"Frolic in the Tide" has become a sports performance program in the custom of "watching the Tide" in Zhejiang (Qiantang River) in the Tang Dynasty. Every August 18, people will watch the tide in Qiantang River.
In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, the trend of "frolicking in the waves" was even worse. Wu's Dream of Liang Lu, Volume 4, Watching the Tide, said: "There are first-class scoundrels in Hangzhou who are willing to sacrifice their lives. Big colorful flags, small umbrellas and small red and green umbrellas are all covered with embroidered satin, waiting for the tide to come out of Haimen. Hundreds of people swam around the water with flags in groups, making waves with the drama of Zi Xu. Or people with five flags on their hands and feet float on the tide and tease them. " (5) A close reading of "Watching the Tide", the third volume of "Old Wulin", also said: "Hundreds of Wu Ershan swam, all wearing tattoos and holding ten colorful flags, and went forward bravely, appearing in the whale wave Wan Ren, with ever-changing postures, but the tail of the flag was not wet, so as to brag about their abilities." (6) There are not only a large number of frolicters, but also a long duration. According to Naideon's "Boat in the Capital", "From autumn to Zhejiang Mid-Autumn Festival, there are wave makers, holding flags and poles, playing in the waves, which is spectacular and unique in the world." (7) "Old Wulin Stories" Volume 7 "Making a Spring Worship" also records the grand occasion of Emperor and Filial Piety watching the tide in Zhejiang Pavilion on August 18th for ten years (1 183): "Since Longshan, your house is full of people, with more than twenty miles of colorful curtains and more than a few horses and chariots. In Xixing area, all the curtains are tied, and colorful embroidery shines like brocade on the river. More than a hundred people, including monks and Liu Ren, all carried ten colorful flags and braved the wind and waves until Haimen met the tide. There are also miscellaneous trees, water dolls, water tricks, summaries and so on. , everyone is a geisha. There's another present. Taishang Cai Xi said:' Qiantang wins, but not in the southeast. At the beginning, it was said that' there is no tide in the Qiantang River'. The imperial court issued a decree to serve the banquet officials, and each of them assigned a song "The Moon on the Yangtze River", which was presented at the latest. Martial arts is the first in the palace, and ... the Forbidden City also issued a proclamation. Send it back to the moon. "(8) This is the first high-standard and large-scale" surfing competition "on record. More than 0/00 contestants/kloc, monks and retainers are likely to be the winners of this competition.
According to records, in ancient China, "surfing", that is, surfing, was treading water directly instead of using a surfboard. That is, the so-called "holding the flag upstream" in Dream of Liang Lu, and the so-called "braving the wind and waves to win the championship" in Old Wulin. Another example is Su Dongpo's "Partridge": "There is a small red flag in the shadow of Bishan, and Nong is the son of Jiangnan. Clap your hands and laugh at Shan Jian's drunkenness, and sing the slut's words in chorus. The sails of Xixing Ferry began to fall, and the day at the top of Yupu Mountain was not over yet. Nong wants to send the bottom song of the tide song, and sing your poem in front of the bottle; Qiu Renjin's poem: "At first sight of Haimen's life, a bid immediately went straight ahead and came with anger. Ten thousand horses broke the sky, and six ao turned back to the snow-capped mountains. Wei que's heart is still far away, and it will be flat when he goes straight to the rock beach. The word "treading on the waves" is also used in the message that Wuer no longer treads on the waves and Tianwu ignores elephants. (9) The article "Zhejiang" in Tian Ming Rucheng The Journey to the West Volume 24 "Zhejiang Scenery" is particularly clear: "Those who are close to the river are good at treading waves, which is called making waves." (10) "Surfing" means "Surfing" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain. Obviously, the word "surfing" is more in line with the characteristics of surfing, such as "sailing against the current" and "riding the wind and waves".
The biggest difference between "surfing" and today's surfing is that "surfers" (athletes) have to hold flags in their hands and perform various actions while surfing. That is, in Das Kapital, the so-called "raising the flag to support the pole and playing the waves". The national flag had better not get wet. "Holding the flag and holding the pole" and "acting" are the changes of the ancient ritual of offering sacrifices to the tide god. However, adding these flags and "drama" to frolic in the waves will undoubtedly increase the appreciation of frolic in the waves. Wu Ju's "Appreciating the Moon on the River" states that "there should be no such scenery in the world, and the southeast will win. The grand view is really amazing. " Things are different, my colorful flags are flying, it's autumn snow, the yellow house is coming, and the water is surging. Look, it hit a stream. (1 1) So, in the "frolic in the waves" season, I often go out to see the city.
two
The ancient Qiantang estuary of Hangzhou Bay was able to generate "surfing", which benefited from the weather, geographical location and people. ?
As we all know, tidal bore is a kind of ocean tide, which is also called "tidal bore" or "tidal bore" because it is high and urgent. Tides on the earth are periodic movements of ocean water bodies under the gravitational force of the sun and the moon, especially the moon. That is, Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "The Tao has lost its size since the moon." (12), that is, the so-called "gas boos suction, sky rising and gas convergence; The waves come and go between the Bohai Sea and the Bohai Sea, and the tides advance and retreat together with the sky. The mother of Chongyang was born in the sun, so the tide is attached to the sun. The moon is fine and the water is cloudy, so the tide depends on the moon. So it follows the sun and the moon, depending on yin and attaching yang, full of hope, and it disappears in the moon. There are ups and downs, and the strings show the bright moon, so the tides are different ") (13). Today, the Qiantang estuary and Hangzhou Bay are located between 30-3 1 north latitude. As far as astronomical factors are concerned, except for the irregular semidiurnal tide near the mouth of the South Bank Bay, the tides in other places are semidiurnal tides (tidal level fluctuation has two cycles in a lunar day, namely, two high tides and two low tides). The tide that completes a cycle in about half a day is called "semidiurnal tide"), which fluctuates twice a day, each time lasting 12 hours and 25 minutes. There are two big tides and two small tides in the lunar calendar every month. The first day of the lunar calendar and two or three days after the fifteenth lunar calendar are big tides. Two or three days after the first quarter moon (the eighth or ninth day) and the last quarter moon (the 22nd or 23rd day) are the neap season. In a year, when the sun is tilted to the northern hemisphere from the second half of March to the first half of September in the solar calendar, the flood season is greater than the flood season, and the tide is greater than the night tide; From the second half of September to the first half of March, the sun deviates to the southern hemisphere, and the situation is just the opposite.
If the celestial gravity of the sun and the moon gives equal opportunities to the tides in the world, then the rainfall and wind give special "care" to the Qiantang River estuary. The rainfall in Qiantang River basin is mainly concentrated in rainy season and typhoon season, accounting for 54.4% of the annual rainfall from April to August. The mountain and river runoff is also large, and the estuary and riverbed are in a state of erosion. 10 to February of the following year only accounts for 25.8% of the annual rainfall, with less mountain and river runoff and siltation at the estuary, and the autumn tide at the Qiantang River estuary is often greater than the spring tide. (14) With regard to wind power, according to the analysis of meteorological data for many years, in spring, there are many southeast winds in northern Zhejiang (north of latitude 30) and coastal areas; In summer, the southeast monsoon prevails in the whole province, and Hangzhou and other places are affected by the local topography, with more northeast winds; In the autumn of June+10, 5438, the Mongolian high completely controlled the mainland, the subtropical high in the North Pacific weakened obviously, and retreated to the southeast, and the province began to have a stable northerly wind. According to the statistics of 1949- 1978 in recent 30 years, the period from July to 10 every year is the time when typhoons affect Zhejiang Province the most and have the greatest possibility of landing. (15) This wind phenomenon makes the tidal bore of Qiantang River often fueled by easterly winds, northeast winds or typhoons, so that it is often spectacular.
It is time. ?
The tidal bore of Qiantang River not only benefits from the weather, but also depends on the trumpet-shaped estuary of Qiantang River in Hangzhou Bay and its huge sandbars at the bottom. Ancient scholars have discussed this unique geographical condition for a long time. Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out in On the Balance and Xu Shu that the high tide of the sea just overflowed; "Into the sanjiang river, almost small and shallow, water boiling, so jump into the wave. (16) Yan Su, a poet in the Song Dynasty, further pointed out in On Tides: "Today, the mouth of Zhejiang Province starts from Fengting (place name, belonging to Huiji) and looks north at Jiaxing Mountain (belonging to Xiuzhou). This water area is more than 200 miles wide ... there are sand rafts below, which connect the north and the south, blocking the red waves and choking the tide. "Husband month from the earthquake, tide, Zhejiang water has not arrived, month diameter withered. Halfway through the tide, the turbid waves slowed down, and then the water came back, so it overflowed on the sand, surging and whipping, and it became a wave. " (17) The estuary of Qiantang River in Hangzhou Bay has experienced changes from south to north in history, such as Kanshan, southern Zheshan, small and medium-sized houses in Zheshan and northern Hezhuang Mountain (now the estuary). Today, the mouth of Hangzhou Bay is about 100 km away from Nanhuizui on the north bank to Zhenhai on the south bank. 90 kilometers to Changshanmen-Xisanzha line, and the width of the river is reduced to 20 kilometers; Further 42 kilometers upstream to Yan Guan, the width of the river is only 2.5 kilometers. On the plane, it is a huge horn shape. At the bottom of Hangzhou Bay, from the mouth of the bay to Zhapu, the river bottom is flat and the water depth is about10m. From Zhapu to the inside, it rises with the slope of110000 ~ 2, and reaches the peak between Cang Qian and the old salt warehouse in the north of Hezhuang Mountain. An inverted slope is formed above the warehouse until Wenjiayan is connected with the falling river, forming a huge sandbar. The longitudinal length is130km, and the ridge top is about10m higher than the upstream and downstream connection. Together with the silted sandbars on both sides, the total volume is 42.5 billion cubic meters. Therefore, when the tidal wave in the East China Sea enters Hangzhou Bay and goes straight to Ganpu, except that the tidal range is twice as large as the estuary, the waveform changes little, and the front wave and the back wave are still generally symmetrical. Further inside, under the action of the sand ridge, the front wave quickly becomes steep, and when it reaches the vicinity of Dajianshan, it gradually becomes a tidal bore, and the front is broken, and the tide begins to turn out the waves. The Qiantang River in Hangzhou Bay is at the mouth of the sea. Until the Southern Song Dynasty, it was still stable in Nanda, and Nanda was between Kanshan and Zheshan, that is, the book "Lin 'an Annals of Spring" (3 1) said: "There is a mountain called Zheshan in Haimen, 65 miles northeast of Renhe County, which is opposite to Kanshan. "After (19), the river course changed, and in the 24th year of Qianlong (1795), the place where Peking University entered the sea was relatively stable, gradually forming the present situation. However, the change in the mouth of Qiantang River only moved the position of the bell mouth. The situation of the bell mouth of Qiantang River in Hangzhou Bay has not changed, and the sandbar at the bottom of the river bed still exists. Therefore, the tidal bore in Qiantang River has existed since ancient times (according to literature, it has existed since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period).
This is for geography.
"Good weather" and "favorable location" have created the tidal bore of Qiantang River, and it is "harmony between people" that makes waves. Harmony among people not only created a frolic in the waves, but also created a group of audiences who were obsessed with frolic in the waves.
Most of the "frolicking children" are local residents on both sides of Hangzhou Bay. Li Jifu's "Yuanhe County Records" in the Tang Dynasty said: "Mermaids on board make waves, which is called making waves." In the Song Dynasty, frolicters were often called "Wu Er", that is, Wu people. For example, Fan Zhongyan's poem: "The north is still afraid objectively, but I am worried. "Su Dongpo's poem:" Five children grew up in a lofty garden and let them live without self-pity. " "There is a small red flag in the shadow of Bishan, and Nong is a surfer in Jiangnan." (20) Qiu Renjin's poem: "The message is that I don't tread the waves, and the sky is like a vertical and horizontal elephant." (2 1) Wu's Dream says: "There are first-class hooligans and lifeless people in Hangzhou, ... making waves with Zi Xu." (22) Zhou Mi's Old Wulin Story is also called "troupe runner": "There are five or two hundred good swimmers, all of whom have tattoos." (23) The two sides of Hangzhou Bay, even the Qiantang River Basin and Taihu Lake Basin, are all areas where ethnic groups in ancient wuyue lived in compact communities. It is famous for the establishment of Wu State and Yue State in the Spring and Autumn Period. The border between Wu and Vietnam has always been said to be in the middle of Hangjiahu Plain or Qiantang River. The former, as Yu Yue on Guo Yu said, "The land of Gou Jian, ... the north of her." In the Three Kingdoms period, Zhao Wei was known as "today's fishing town in Jiaxing" in the area of Chongfu in Tongxiang. (24) The latter said of Qiantang River, such as "Historical Records of the Yue King Zhu Jian's Family": Chu "took Wu to Zhejiang" (25), "On Balance and Xu Shu": "Yu Jinan belongs to Yue State, and Wu Bei belongs to Qiantang. Qiantang is a river, and both worlds are there. " (26) Yuji is now Xiaoshan, south of Qiantang River. Song Wuzai's "Tiaoxi Fishing in Conghua" quoted a poem by the Zen master: "When you reach Wujiang, you will cross the other side of the mountain. "Song Linbu's" Sauvignon Blanc ":"The mountains are green and the waters are green, and the green hills on both sides meet each other ",that is to say. Fan Zhongyan, Su Dongpo and other so-called "Wu Er" also mean this.