The original account of Zhuge Liang's three visits to the thatched cottage was that when Zhuge Liang set out to attack Hanzhong Wei in the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), he said in his memorial to his former teacher: "I am clothed in cloth, and I am willing to take risks in troubled times, and I don't want Wen Da to be a vassal." The first emperor did not condescend to his minister, and his accusation was self-defeating. Three courtiers are in the cabin, and consultants are in contemporary affairs ... "This is the first time that Zhuge Liang revealed that he was in Nanyang more than 20 years ago. Because this passage comes from Zhuge Liang's letter to the emperor, its authenticity is beyond doubt, so people who study Zhuge Liang's cultivation and care for him in later generations regard it as the most original and credible material.
After Zhuge Liang's death, the first person to study Zhuge Liang comprehensively was Chen Shou, a historian in the Western Jin Dynasty. Chen Shou, a native of Han 'an, Brazil County, Yizhou (now Nanchong North, Sichuan), was born one year before Zhuge Liang's death (AD 233). He used to be the chief book of Wei, the secretary of Dongguan and the assistant minister of Huangmen. After entering the Jin Dynasty, he completed the compilation of Zhuge Jiliang in his office in Hou Xiang, Pingyang. He was a famous historian in the Western Jin Dynasty. In his Biography of the Three Kingdoms, in addition to the Zhuge Liang mode of the full text, he also wrote that "(Liang) was disturbed by the end of the Han Dynasty, avoiding Jingzhou with his uncle, plowing the fields in the wild, and not seeking Wen Da. Liu Bei, the left general, is extraordinary in quantity, but in the grass. " "Xuan" is a classic example of Jingzhou. Therefore, it should be imitated, smart and diligent, and good for Fu Liang. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. "Chen Shou's reflection is famous for its simplicity and credibility. He didn't question Zhuge Liang's self-reported facts and places, but he was positive about Zhuge Liang's dedication to Nanyang.
After Chen Shou, the historical materials about Zhuge Liang's dedication and care in the Western Jin Dynasty include Li Xing's Sacrifice to Prime Minister Zhuge Liang. Zi An, a native of Wuyang (now pengshan county, Sichuan), was Chen Shou's classmate. Influenced by his father Shimi, he worships Zhuge Liang very much. Luo Shang, a former secretariat of Yizhou, don't drive. In the second year of Tai 'an (AD 303), Yiyang Manchuria Chang assembled in Anlu area and went north to Nanyang Basin. The court of the Western Jin Dynasty ordered Ricardo to lead the loyalist to * *. In the first year of Yongxing (AD 304), Likas was ordered to run from Youzhou to Fangcheng (now Fangcheng County, Henan Province) and then to Wanxian (now downtown Nanyang) and Xinye (now Xinye County, Henan Province). After repeated battles, he finally defeated Zhang Chang and was stationed in Wanjie as General Zhennan and Commander of Jingzhou Military Region. Luo Shangzhi was sent to Wan Ricas for help, and Hong abandoned him to join the army. It was also during this period that Li Xing wrote "Sacrifice to Prime Minister Zhuge" for Ricardo. Wen said: "The son of heaven ordered me to keep my grandchildren, listen to the drum and think about eternity, learn from the legacy of the ancient philosophers, and climb Longshan to look far away, which is Zhuge's hometown." "Mian" refers to the Hanshui River and "Mianyang", which means that Ricas offered sacrifices to Zhuge Liang in Mian Nan Yang, north of Hanshui River. This record is consistent with Zhuge Liang's own statement that farming is subject to three considerations.
Second, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the record of Zhuge Liang's dedication and care was vague. Wang Yin and Xi Chishao said that there is Zhuge Liang's "hometown" in Longzhong, which belongs to Dengxian County, Nanyang County.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Nanyang" was the name of the county, and it was also the name of the county that governed Wan County. Therefore, the word "Nanyang" in Zhuge Liang's model can be understood as Nanyang County and Wanxian County, and the words "Zhenyang" and "Zhenwan" mentioned by Ricardo in "Sacrificing Prime Minister Zhuge" can be understood as Wanxian County. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the document about Zhuge Liang's three visits to the thatched cottage was Ji Shu: "In the Yongxing period of Jin Dynasty, the general from the south of the city went to Longzhong, looked at his former residence, made a cymbal appearance, and ordered a teacher to praise him as a writer:' The son of heaven ordered me to listen to Sun Gu. "This is the first time in history that Zhuge Liang and Longzhong are linked together, but this article does not explain the specific location of Longzhong. And "Longshan" in Wen and "Longzhong" mentioned are the same place names? This is a problem worthy of further study. What is the credibility of Wang Yin, Chen Junchen (now Huaiyang, Henan) and Wang Yin's writings? " "Biography of Yin in the Book of Jin" says: "Although Yin is good at writing, his words are clumsy. His books are the most impressive, all written by his father, with mixed styles, unclear meanings and hidden mysteries. "This evaluation is very accurate. For example, in Ji Shu, it is said that "teachers are required to be writers Li Xing", but in fact Li Xing has never been a teacher. About twenty years after Wang Yin wrote Ji Shu, Xiangyang people were appointed as Xingyang satrap by Huan Wen, the secretariat of Jingzhou. He said in the book "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Han, Jin and Qing Dynasties": "Liang's family is in Dengxian County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and its name is Longzhong. "Xi's sentence has two meanings: one is to clarify the position of Longzhong, 20 miles west of Xiangyang City, and the other is to indicate that Longzhong belongs to Deng County of Nanyang County. Although this sentence only says that Longzhong is a bright "home", it does not specify the place where I was plowed and cared for in those years, but some scholars in later generations often take this sentence as the annotation of "plowing in Nanyang", and the debate begins.
Third, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many documents related to Zhuge Liang in Longzhong, Xiangyang. Li Daoyuan defined "home" and "house" as plowing, but it was unconvincing because of many loopholes.
Following the tooth-digging technique, there were many documents about Zhuge Liang in Longzhong, Xiangyang in the Northern and Southern Dynasties: In the Jingzhou Ji written by Sheng Hongzhi in the 14th year of Yuanjia (AD 437), "Xiangyang is ten miles northwest, and its name is Longzhong, and there is Zhu Gekongming House." From the fourth year of Liang Wudi's general education to the second year of Han Dynasty (523-530 AD), Bao Zhi wrote in the "Yong Ji of Southern Zhou Dynasty": "There was Zhuge Liang's old residence in Longzhong, and there was an old well, which is now dry and waterless." If the above historical materials, including The History of Han Dynasty, The Book of Jin and The Spring and Autumn Annals, only say that there is a clear "old residence" and "home" in Longzhong, Xiangyang, and the person who points out this "old residence" and "home" is Li Daoyuan's Notes on Shui Jing: "The first emperor and three ministers were in the thatched cottage, and the counselor was in the present", that is it. He rode horses in Xiangyang, Liuji Town, Pei County, and visited the house with Ang Lee, a Qianwei person, and wrote an inscription on it. More than 60 years later, in the five years of Yongping, he learned to pick his teeth and made a name for himself. "From then on, Zhuge Liang devoted himself to the theory of Xiangyang Longzhong. However, it is a pity that although Li Daoyuan is a famous historical geographer, in the paragraph above, because he is obviously based on the Book of Jin, the Book of Han, the Book of Jin, the Spring and Autumn Annals and so on. This document is full of loopholes and there are two obvious mistakes: first, it is recorded in the Book of Jin and other historical books: Zhang Changzhuan, Yongxing years (AD 304-AD 304), and second, Li Daoyuan said: "In the past 60 years, Yongping learned to incise his teeth for five years, which was also an inscription for his family. "Tribute to the Prime Minister of Zhuge" was written during the Yongxing period (304-306 AD). In the past 60 years, it was the year when Jin abolished Taide (336-370 AD). The whole Eastern Jin Dynasty did not have the title of "Yongping".
During this period, in order to reconcile the key question of whether Longzhong belonged to Nanjun or Nanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, some people racked their brains and made some assumptions. For example, Liu said in Art Garden that "Nanyang is the hollow name of Xiangyang, not Nanyang County." Because this is a random broadcast that ignores historical facts, it has not caused any repercussions.
4. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhuge Lu and Zhuge Liang in Nanyang were famous all over the world, and a large number of documents recorded Zhuge Liang's dedication to Nanyang.
Zhuge Lubei in the Tang Dynasty (a textual research on the time and place of Jin Shilin) contains: Lu is "seventy miles southwest of Nanyang County." Du Fu has a famous poem "Temple of Wuhou", which includes the sentence "After listening to my resignation, I will never lie in Nanyang again". Pei Du's "Inscription on the Ancestral Temple of Zhuge Wuhou, Prime Minister of Shu" says: "When it is just, plow Nanyang and compare yourself with wind music. I'm from the tiger, so I'm called Wolong. " Lu Wen's "Zhuge Wuhou Temple" contains: "Nanyang lies steady and waits for time. Although I watched it three times, it was rough. " Shen Jiong's Inscription on the Temple of Wuhou said: "I used to be Wuhou and filled Nanyang. Retire from the secret place and do not shine. " Hu Ceng's poem "Nanyang" also includes "There are many wars in the chaos of the world, and Kong enjoys plowing and hoeing. King Shu, regardless of himself, asked Mr. Shu to come out of a thatched cottage. It is particularly worth mentioning that Li Bai, the poet who worshipped Zhuge Liang most in the Tang Dynasty, traveled to Xiangyang and Nanyang successively during the Kaiyuan period, and wrote Four Poems of Xiangyang, Songs of Xiangyang and Journey to the South, covering local customs, historical celebrities and allusions. In Xiangyang Song, the historical celebrities mentioned by Li Bai include Shan Jian and yang hu, celebrities of Jin Dynasty, and Xiangyang scenic spot "Xianshan Tears Monument". , but did not mention Zhuge Liang. In "A Journey to the South", Li Bai not only mentioned Tao Zhugong, Fan Li, Bai Xixi and other famous historical figures in Nanyang, but also the phrase "Who knows the Wolong guest, singing long and worrying about his temples". In addition, according to Zhuge Liang's own situation, Li Bai lamented in a song "Song of Farewell to King Sima": "I am also Nanzi, and I am A Liang Fu. "It can be seen that Zhuge Liang in Li Bai's mind is a historical celebrity in Nanyang, not Xiangyang. In addition, Li Bai also wrote a poem entitled "Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Gift to Chang 'an Cui Shaofu's Uncle Feng Kunji", which reads: "Red crouches for bad luck, and Wolong gains Kong Ming. When it was in Nanyang, the fields and fields were plowed. " "Wolong" refers to the place name.
Because a large number of documents in this period recorded Zhuge Liang's "ploughing Nanyang" and Zhuge Liang's transformation from a historical figure to an artistic image, the temple commemorating Zhuge Liang in Nanyang expanded, and Zhuge Liang Lu in Nanyang became famous all over the world. Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription has the sentence "Zhuge Lu in Nanyang, Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu".
Song people insisted on Zhuge Geng's theory of reading Nanyang and expounded the relationship between Xiangyang Longzhong and Zhuge Liang. Sima Guang said in As a Mirror: "Zhuge Liang was a native of Langya and lived in Longzhong, Xiangyang." Li Daoyuan's theory that Longzhong belongs to Nanyang was completely denied, and Longzhong was regarded as Zhuge Liang's "residence". The consolidation of Nanyang theory also expanded the scale of Wuhou Temple in Nanyang. From the words "Look closely at the sages' praises in the wall and the stone carvings in front of Mr. Wu's temple" in the postscript of Yue Fei's visit to Nanyang Wuhou Temple in the eighth year of Shaoxing (AD 1 138), we can see that Nanyang Wuhou Temple was quite large at that time.
5. In Yuan Dynasty, many scholars wrote many poems praising Wollongong in Nanyang and Longzhong in Xiangyang, such as Zhou's Nanyang Wuhou Temple, Cui Mou's Feeling of Looking at Wollongong, Yuan's Song of Loving Grass in Longzhong and Ling Ruhuan's Poem of Loving Grass in Longzhong. During this period, the country's serious historical geography books still held Zhuge Cao Lu's views in Nanyang. For example, in the Historical Relics of Jiangbei Province, Henan Province, Volume III, Dayuan Tongzhi, it is stated: "Wollongong is in Nanyang County, where Zhu Gekongming cultivated."
6. In the Ming Dynasty, Nanyang theory was further consolidated. According to the official history books, Longzhong in Xiangyang is the place where Kongming "tasted seclusion", and Xiangyang local records also admit that the Han Dynasty in Longzhong did not belong to Nanyang County.
Seven, in the Qing Dynasty, there were different opinions about the position of Zhuge Cao Lu: some held the views of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, some held the theory of coexistence of the two, and some held the theory that everything was attached to future generations.
Those who hold the view that "the thatched cottage is in Nanyang" by Ming scholars are represented by Gu Zuyu's reading Notes on Historical Records. This book is downloaded from Volume 5 1 Nanyang County, Nanyang Prefecture: "Wollongong is seven miles southwest of the city, ... It is said that Kongming Cao Lu is among them." "Xiangyang County, Xiangyang Mansion", volume 97, says: "Longzhong Mountain is twenty-five miles northwest of the mansion, and Zhuge Wuhou is hiding here." The two theories coexist, represented by the History of the Great Unity and Qing Dynasty, which reads: "Zhuge Cao Lu is in Wolonggang, Qili, Nanyang County." However, the Records of Xiangyang Prefecture (volume 347) and Historical Relics said: "Zhuge Liang's residence is in Xilong, Xiangyang County, central Shandong Province. Liu Bei thinks better than grass, that is, this house. " In addition to the above two views, some people think that the two places are attached by future generations. For example, cutie quoted Chunqiu, Nanji, Tu Fu in Jingzhou, Zhu and Fu Zhi in Nanyang from the Han and Jin Dynasties in Zhuge Relic, and added the following remarks: "Longzhong is twenty miles west of Xiangyang, not in Nanyang. Since then, the theory of people's association has also been lost because Wollongong was in Nanyang. " The emergence of different opinions has heated up the dispute between Wanxiang and Cao Lu, and Nanyang will undoubtedly continue to expand the Wuhou Temple in Wolonggang. Xiangyang also carried out a large-scale repair of Wuhou Temple, which was rebuilt from the fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty to Guangxu. Gu Jiaping, who was a magistrate in Nanyang at that time, thought that Wollongong in Nanyang was "Zhuge Liang's old land" and Zhuge Liang "lived here with his knees tucked", but he also wrote a couplet saying: "The heart is in the court, whether it is a master or a second master; Famous in the world, how to distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang? " Gu's intention is to settle disputes and solve problems.
8. Lu Bi, a scholar in the Republic of China, said in the Collection of Records of the Three Kingdoms written in the 1920s that Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Xiangyang, which had a great influence on the compilation of related words in later dictionaries.
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