The Yellow River is the mother river.
As early as ancient times, primitive ancestors lived in China and thrived in the Yellow River basin. Thousands of miles in the Yellow River basin, due to the mild climate and superior hydrological conditions, are conducive to the growth of crops, and ancestors settled here. In the initial stage of Chinese civilization, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties and later Western Han, Eastern Han, Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River had several powerful and unified cores, which reflected many ancient wisdom of various ethnic groups in China and signs of classic cultural works in this area. The science and technology, inventions, urban construction, literature and art of ancient civilization are also here. Therefore, the Yellow River gave birth to Chinese civilization, and the Yellow River nurtured Chinese children. In other words, it is often said that the birthplace of the Yellow River, the Chinese nation, is the mother river China, and this is its significance.
(1) Legend of the Yellow River:
Legend has it that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It grimaced, like an arbitrary torrent monster, roaring day and night, devouring fertile land endlessly. Han people on both sides of the mountain and the Yellow River have to build it, and the bottom of the ditch is full of wetlands and fires.
Time: Ningxia is better than the former plain-Ma Pingchuan, but there are green mountains and valleys, and no one comments on the billiards field. One area is Yellow River water irrigation.
Legend has it that there are several Hui and China Han families living on Niushou Mountain. They are old people who carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm on the hillside. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat. No one can endure such torture for a long time.
After 70 years old, I traveled back and forth, far away from Calder, opened an orchard on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. Every day from morning till night, he irrigated cucumbers from the Yellow River, swollen shoulders and peeled feet to serve aseptic and careful cucumbers. Yellow looks gentle and sweet.
The old man in Calder was tired that day and slept at the gate of the garden.
As soon as he fell asleep, clouds floated from the sky in your dream and gradually turned into white bearded imam and white clouds. When the silver beard was shaking, Gould always said, "It's windy today, so pay attention to the yellow wind at noon. The cucumber is ripe and listless;" In the afternoon, a dark and storm caused the cucumber pedicels to fall off. No matter how strong the wind is, you don't want the cucumber extract to fall.
Old Gould woke up as soon as he opened his eyes, and the yellow wind enveloped the white-bearded imam instantly, and the fleet blew to Niushou Mountain in the north. Old Stuart is looking forward to the cucumber carefully. He is really listless. He was very sad. A year's hard work and sweat were all in vain, and the white-bearded imam he could think of could not move.
In the afternoon of 65438+ 10, the black wind was high, and the mature ground shook, and the Ye Qiu was layered. When old Gould saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground, he was very angry and dropped the withered one. Cucumber was forcibly thrown into the Yellow River. She saw the bottom of the Yellow River before it was like a knife in a fairy tale. Old Gould immediately lifted it down and dived into the river. The old man is tired and hungry. He sat on the river bank, blinking. Jinhua was flustered and didn't know what reeling poisoning was.
At this time, the old man Stuart heard another man's white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. It can be called dry Yellow River, also called Yellow River. " The yellow river is called yellow wind and black wind, and two ibilis are bitter. Don't be impatient, be patient and work harder. Next year, you plant a garden cucumber. When the cucumber is ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. Then you go to the bottom of the river and choose to go to the cave to find jewelry. You will get food seeds, kill dragons and demons, and tame the Yellow River. Where do you mean, where the Yellow River water flows in. "
The next year, he planted the hardworking old man Gould in the cucumber garden. He is not afraid of sweat and directly selects from the Yellow River irrigation area. Efforts and efforts, finally, the garden is over. A three-foot cucumber looks like an old man, sleeping happily in the garden until the melon is ripe.
/& gt； On this day, sunny weather is not a cloud of ideas. The old man in Calder picked a three-foot cucumber, read "Tess" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, I only heard the roar of the Yellow River, and I could see the bottom of a long slit stone clearly. Old Gould went down to the bottom of the river and relied on the holes and holes on the river bank. The old man stayed away from home for a while and heard the howling of the storm at 1: 00. The waves of the river roll higher and higher. Old Gould picked up his sword and criticized dozens of swords against the black whirlwind and the yellow whirlwind. At the same time, the moon is dark and windy, and the wind goes out on the yellow horizon.
At this time, the gap that broke the Yellow River gradually became tight. Old Gould thinks that the white bearded imam can conquer the Yellow River with this sword. He is spacious and bright. I thought: I want to fill the ditch with yellow mud, and the Yellow River under the fierce approval of the old man with double swords will not flow. Immediately, if a Great Wall is inserted in front, it will only rise steadily, hurting me so deeply from a distance.
Three days later, the southern mountain west of Helan Mountain was full of water, leaving only a few sharp mountains. Old Gould pulled out his knife, and the river of the Tang Dynasty flowed forward.
From then on, the ravine went deep into Ningxia, turned into a flat land, and returned to the banks of the Yellow River of Han residents. They dug canals and farmlands with their hardworking hands and lived a happy life.
(2) The legends of Emperor Yan, Huang Yao and Shun (Chen Jie, Wu Tong)
At the beginning of civilization, how did the Yellow River and her children get out of the age limit of civilization? In order to solve this mystery, besides relying on archaeological findings, they also used many ancient myths and legends. Record. The legends of Huangdi, Huangdi and Shun can help us prove that the Yellow River and its descendants have had a certain track age since the early civilization of ancient Shu.
Huangdi and Yan Di were not emperors, but leaders of two tribes recorded in the ancient Yellow River valley. The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di were born in the tributary of the Yellow River, and the Weihe River Basin was the patriarchal commune era. Legend has it that they are descendants of the "Little Code of Bears". Yesterday, they married the atypical and healthy yellow (yellow) Yan Di Mausoleum. The Yellow Emperor's Ji Shuicheng and Yan Di's Jiang Shuicheng became completely different virtues. The yellow emperor is Ji, not Jiang. Speaking, "life" does not mean the birth of the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di Shaodian, but that they are descendants of Shaodian. "The Yellow Emperor was made by pumping water", saying that he grew up on the bank of pumping water, so the ancient lacquer water named pumping water originated in Turin in the north of linyou county, Shaanxi Province, and was at the entrance of Weihe River in Wugong County in the west. Qingjiang River, a tributary of the Weihe River in Jiang Shui, now flows into Baoji, Shaanxi. That is to say, the two tribes, Yanhuang, a tributary of the Yellow River, are both in the upper reaches of the Weihe River.
The legendary Yellow Emperor was originally named Gongsun, because he was longer than the mountain of Ji Xuanyuan before Ji Shui. Once he went to Xuanyuan's house, the bear took refuge, that is, the bear's family. He is young, neat (smart) and "a natural god, weak, which can be said to be very good." Many people suggest that he is sensitive and smart. " Later, he was elected as a tribal leader and led his troops to northern Shaanxi to solve the problem of agricultural production with the development of the times. In order to find a flat, open and fertile land, he came to Dali along the Beiluo River in the south. In the Chaoyi area of Shaanxi, the yellow land gave them convenient conditions. Huangdi and Dali led their troops to cross the Yellow River eastward to Chaoyi, down to the Fenhe River basin at the foot of Zhongtiao Mountain and Taihang Mountain, and moved to the northeast again, reaching the Yanghe River near Zhuolu, Hebei Province today. The wide valley is alluvial, suitable for farming, and there are hunting forests nearby. They thought the environment was superior and settled down.
When he led the Yellow Emperor, his Yan Di tribe moved eastward, which also caused his people to travel long distances. Yan Di, also known as Chi Di, is said to have been born in Lishan (Liede), now Lizhen, Suizhou, Hubei. He said that he was born in an ordinary sheep, and now he is in Yangshan, Shennong Township, Baoji, Shaanxi Province. "The reader, surnamed jiang, Mr, also known as fierce mountain, is the same clan. In order to find the ideal land, he also led the tribe to migrate eastward. But along the route of the Yellow Emperor, they first went along the Weihe River to the southwest of Henan, and then along the Yellow River to the east of Henan, where they settled down.
With the emergence of private property rights and the collapse of clan system, tribal leaders gradually mastered certain privileges. Tribes compete for living space in order to transcend hegemony, and some tribes have repeatedly fought and lost in order to satisfy their own desires. Experts and knives and saws also launched wars to plunder wealth and enslave other clans and tribes, which aggravated social division and brought great threats to normal agricultural production. However, the customary law of clan system, which regulates social contradictions, has lost its function at this time, and it is unable to face more and more solidarity and mutual assistance alliances in blood clan wars, thus forming a formal alliance. At this time, the two main tribes, Yan and Huang, conquered the quartet by force, expanded their influence and led to large-scale conflicts. In the war of the three war zones in Hanquan (now Huailai, Hebei Province), under the command of the Yellow Emperor Bear, the clans and tribes such as Brown Bear, Warrior and Tiger VI were defeated and had to hand over two tribes related by blood. The Yellow Emperor did not slaughter the Yan Di tribe, but they established this tribe. After a long period of development, Yanhuang Tribal Alliance has formed the embryonic form of China in the future.
Later today, the leader who settled in Jiuli, Qufu City, Shandong Province expanded his sphere of influence, but it may also lead to a war with the Yan Di tribe. Li Jiu is suspected to belong to nine tribes permitted by the legends of Dongyi, 8 1. Like demons, they can make soldiers' sticks, knives, halberds, crossbows and heroic megalomaniacs according to the rules of other tribes descended from China. He led nine tribes to the west and attacked the Yan Di tribes in eastern Henan, which was unstoppable and lost their homes. In pursuit of ambition, Yan Di sought the assistance of the Yellow Emperor. As a result, he led the troops and fought a fierce battle with the Yellow Emperor, which was very tragic. He said that the Nine Wars of the Yellow Emperor were invincible, and the wisdom was filled with fog for three days and three nights. He couldn't see the direction of the Yellow Emperor's tribe, and the Yellow Emperor's "Chen" wind fighting constellation, the enlightenment invention of CSR, just came out of the fog. The Yellow Emperor also got help from the disaster-stricken Xuan Nv, and brought more than 80 barrels of drums and drumsticks from Kuipiemonte, an East China Sea animal, which could be heard for 500 miles in Fiona Fang during the battle. The battle for the mammoth skeleton lasted for a long time. Finally, at the end of the world in Jizhou, the dragon sent by the Yellow Emperor attacked the dragon water and put it into the water array. Chiyou invited the wind for rain, and sometimes the wind and rain didn't rush and the water didn't rush, which made the Yellow Emperor get into trouble again. The Yellow Emperor invited the goddess Hiderigami to stop the wind and rain, and the weather suddenly cleared up. The bewildered man was so anxious that the Yellow Emperor ordered the army to attack suddenly. When Zhi Zhi won the final victory, he invited Huang Di, a geomancer, to surrender, and he would enter the area to carry out activities in the East. He drove a prototype and graduated from Liu Long. (Trillion Firebird) and the top of the jurisdiction area are completely whitewashed by Teacher Yu, the ghost in front of the tiger, the snake on the ground and the phoenix. "Clear bugle, he personally stirred the cover of desolation, and played the spirit of the summit to Mount Tai to commemorate the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. Part of Chiyou was later killed, Jiuli people joined the Chinese Yanhuang Tribal Alliance, and part of the south was Nanmiao people.
(3) The strength of Zhuolu's victory further expanded the Yanhuang tribal alliance and developed into a larger tribal complex, which greatly improved the jurisdiction of the worship of the Yellow Emperor and the authority of military command and production command. Tribes need to obey his orders, disobey them, send troops to conquer mountain roads, strive to open up isolated tribal areas, and promote the communication between tribes and the legendary life of the Yellow Emperor in times of peace. 1 18 died in Jingshan, Henan Province, was escorted back to northern Shaanxi, and was buried at the top of huangling county Bridge in Shaanxi Province. This is the tomb mentioned above.
Later, the Yellow Emperor pursued respect for China's ancestors, and later generations thanked him and his "minister" Ling Lun Lv Lu for their many inventions in ancient times. He said that the Yellow Emperor built houses, dug wells, sewed clothes, built ships, made crossbows, practiced copper and music, and his wife, Ai Zu, invented the educational silkworm. In the founding words of his "minister" Cang Xie, he has been flexible for more than 60 years, and for the same reason, Emperor Yan has also been respected. Legend of the past, Shennong and Yan Di? These are the first two different times when Shennong lived in the Warring States Period before Yan Di. They are called Shennong family. "Shennong cuts wood, cultivates fields, grinds wooden plows and exhausts plums to teach the world", and Joseph of Banzhuoqin teaches Japanese and China cities. These inventions are of course the collective creativity of people in primitive times.
Yanhuang and Huangdi, two legendary figures, their inventions are the crystallization of the wisdom of children in the ancient Yellow River valley. As a symbol, they are infinitely respected by the ancestors of the Chinese nation and the descendants of the founders of Chinese civilization. Outside the Yellow River valley and the Chinese land in the Yellow River valley, there are many legends of Yanhuang, leaving many historical sites. Apart from the tomb of huangling county in Shaanxi and the Yan Di Temple in Baoji, the mausoleum of Ming Chengzu is located in Qufu and Jiyuan? The hometown of Wuwangshan Temple Paradise, Huangdi is in Xinzheng, Henan Province, Huangdi in Jingshan, Lingbao, Huangdi City in Zhuolu County, Xuanyuanquan, Huangdi Temple in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province, Xuanhuangtai, Leixuan Palace and Yanting ancestral grave in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, Xuanyuantai in Xuanyuanfeng of Huangshan Mountain, Yueyang, Hunan Province, Dinghu Peak in Xiandu and Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, Wengong in Pingliang, Gansu Province, and Shennong Temple in Xiling Mountain in Yichang, Hubei Province. Yan Diling and Zhengzhou in Yanling County, Hunan Province are like two emperors. Legends and historical sites with a long history have inspired China people's national pride, enhanced the cohesion of enterprises and played an inestimable role in China's national identity.
After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding tribes appeared in the Yellow River Basin. The clan system in the late period of Yao, Shun, Yu and Longshan culture is about to collapse. The legendary Yao Ming, also known as Dow, was born in Nanyi Village, Fenhe River Valley, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, where Yao is the land of Russian hair, Yao Temple is in Yaomiao Village, and Yao Ling is in Linfen County, also known as Shenxun Confucius. His life is very simple, and ancient books say that he is "Russian hair does not cut rafters, but coarse millet, fresh and evil". Digging rafters to build houses, tribesmen eat whole grains, drink vegetable soup, wear deerskin in winter and burlap in summer, but he is very concerned about danger, hunger and exposure. He said that the legend that he was starving was a crime and should be punished. He said there was a reason why he didn't discipline himself properly. Shun, also known as born in the clan, (Shaanxi and Northeast China). Yao successfully accepted ceramics in Taohe City (now Zhou Pu Town, yongji city, Shanxi Province, agriculture and fishery, Fraser (now Ruicheng, Shanxi Province)) before he became the leader of the tribal association. Later, Yao Yao found out that he was sealed in a dangerous place (now southwest of Pinglu, Shanxi Province) and became a tribal alliance. They are all from Puban (now Zhou Pu Town). It seems that his activities are in Shanxi today. A self-disciplined and generous person, he was framed by his stepmother and half-brother many times, but his wise wife's clever intelligence clause saved him a day before that, but the leader he elected ignored the past and was generous to his stepmother and brother, moved by his enemies and bent on doing good. Yu Xianmin lived in Hetao area and moved to this big world in western Henan, which brought people's flood control, development and production and was highly praised. Yao, Shun and Yu all managed well, and the great development of society presented a peaceful and peaceful scene. "The Japanese in the world didn't, so they were later regarded as sages. "The Yellow River originates from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the northern foot of Bayan Kara, with an altitude of 4,500 meters. It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong, and flows into the Tongqu River in nine provinces of Bohai in Kenli County, Shandong Province, with a total length of 2,280 kilometers. 1 19, latitude 32? 42. The east-west area is about 1900 km, and the north-south width is 1 100 km. What is the drainage area? 795,000 kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers in the inflow area), plus the downstream flood control area is about 910.5 million square kilometers? inch
Topographically, Bayan Kara in the west, Bohai in the east, Yinshan in the north and South Qinling in the Yellow River Basin are roughly divided into three steps. The first level is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west of the stepped basin, which is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the northern plain of China. The basin is high in the west and low in the east, which is a famous world? Roof-Northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 3,000-5,000 meters, a series of northwest-southeast mountains, with snow on the top all year round and developed glacier landforms. The southern margin of Qinghai Plateau rolls along Bayan Kara, Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. Qilian Mountain is located in the source region of the Yellow River formed on the northern edge of the plateau. Heihe River and its tributaries, Baihe River Basin, Plain, Grassland, Qinghai Lake Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. And swamps.
East boundary of the second step, elevation 1000? 2000 meters. The area is a white northern mountainous area, a part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Taihang Mountain includes the Yellow River Hetao Plain and Ordos Plateau, while the white ones are the Loess Plateau, Qinling Mountains and the mountains south of Taihang Mountain.
Ningxia in the west of Hetao Plain is under Tuoketuo in the east of Inner Mongolia, with a length of 900 kilometers and a width of 30? Elevation 1200900 meters, flat terrain, fertile land, developed irrigation, is the main agricultural production base in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In Helan, the Hetao Plain in the north and west of the yinshan mountains, and in the hinterland of Tengger, Wulanbuhe and Badain Jaran Desert in Alashan Plateau, wolves acted as a barrier to prevent the invasion of the Yellow River basin.
Ordos Plateau surrounds the South Yellow River and the Great Wall in the south, north, east and west of the Yellow River Great Bend, with an area of about130,000 square kilometers and an altitude of 1000? 1400m, which is a square dry denudation plateau. Kubuqisha Desert, South Mu Us Desert, rare rivers and the edge of Great Salt Lake Plateau with developed aeolian landform on the northern edge of the plateau are the main sources of coarse sediment.
Taihang Mountain in the west of Loess Plateau, Qinling Mountain in the south, Ordos Plateau in the north, elevation 1000? 2000 meters, geographically, is the largest loess landform in the world. The loess plateau, beams, hills, gullies, surface and deep loess have loose relative elevation, broken terrain, sparse vegetation, ups and downs, and serious soil erosion. In addition, there are water and sediment sources in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Wei Fen basin in the Loess Plateau, graben tectonic basin and loess accumulation river. Compared with Shaanxi and other provinces, Wei Fen Basin has a rich irrigation history because of its flat terrain and fertile land.
It runs through the Qinling Mountains in the south of the Loess Plateau, the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in the north and south of China, and the boundary between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone. In Xia Dong, the warm and humid air flow comes from the south and the cold air comes from the north, which is a huge obstacle. It represents the watershed between the Loess Plateau and the northern plain of China, Taihang Mountain, Yellow River Basin and Haihe River Basin, and it is the dividing line of important natural areas in northern China. The Yellow River basins around the basin, such as Funiu Mountain, Yangshan Mountain and Taihang Mountain, are blocked by warm and humid air from the southeast ocean. The climate in the west of China in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River basin affects the water vapor rise in this area, which is beneficial to the intensity of rainstorm and the conditions of runoff convergence. The surface is one of the main sources of floods in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
The third category comes from the huanghe road steps in the lower reaches of the alluvial plain along the Shandong coast of Taihang Mountain. The alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is an important part of the northern plain of China. 250,000 square kilometers, the area below 100 meters above sea level, is located in the Yellow River and Haihe River basins in the north and Huaihe River basins in the south. On the ground of this area, the gentle slope is not well drained, and the disasters of flood control, drought resistance and alkali prevention are composed of Mount Taishan, Mount Lushan and Mount Yimeng on the mountain, with an altitude of 200? 500 meters, some mountains exceed 1000 meters.
Climate The Yellow River basin is vast, the area above Lanzhou in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the coast of the East China Sea with complex terrain and the inland plateau in the west. The watershed with significant differences in climate change is that the monsoon is obvious in the monsoon climate area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the rest of the views are from agricultural production in temperate and subtropical monsoon climate areas. The southeast of the basin is basically humid, subordinate and semi-arid climate, and the northwest of the basin with dry climate is controlled by Mongolian high pressure in winter, with prevailing north wind, cold and dry climate and little precipitation. In summer, the warm and humid ocean air quality gradually moved northward, and the cold and warm air masses met, resulting in relatively concentrated precipitation.
& gt
The rain pattern of precipitation in the Yellow River basin shows the proportion of snowfall. The average annual rainfall in the whole basin is only 6%, and the national average annual rainfall is equivalent to the precipitation depth of 37.010.000 billion M3, accounting for 465 mm (including the internal flow area). The general trend of geographical distribution of annual precipitation is from southeast to northwest. The precipitation reaches 1 Qinling Mountains in the north of the area, with an average annual precipitation of about 800mm and 900mm in some areas. Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Hetao, which have the least precipitation, are only 200mm? The annual precipitation is 300mm, especially in Hangjinhou Banner and Linhe District of Inner Mongolia, which is less than the river basin 150 mm, and the average rainfall for many years in most areas is 400? 600 mm The annual precipitation distribution is uneven, with the highest precipitation in summer (June to August), accounting for 54. 1% of the whole year, and the highest in July, accounting for 22.1%in winter (12? February) The precipitation accounts for at least 3. 1% of the whole year, and the smallest month is 65438+February, accounting for 0.6% of the whole year. The coefficient of variation (Cμ value) of annual precipitation in the whole basin is between 0. 15 ~ 0.40.
The temperature in the Yellow River basin is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with an annual average temperature of 1? Upstream 8℃, midstream 8℃? 14℃, downstream 12 to 14℃, with the highest monthly average temperature, with most areas at 20? At 29℃, the extreme maximum temperature in Luoyang reached 44.3℃, and the lowest temperature was 65,438+10, which was below 0℃ in most areas. The extreme minimum temperature in Maduo, Qinghai is -48. 1℃ in most poverty-stricken areas, and the daily average temperature is 10? 15℃.
Water resources The average natural runoff of the Yellow River for many years is 5.8 billion cubic meters, accounting for only 2. 1% of the total river runoff, accounting for 77 mm of the average annual runoff in seven major rivers, only equivalent to 28% of the national average runoff depth of 276 mm among the seven major rivers in China, only slightly higher than the per capita water resources of Liaohe River Basin of 593 cubic meters and about 23% of the national average water resources. Water 18 mu of cultivated land, with 324 cubic meters of water per mu, equivalent to
The distribution of natural runoff in the Yellow River basin is extremely uneven. Lanzhou accounts for 29.6% of the national area, with an annual runoff of 32.3 billion cubic meters, accounting for 55.6% of the river runoff, making it the most abundant area. The basin area from Lanzhou to Hekou Town increased by163,000 square kilometers, with an increase of 12.5%? The whole river, but due to the dry climate in this area, the loss of evaporation, infiltration and leakage of river water has not increased, but has decreased by 10 billion cubic meters. The basin area between Hekou Town and Longmen accounts for 14.8% and 12.5% of the total river runoff of 725 billion cubic meters respectively. The basin area between Longmen and Sanmenxia accounts for 25.4%, and the water supply is 1 133 billion cubic meters, accounting for 19.5% of the river. The area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou only accounts for 5.5% of the whole river, but the water supply is 6.08% billion cubic meters, accounting for 10.5% of the total river water in the country. It is another river with an area of 3% in the estuary area of Huayuan Road, with a supply of 2 1 10,000 M3, accounting for 3.6% of the flow of small rivers due to flood surges. The Yellow River flood season (7? Natural runoff accounts for about 60% of the whole year and 40% of non-flood season. In winter, the measured maximum peak discharge at Lanzhou Station upstream reaches 5900 m3/s in flood season 1946, which is nearly 17 times of the minimum discharge of 335 m3/s in non-flood season. When the measured maximum flood peak discharge at the county station in the middle reaches of Shan 1933 is 22,000m3/s, the minimum discharge is 240m3/s, and the difference between them is nearly 9 1 times.
With the development of national economy, a large number of water storage, water diversion and water lifting projects have been carried out in the Yellow River Basin.