1, the ancient "Jue" and "Tongdian". Official. Chivalry "upload:
Huangdi: Wan Li is a square system, and the people are hundreds of miles away.
Tang: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were five classes: male, female, male, male and male.
Yin: Male, Hou, Bo, etc. , public thyme, Hou Qili, Bo Wuli.
Zhou: Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, etc. Male 100 Li, male 70 Li and male 50 Li. Zhou Gongju was restructured, with a big seal, 500 Li, 400 Li, 300 Li, 200 Li and 100 Li.
Mencius on Zhang Wan said: the son of heaven, a male, a Hou, an uncle, a son, a man, five capitals. Gentleman, lady, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, there are six grades. The system of the son of heaven is thousands of miles away. Public officials are hundreds of miles, men are 70 miles, and men are 50 miles, so they are all fourth-class. Can't be fifty miles, less than the emperor, attached to the princes. The son of heaven was regarded by the local authorities in the Qing Dynasty, the doctor was regarded by the local authorities, and Yuan was regarded as a son by the local authorities.
But the above-mentioned "title" is just a title, which is very different from the title of later generations. Except for the son of heaven, men and women are equal in status and power, but there are some differences in etiquette treatment. Recently, there are many works in this field, which are specifically aimed at this problem.
2. Chivalry in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Before the Warring States period, the nobles of various vassal states actually had three grades, namely, Qing, doctor and scholar, and each grade was divided into upper, middle and lower grades. Countries treat them differently according to their size. For example, Zuo Zhuan said, "The two countries are above the big country, China is below the big country, and the next country is its doctor." The little guy is a high official, the big country is a low official, the middle level is a high official and the doctor is a low official. "There are different food sealing standards. For example, in Mandarin, it is said that" the minister of a big country, the field of travel, the field of doctors, and the field of death. "Zuo Zhuan also contains Zhao Jianzi's statement that" the doctor goes to the county, and the doctor goes to the county ".
During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries were generally Qing and Doctor. For example, there have been "Shangqing", "Yaqing" and "Keqing" in all countries, all of which are senior officials and will get the same income. At the doctor level, there are doctors in Shanghai, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and five doctors. Marquis appeared in the Warring States Period, such as the Marquis of Qin, Marquis of Shanhaiguan Pass, Marquis of Chu and Marquis of other countries. In addition to Marquis, there are princes whose fiefs are calculated by county or household, but they can only eat the rent of their fiefs, which is not independent of military and political judicial power and is not hereditary. In addition, there are some special titles in various countries, such as the title of Chu, holding silks and so on.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has appointed 20 military posts: first-class male scholar, second-class commander, third-class commander, fourth-class commander (equivalent to "scholar" or above), five doctors, six doctors, seven doctors, eight male riders, ninth-five doctors (equivalent to "doctor" or above), ten left subordinates, eleven right subordinates and twelve left watchmen. After the car, you have to eat the county (order, long), and the grain tax in the customs is in the customs. If you are over 18 years old, you will be like an official. Anyone who captures an enemy's head will be awarded the rank of knight, and there will also be preferential treatment for Tian Zhai and service personnel. If you have a title, you can be an official, behead the first enemy armor and give it a title. If you are willing to be an official, you can be an "official of fifty stones", which means fighting for food.
Second, the chivalry system in Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin destroyed the six countries and implemented a pure county system, and the reward was still twenty products.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, eight opposite-sex governors were enfeoffed, but most of them were swept away soon, and a number of same-sex governors were enfeoffed in Kanto to help the people. The early vassal States were generally large, often with several counties. There is a teacher at home who assists the king, and literature and history govern the people. Lieutenant in charge of Wu Zhi, the prime minister in charge of all officials. After the rebellion of the seven countries, it was cut again. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing, governors were forbidden to govern the country again, and the emperor appointed officials and the prime minister changed his position. The provincial imperial doctors, Tingwei, Shaofu, and doctors, doctors, worshippers and lang officials all lost their members. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the history of the Han Dynasty to Jing Guang Yin, the lieutenant to Guang Lu Xun, and the doctor to Guang Lu Xun, so the country remained unchanged. Damage its card shark, rank 1000 stone; Change the servant to a servant, and the level is also 1000 stone. Emperor Yangdi and the history of the first year of the province paid more attention to governing the people, such as the county magistrate and lieutenant. Later, the kingdom was just a county. After the death of the king, all the scholars could divide the land, and the land became smaller and smaller. The Eastern Han Dynasty was a bit like the Western Han Dynasty, where the prince was king, the county was the country, and Fu, Xiang, and.
The number of households in Hou (that is, the rank of 20 products) is poor, ranging from 10 thousand to five or six hundred. In the early Han Dynasty, there were 143 people who were honored for their merits. The Hou system is equivalent to a county, with a national phase and a county order, which is controlled by the county order. There were other officials in the later dynasty, such as Jia Cheng, the bastard, the doctor under the door, the horse washer, pedestrians and so on. The imperial capital set up a lieutenant to be in charge of the marquis, and when Jingdi was in charge, it was changed to Dahonglu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, those who made great contributions to the country ate counties, while those who made small contributions ate rural pavilions, and set up a national phase, including Jia Cheng and Shu Zi.
Han is still in the 20th rank of Qin Dynasty (it was renamed as Liehou in the reign of Emperor Wu), among which more than seven doctors are officials, which can make him a food city; The following seven doctors are democracy, only their body and family. After that, his knighthood became lighter. In addition, Liang Wudi has specially appointed eleven military commanders: first-class samurai, second-class idlers, third-class good people, fourth-class divisions, fifth-class officials, sixth-class soldiers, seventh-class condemned prisoners, eighth-class Yueqing, ninth-class military commanders, tenth-class political tyrants and eleventh-class imperial guards. It is stipulated that officers and men who have made meritorious deeds can make up for their official duties and atone for their sins, and those who have made outstanding contributions will be made up by big seals and small ones, so that the sealed people can get practical benefits. However, because it is stipulated that martial arts titles can be bought and sold, it is inevitable that titles will develop in the direction of light abuse. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the system of collecting, inspecting and appointing officials, the right to choose officials was basically monopolized. Although the 20th level still exists, its role has declined and become lighter. Except for the ranks of Liehou and Guanneihou, the rest are almost in name only. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was still in Liehou, Shanhaiguan, Xiahou 18, Guanzhong, Shanhaiguan 16 and Wufu 15, all of which were fake seals without food or rent.
Third, the knight system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
1, title of Cao Wei
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Cao Wei officially abolished the rank of 20 grades and implemented the rank system of five grades for men and women, which was followed by generations.
In the early years of Huang Dynasty, the title system was divided into nine grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, County Hou, Township Hou (after the township Hou, there was a province) and Guannei Hou. The king is unique to the royal family; The five royal families and heroes, such as Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong, all have fiefs; County Hou, township Hou and Shanhaiguan Hou started as heroes' children, and did not seal the country or pay grain taxes. Wang Zhinan regards officials as one product, county officials as three products, township officials as four products, Tinghou as five products and Shanhaiguan as six products.
In the year of Huang San, the prince made the king, the illegitimate son of the king made the township public, the illegitimate son of the heir king made the township Hou, and the illegitimate son of the public made the Tingbo. In five years, Huang Chu changed the kings to county kings, taking the county as the country; Ming Di Taihe was readjusted in six years and changed to a vassal state, with the county as the country. , (more than five products), Fu, Bao, You (more than six products), Lang, Da Nong, Sima (more than seven products) and Jia Ling (more than eight products) each; Principality staff such as the kingdom; Hou Guo bought Xiang (eight products, equivalent to county magistrate) and Jia Ling, Jia Cheng, Fu and other retainers.
In addition to the above nine titles, there are also titles for ordinary people and soldiers, that is, the titles Hou, Guan Zhonghou, Guan Waihou and Wufuhou founded by Cao Cao below the Shanhaiguan pass, all of which are fake titles that do not eat or rent.
Fourthly, the chivalry system in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
1, title of Sui Dynasty
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, there were princes, county kings, monarchs, monarchs, princes, uncles, sons and men. The county king is a product, ranking mangoku. Heir king, vassal king, founding county magistrate, second product; The founding county, the county Hou, the third product; Uncle of the founding county, the fourth product; And regard it as two thousand stones. The son of the founding of the country, five products; Founding hero, sixth grade. And regard it as two thousand stones. Tom Shi Hou, the seventh product; Hou ting's eighth product town. See a thousand stones. Guanzhong, Guanwaihou, Jiupin. See six hundred stones. There is also a record that is slightly different from it: Wang Zheng is one product, the county king, the Lord protector, the founding county chief and the founding county chief are one product, the founding Hou Zheng is two products, the founding son is four products lower, and the founding father is five products higher. When Emperor Yang-ti became emperor, only the king, the duke and the marquis were kept, and everything else was abolished.
2. Chivalry in Tang Dynasty
In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, he was awarded the title of Nine Products: One product is king, and every household in the city is one product; The second class is the heir king, the county king, and the food city has 5,000 households, from one product; The third class is lord protector, the three dry households in the food city, from Yipin; The fourth is the founding county order, the second household in the food city, and the second product; The fifth category is Jianguo County, the food city-500 households, from the second product; The sixth class is Kaiguo County, food city 1000 households, from the second class; The seventh category is the founding county uncle, 700 food cities, in the fourth grade; The eighth level is the founding county, with 500 households and the fifth level; Jiudeng is a male from the founding county, with 300 households in the food city and a fifth-class background.
The title is also granted to the hereditary Yongyetian, with a prince 10000 mu, a county king 5000 mu, a county monarch 4000 mu, a county monarch 3500 mu, a county monarch 2500 mu, a Hou 1400 mu, a Bo 1000 mu, a son 800 mu and a male 500 mu.
V knight system in song, Liao, Jin and yuan dynasties
1, Knight of Song Dynasty
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the titles were increased to twelve levels, namely king, heir king, county king, lord protector, chief, chief, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector and lord protector. Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong all founded their countries with their counties and became princes, called princes. At first, it was only a small country, and later it moved to a big country. The prince and his brother are called princes. The son of the prince is the heir king, the imperial clan is the closest relative, the special envoy is the county king, and the special envoy is the king. The rest of the imperial clan is the closest relative, and the county magistrate is sealed. Its founding fathers, governors, uncles, sons and men all followed the food city: more than 2,000 households were sealed to the public, 1000 households were sealed to the governors, more than 700 households were sealed to uncles, more than 500 households were sealed to sons and more than 300 households were sealed to men. The current and former prime ministers have a total of 1 10,000 households. The corresponding grades are: Yipin, Heir Wang, County King and Gong Yipin, County Gong and Founding County Gong Yipin, Founding County Gong Yipin, Founding Hou Yipin, Founding Bo Yipin, Founding Son Yipin, Founding Father Yipin. The heir king, the county magistrate and the founding duke are not sealed, and the ninth class is named.
Where there is a title, there is a food city. The food city ranges from 1 10,000 households to 200 households, and is divided into 14 grades. However, the grain market is just an imaginary number, and only when the grain is sealed can there be some practical benefits. There are 100 households in Feng Congqian, which are divided into seven grades. The actual seal is about 4/ 10 of the number of fake seals. People who eat the actual seal receive 25p per month according to the actual seal and receive it from the government with their monthly salary. These titles, food city, food seal, etc. Officials in the Song Dynasty have no rules that future generations can inherit.
2. Knight status in Liao and Jin Dynasties
Many titles in Liao inherited the system of Tang Dynasty, including the king and the fifth rank, as well as the system of food city and food seal.
There are nine ranks of titles in Jin Dynasty: King, County King, lord protector, County Duke, County Hou, County Uncle, County Son and County Man. The official products are: from the first product to the county king, the county monarch, from the second product to the county monarch, from the third product to the county Hou, from the fourth product to the county uncle, two years of Cheng 'an. The positive five products are called fairies, and the five products are called fairy gates. The food market is customized as follows: sealing thousands of households and sealing thousands of households; Five thousand county kings and five hundred households; There were 3,000 households in a frenzy, and 300 households were actually closed; There are 2,000 male households in the county, and 200 households have been sealed; County 1000 households, actually sealed 100 households; There are 700 households in the county, 500 households in the county and 300 households in the county, all of which are not sealed.
3. Knight system in Yuan Dynasty
Jue Yuan is divided into: Wang Zheng first class, county Wang first class, national righteousness second class, county public second class, county Hou Zheng third class, county Zheng Bo fourth class, county Bo fourth class, county Zi Zheng fifth class, county male fifth class.
Sixth, the knight system in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, knight of the Ming dynasty
Titles in Ming Dynasty were divided into imperial clan and consorts.
Ming Taizu's first custom seal: Wang Shizi, the eldest son of the prince, is ten years old, and his eldest grandson is the grandson of the world. The crown and clothing are all regarded as one product; When the philosopher was ten years old, he was named king of the county; The eldest son of the county king is the prince of the county king; The eldest grandson sentenced the eldest grandson; Crown clothing is considered as two products; Philosophers awarded the generals of towns and countries from a product; General sun, from the second product; Great-great-grandson became the general of a country, from the second product; Captain Sun Zhenguo, IV; From four products. The fifth sun lieutenant, from the five products; All people under VI serve the country as lieutenants. At the beginning, the salary of the prince was set at 50,000 stone, but later it was reduced to 50,000 stone for the prince, 2,000 stone for the county king, 0/000 stone for the general of Zhenguo, 800 stone for the general of Guo Fu, 600 stone for the general of Guo Feng, 400 stone for the deputy general of Zhenguo, 300 stone for the general of Guo Fu and 200 stone for the general of Guo Feng. In addition, a large number of fields were given, and some governors even had thousands of hectares.
In the Ming Dynasty, the system of the former dynasty was repeated, with five kinds of consorts and adopted daughters who made meritorious deeds, and only three kinds of officials, Hou and Shu were reserved, and it was customized: "Knights who are not in the military service of a country shall not be knighted unless specially designed." There are two kinds of titles, one is only granted for life (not to the world), the other is hereditary (the world), and the world and the world, depending on the size of military service, are granted letters patent. In addition to those who have made military contributions, Duke, descendants of Confucius in Qufu, Xu, Taishi, and consorts, there are other people who were sealed for their good deeds, but they only gave letters patent without coupons. Different from the previous dynasties, the princes, marquis and uncles of the Ming dynasty only had titles and food wealth, and there was no fief in the well.