pepper blight in Chang 'an Town Farm, and a large number of peppers died. The typhoon also caused bacterial leaf spot of pepper in most farmers in Li Ji Town, Wanning City, with serious losses. Hainan area is often hit by typhoons, so it is necessary to reserve virgin forests or build shelter forests in a planned way when planting peppers, and do a good job of wind prevention.
(4) Illumination: The requirements of pepper for illumination vary with varieties and ages. The young stage of big leaf species cultivated in China needs moderate shading. Hainan has strong sunshine in summer, so it is beneficial to the growth of small and medium-sized peppers and reduce mosaic disease to build a greenhouse properly and use coconut leaves or sunshade nets to shade them. Mature plants need sufficient light. Too much shading will make plants grow vigorously, with too long branches, wide leaves, insufficient tissues, few tassels and low yield. Therefore, the shelter forest should not be too close to the pepper garden, generally about 4.5m away from the pepper.
(5) Soil: Pepper requires sandy loam with deep soil layer, good structure, easy drainage and relatively fertile soil. The pH value of soil is 5.5 ~ 7.0. Judging from the main pepper producing countries in the world, good soil drainage is the primary condition for building gardens. India grows peppers in latosol with good drainage and poor nutrients, and strengthens management and grows well. In Sarawak, Malaysia, the most suitable soil for growing peppers is alluvial soil with good drainage and rich organic matter. In Indonesia, pepper is avoided in impermeable soil. Planting pepper in sandy loam with good drainage in Hainan, China, has the advantages of fast plant growth, more fruits, less diseases and long life. On the contrary, planting peppers in poorly drained soil and low-lying land is prone to water damage and pepper blast.