Zhuge Liang, also known as Kongming, was born in Yang Du. He was an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat and strategist from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, and was recognized as the embodiment of wisdom by later generations. In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he began to go out to assist Liu Bei. At first, he promoted the alliance, defeated Cao in Chibi, and then faithfully assisted Liu Bei to seize Yizhou and other important areas, which initially laid the foundation of the Shu-Han regime. After Liu Bei's death, he devoted himself to assisting Liu Chan, the late ruler, and making peace with the Sun Shi regime in Wu Dong. In order to recover the Central Plains, he left Qishan six times and finally died in the army. Shu Yue, loyal to Wuhou.

Zhuge Liang has always been praised for his resourcefulness and far-reaching planning, and his life is full of legends. His wisdom is not groundless. In a sense, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of Chinese wisdom and a model of dedication!

Aside from Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, this paper talks about Zhuge Liang in the official history from three aspects: the achievements of the times, the evaluation of past dynasties and the historical title.

Achievements of the times

Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei to form a three-point world, and his Twenty-four Articles of the Art of War was studied by military strategists in past dynasties and became one of the eight ancient art books. His system of governing Shu has influenced the history of China for nearly two thousand years, and his story, spirit and quality are even more celebrated by people. He is the most famous person among the ancient historical figures in China.

In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang added many military colors, such as Zhou Yu, borrowing arrows from straw boats, empty city plans, burning the valley above, and so on. Although these stories did not necessarily happen to Zhuge Liang, they fully reflected Zhuge Liang's military talents in history. Although a novel beautifies Zhuge Liang's military talent, it fails to truly reflect Zhuge Liang's real military talent. In the official history, Zhuge Liang's political achievements are also very good.

Zhuge Liang's official achievements: Longzhong's political strategic planning: even Wu defeated Cao; Cleverly capture Jingzhou; Take Yizhou; Fixed transmission; Pingnan people; Seven grasps and seven verticals; Send troops to the northern expedition and collect Jiang Wei; Seize two counties in Yin Wu and move to Hanzhong; Kill the general of xinmeile joint-stock company; Win the defense war; The battle of Lucheng won a great victory; Shoot the famous jaw; Repel Sima Yi's sneak attack on Meng Yan; Sima yi, commander-in-chief of a powerful country, feared Shu as a tiger, gave women clothes and fought thousands of miles; Death left a legacy, scaring away Sima Yi's 100,000 troops. The people said: Zhuge died and Zhong Da lived; The above information comes from the History of the Three Kingdoms, the Book of Jin and the Spring and Autumn Period of Han and Jin Dynasties.

Historical evaluation

Character evaluation:

Three kingdoms:

Si Mahui: Confucian scholars and ordinary people, do they know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are Wolong and Feng Chu.

Sima Yi: The first genius in the world!

Gold and the Southern and Northern Dynasties;

Zhun Yuan: The law is strict, but the people of China are happy about it, and they do their best without complaint. Its soldiers come and go like guests. They don't fight or hunt, just like in the country. Its use of troops is also like a mountain, advancing and retreating like the wind. On the day when the soldiers came out, the world shook, but people were not worried. China people have been singing and thinking for decades after Liang's death. For example, in the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius said that' harmony can also make the south', and Zhuge Liang was thoughtful.

Sima Yan: Fortunately, this person helped me, so I don't have to go to work today!

Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties:

Wang Bo: So Zhuge was in the army. He made plans for commanders. He was trained in the army. When he rented a left-handed car, he took a strange list of fields. Cao Cao hung thousands of soldiers and walked at night for 300. The axle load does not continue, and unity does not smell, but the birds also surrender without a fight? Sitting in a crowd of100000 people, there is no goal. What is the difference between driving dogs and sheep and shooting tigers? So I know that the strain will be slightly, and I am not the director of Wuhou.

Su Shi: Dense as ghosts and gods, swift as thunder. It's impossible to get in and get back. Don't attack by day, don't attack at night. Too many can't be enemies, and too few can't be bullied. Before and after the meeting, command all localities. Move the nature of the five elements and change the order of the four seasons. People also? God also? Ya Xian? I don't know, really Wolong also!

Dai: those who have the heart of a benevolent gentleman may not have the talent of a hero; Those who have heroic talents may not have the festival of loyal ministers and righteous men; All three are difficult. Everyone except Zhuge Liang!

Hong Mai: There are thousands of people in Zhu Gekongming, and the soldiers are divided into two ways, all by virtue and restraint. For three generations, nothing.

Yuan Ming Qing dynasty

Nurhachi: Both the people and the ministers are catching the country's fishing protection, and they are following suit. They cannot declare religious orders. If you give orders to the monarch, many ignorant people will be punished by law. If you do your duty, clarify your statutes and train your people so that they will not be punished and killed, then your heart will be happy and you will take care of long-term prosperity. For example, the so-called Hao Tao, Yi Yin, Duke Zhou, Zhuge Liang and Wei Zhi officials, all of whom were born with false titles, did not give orders to smell them, so there is nothing shameful about being ministers!

Emperor Kangxi: Zhuge Liang Yun: "Do your best until you die." Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister.

Emperor Qianlong: Zhu Gekongming is a first-rate figure in three generations. About his life, it is also called "public loyalty". Public without me, loyalty without me, self without me, and then the ambition is clear and the economy is reasonable.

Ma Yungang: unparalleled since the Han Dynasty, the first person after three generations.

Modern Times

Sun Yat-sen: Zhuge Liang is very talented, so he can establish a good government in western Shu, and he can make a northern expedition from six places in Qishan, and he can compete with Wu and Wei.

Qian Mu: A Zhuge, let the Three Kingdoms shine on future generations, just like the Han Dynasty.

Historical evaluation

Shu State: Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei in establishing Shu Han, constantly annexing the powerful Wei State, and was named "Hou of Wuxiang" before his death, and posthumous title was named "Hou of Zhongwu" after his death;

Jin Dynasty: Soon after the Three Kingdoms returned to Jin, Zhuge Liang, as an enemy of Shu, was named "King Wuxing" because of his outstanding military talents. This was the first time Zhuge Liang was named king in history.

Tang Dynasty: Because Li Jing was proficient in Zhuge Liang's art of war, he completed the unification of the whole country. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named "King of Wuling" and given the temple as a memorial to the military strategists of past dynasties.

Song dynasty: due to the lack of military talents who can bring peace and stability to the country like Zhuge Liang in the song dynasty, Zhuge Liang was specially named "king of Wu' an" for military strategists to learn from; Later, it was given to the "Ying Hui Temple" among the people, plus "benevolence" for scholars to learn from Zhuge Liang's benevolent government to save the world;

Yuan Dynasty: During the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia, the original temples were basically abolished, and Zhuge Liang was officially named king of the gods, and later named "King Wei Lie, King Zhong Wu, King Xian Ling and King Ren Ji".

Ming Dynasty: In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang appointed the "Imperial Palace" and chose 37 famous ministers to worship it, which was "loyal to martial arts and strict".

Historical title

Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician, strategist, writer, calligrapher, diplomat, strategist, thinker and inventor in China.

Wu Miao, one of the top ten philosophers in China.

One of the great Confucians in China Confucian Temple.

Representative of China Strategist

Representatives of Confucian generals in China

Ten outstanding names in China.

A loyal representative of China.

The embodiment of China's wisdom.

The first saint of China

China's "wise man"

Zhuge Liang is a capable politician and a powerful minister who likes to play politics. His other abilities were deified by the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Zhuge Liang's deification should be attributed to The Romance of Three Kingdoms, in which Luo Guanzhong endowed him with magical abilities such as borrowing the east wind, borrowing arrows from straw boats and drawing eight arrays. Up to now, related novels, operas and film and television works are still adding fuel to the fire, and their deified images are more and more deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Open the mysterious aura of Zhuge Liang, and the real him in history is equally outstanding. He is a politician, strategist and inventor. Of course, he also has shortcomings, such as not worrying about everything, employing a little flawed, but Zhuge Liang, who devoted himself to death, was a great man worthy of praise during the Three Kingdoms period.

Zhuge Liang, a politician. Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" accurately judged the situation at that time, predicted the future direction of the world, and put forward a practical strategic plan. Longzhong has a clear strategic goal-reviving the Han Dynasty, and there are feasible plans and steps in the near future-occupying Jingzhou and Yizhou; On the policy agenda, there are internal affairs-internal affairs and diplomacy-uniting with Wu to resist Cao, as well as ethnic policies and economic development. In just over 300 words, a comprehensive and systematic scheme has been constructed. Zhuge Liang's political talent is clear at a glance. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang assisted the government 10 years, ruling Shu according to law, being strict with self-discipline, appeasing the people, using power cautiously, being honest and clean. People all over Shu are in awe of him, but few people complain about him.

Zhuge Liang, a strategist, participated in planning and formulating the military strategy of uniting Wu against Cao, and led the army to quell the rebellion in South China. His military ability is obvious to all. As for the five northern expeditions, the unfavorable start was caused by many factors and should not be demanding. Many northern expeditions have reflected his will and determination to persevere and revive the Han Dynasty in Forget Me Not. Zhuge Liang is a famous strategist.

Inventor Zhuge Liang said in Biography of the Three Kingdoms that he was naturally good at clever thinking. When Zhuge Liang was exploring the Central Plains in the North, in order to solve the problem of insufficient strength of Shu and Han troops, he improved the crossbow so that it could fire 10 iron arrows at a time. In order to solve the transportation problem of rations, he made a wooden ox and a flowing horse. Zhuge Jiliang recorded the production method in detail. In addition, he deduced the art of war and designed gossip, all of which got the gist.

Zhuge Liang has shortcomings. As a person, Zhuge Liang has many advantages but also many disadvantages. His greatest shortcoming is that he is really inferior to Liu Bei in employing people. It is a typical mistake to leave Guan Yu in Jingzhou and Ma Su in Jieting. As a result, Guan Yu lost Jingzhou and Ma Su lost the street pavilion, which directly led to the failure of the first Northern Expedition.

Zhuge Liang did not attach importance to the cultivation of reserve talents. He did everything himself, big and small, without giving his talent a chance to practice and exercise. As a result, after his death, all the talents in Shu died. I think he has the characteristics of legalism, does not advocate enlightenment, and takes officials as teachers. Judging from Zhuge Liang's actions in Shu Han, the influence of Legalists is more obvious.

Therefore, Zhuge Liang is just an ordinary person. Although he has strong ability and high moral character, he has shortcomings and makes mistakes. There is no need to deify him.

There is no doubt that the real Zhuge Liang is an excellent politician, even if he doesn't have the "intelligence is higher than ghosts" shown in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Zhuge Liang, who is willing to work hard, compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. Then his ideal is not difficult to understand. In the final analysis, he wants to be the advocate and assistant, pacifying the "fame" of the world generation, which was perfectly interpreted after Yong' an entrusted orphans.

In fact, in the real history, before Yong 'an entrusted orphans, we hardly saw his administration using troops. Liu Bei took Pang Tong to Shu, and the battle of Hanzhong took Fa Zheng. Zhuge Liang did the work of "adjusting taxes to fill the army" Is it really that Liu Bei despises Zhuge Liang's talent? No, Liu Bei won a series of wars under the planning of Zhuge Liang. It is Liu Bei who feels that Zhuge Liang "has been running the army for a long time, and his plan is short, and his contribution to the people is better than short", so he is placed in the rear area to give full play to his advantages, which is also the main reason why Zhuge Liang was appointed as prime minister when he was rewarded for his meritorious service.

Zhuge Liang really showed his political talent after he entrusted orphans in Yong 'an. After he took over this burden from Liu Bei, on the one hand, he had to stabilize the domestic situation, on the other hand, he had to deal with the relations with Wu and Wei. Coordinating these contradictions requires sufficient political ability and high political level.

So he developed the economy internally and reorganized the bureaucracy. Economically, Zhuge Liang established the policy of "only persuading agriculture, not seizing time, only saving money and inexhaustible" and vigorously developing agricultural production. In order to ensure agricultural production, he specially maintained Dujiangyan water conservancy project and built several irrigation canals. At the same time, focusing on the development of silk industry, Shu brocade became the main source of finance of Shu and Han at that time.

Politically, Zhuge Liang strictly enforced the legal system, established a clean and efficient government, and gave the people a peaceful and clear society in view of the ethos of "no virtue, no action, and severe punishment and severe laws". As Chen Shou said in the "Three Kingdoms": "Officials should not be raped, the people should not be self-sufficient, and the road should not be connected. The strong do not invade the weak, and weathering is awe-inspiring. " It can be said that under the governance of Zhuge Liang, the political situation in Shu is the best.

Externally, it is to continue to unite with Wu to resist Cao and pacify barbarians. After the battle of Yiling, Shu and Wu have completely broken up and the alliance has collapsed. In this case, Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to Wu Dong in order to restore his own strength and maintain the balance of the three countries, aiming to mend fences. In order to resist the pressure of Cao Wei, Sun Quan had to form an alliance with Shu again.

There are many barbarians in South China, especially after the Yiling War. In order to stabilize the country's rear area, Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's suggestion of "attacking first" and combined military and political psychology to quell the rebellion.

All these can be seen. Zhuge Liang was an excellent politician, but it was his six northern expeditions that were criticized by later generations.

From AD 228 to AD 234, Zhuge Liang presided over six northern expeditions, and each time he went out, he personally led troops. His attitude of "doing everything in detail" is good, but it is obviously not a good move for a politician like him. We should know that the cultivation of talents is the most important in any era, and we care too much about the talents of others, which is why there are no generals in Shu after Zhuge Liang's death.

In addition, improper employment is also a place for criticism. In the spring of 228 AD, Zhuge Liang made his first northern expedition. After the Shu army captured Longyou, it continued to move eastward and fought with a large number of Zhang He. At this time, Zhuge Liang didn't use Wei Yan and other generals, but let a boastful Ma Su act as a pioneer, resulting in "the street pavilion fell, and Kong Ming had no way out", which made the excellent situation fall short. Sometimes, although I want to cut Masu in tears, it doesn't help after all.

Conclusion: Zhuge Liang is human after all, and he also has advantages and disadvantages. He is also flesh and blood, and a song "A Model" is sad and helpless. His excellent character of dedication, honesty, modesty and prudence has been recognized by people of all ages. He also has shortcomings, but it doesn't mean that he is not a celebrity forever. On the contrary, such Zhuge Liang is probably the real Zhuge Liang!

The contrast between romance and historical facts is too great, which is not only the result of a large number of people processing and manufacturing wonderful plots! More is the result of the ruling class's packaging and utilization of Zhuge Liang's political image!

Without the heavy makeup painted by Lao Luo, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang's ability is very mediocre in history. Obviously, he is a down-and-out scholar, trying to get ahead and promoting his super powers everywhere. Finally, he was hanged to the Liu Huangshu Group, which lacked Serenade's food, was ignorant of its roots and was thirsty for talents. I am willing to be stupid in the snow, right in the middle of my own designed routine! He enjoys the status of a powerful minister, but he packages himself as a dutiful loyal minister and a good man.

In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Zhuge Liang is smarter and closer to the devil", with the help of the arrow of the east wind and grass boat, he has a great tendency to think about burning Chibi, surpassing Zhuge Liang, a Confucian general, and vanishing in the conversation, scaring off tens of thousands of troops of his sworn enemy Sima Yi and scaring off Cao Jun with flying sand and stones. Zhuge Liang became a great god on earth!

Unexpectedly, such a great god who came to the earth failed to stop Shu Han in the land of abundance and avoid the end of the earliest national demise, which made people feel confused and even doubted their abilities.

Today, Zhuge Liang is still regarded as a god without any shortcomings. No matter in military affairs, internal affairs or morality, he is invincible in the Three Kingdoms and even a first-class teacher in the universe.

However, when more and more people study his history deeply and seriously, they have doubts about Zhuge Liang's so-called "wisdom incarnation, loyalty model"

Zhuge Liang in history can't borrow the east wind, can't light a lamp to continue his life, and can't call the wind and rain. Cao Cao used an empty plan, Sun Quan borrowed an arrow from a straw boat, and Liu Bei could burn Bowangpo! Even, the "three-point theory of the world" in Longzhong Dui, which made him immortal, was found to have been put forward by Lu Su before.

When Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and dominated the north, Zhuge Liang concentrated on "singing songs" in his hometown, waiting for Liu Bei, a small warlord who dug up talents everywhere.

When Zhou Yu was joking, Zhuge Liang's "imperial uncle" corps could only work together behind enemy lines, clean up the battlefield after victory and distribute some trophies. Zhuge is just a logistics supervisor.

Zhuge Liang, a gentleman in history, said: "No matter how big or small the political affairs are, salt must rely on light." "One hundred people entered the temple." He came to the temple with his own guards and military attache, firmly believing that he was a powerful minister who dominated the world. Sticking to six different mountains at the expense of the whole country is ostensibly to restore the Han family, but in fact it is to consolidate its factional forces.

After getting off to a bad start, I didn't reflect on myself, but I took Liu Chan's emergency transfer as a reason! Holding the military and political power, how can you transfer your troops back to North Korea after listening to Liu Chan's words? Just an excuse for your repeated failures!

After six expeditions to the Central Plains, Zhuge Liang was expected by Sima Yi everywhere, and fell into his heavy protection, exhausting Shu and Zhuge Liang and leaving his desperate efforts in his sad place-Wuzhangyuan, Qishan.

I have to admire Zhuge Liang's good luck here-enjoying the glory of a powerful minister, but leaving a good reputation of dedication, loyalty and loyalty! Up and down for thousands of years, just an example! Of course, the current rulers need the image of loyalty and good looks packaged by Lao Luo, which is not only conducive to the education of the people, but also to the long-term stability of the country!

Very powerful, can only say that Zhuge Liang is very powerful, whether politically or militarily.

Event Review Remember the scene where Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei met at 1 time? This scene is recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang's Model.

We can't come to such an assumption, and it is absolutely true. Zhuge Liang had analyzed the three-thirds trend of the world before he met Liu Bei, and one of the protagonists of the three-door trend was Liu Bei.

This is a great talent, just like now we randomly pull out a passerby on the street and ask him, how has the world changed in 20 years and how has it changed in 30 years? Come on, tell me.

Many people may regard this questioner as a fool and kick him aside, but Zhuge Liang is not. Zhuge Liang not only clearly pointed out how it would change in 30 years, but even pointed out the only way to restore the Han Dynasty. In fact, in the subsequent development and changes of the Shu-Han camp, it has continued in accordance with this only way.

I just didn't expect Guan Yu to eventually lose Jingzhou, so all the assumptions Zhuge Liang said before didn't exist. Zhuge Liang could only obstruct Cao Wei's attack by attacking Wei.

Yes, it's true. First of all, we have to admit that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has the intention of deifying Zhuge Liang, and many plots are endowed with more mythical colors. For example, seven stars prolong life and night astrology are not credible. After all, I haven't touched this field and can't explain it in detail. However, according to the narration in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is really a bit mythical.

In addition, a series of battles such as borrowing arrows from grass boats are also illusory, and it cannot be said that there is no such thing. It's just that we don't know how much Zhuge Liang has played. There is no clear and detailed record of the real History of the Three Kingdoms, and the only record is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

But even so, Zhuge Liang's intelligence, whether military strategy or other achievements, surpassed the vast majority of people in that era. Apart from Sima Yi's passive defense and the humble Cao Zhen's important role in the campaign, it seems that few people can fight Zhuge Liang to the death.

It is an indisputable fact that Zhu Gekongming was deified in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. What grass boat borrows arrows, what east wind, what empty city plan ... as Lu Xun commented, "Zhuge's wisdom is almost demon."

So what is the real Zhuge Liang like? First of all, he must be very clever. When he was in his twenties, he was in a thatched cottage and knew the world events. In the face of Liu Bei's rhetoric, it is known that there are three points in the world. Such intelligence is one of the best even today.

Zhu Gekongming is indeed the Prime Minister. In the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei proclaimed himself Chengdu and established the Shu-Han regime. Zhuge Liang was appointed Prime Minister and began to preside over state affairs. Especially after Liu Bei entrusted the orphan to Baidicheng, as he himself said, he was "dedicated to death". Regarding his performance as prime minister, Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms" is still very pertinent: "Those who are loyal to the times, the enemy will be rewarded, those who break the law, their relatives will be punished, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered; Good is not rewarded, evil is not fiber, and it is not derogatory ... Although the punishment is harsh and there is no complaint. " It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's ability to manage the world is still recognized!

Zhuge Liang's advantage lies in managing the army and the people. But it is not without its shortcomings. People always have advantages and disadvantages. Zhuge Liang's shortcoming is: "it is not his strength to be flexible." It is that Mr. Kong Ming is not good at leading troops to fight. Although his old rival Sima Yi praised him as a "wizard", he failed to make it to Qishan six times and finally died in Wuzhangyuan.

The most commendable thing about Zhuge Liang is that he wholeheartedly assisted Liu Chan and remained faithful. Even the property list promised to Liu Chan after his death is not bad at all. Zhuge Liang's devotion to the Lord is the reason why people admire him for thousands of years.

Zhuge Liang is also an inventor and writer. On the road that Liu Ma, a cattle herder, walked, he still faithfully narrated the heartfelt words in the Model.

The real Zhuge Liang in history is a man with both advantages and disadvantages. In fact, as long as you are human, you will have advantages and disadvantages, both advantages and disadvantages.

History books are installed according to the will of the rulers, and there are too many discrepancies with folk stories. Sima Qian also recorded history according to his master's will, which is the official history. Unofficial history folklore (hearsay), or collected in some way, and as a supplementary record of Songling, and so on. Television, movies and repeated hype are not history now.

1. The real Zhuge Liang in history is not as powerful as recorded in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is recorded in Hanshu, Jinshu, Chunqiu that Zhuge Liang is indeed an outstanding politician and diplomat, but he is not a qualified strategist. Most of the stories recorded in the book about grass boats burning new fields with arrows are fictional by the author.

2. But Zhuge Liang's character is really valuable in history. He is upright, honest and loyal to the monarch. Because of his example, officials in Shu and Han dynasties also formed a clean and honest style at that time, which was very rare in feudal times. In addition, he did many good things for the people of Shu and Han at that time, so his popularity among the people reached a high level. As the war continues, people who are tired of it are more eager for it.

In fact, Zhuge Liang is no better than a military parent, which can be seen from many later history books. The best embodiment is that Zhuge Liang led the 65438+ Wan Shu army to besiege the small town of Chencang 10 of Wei for more than a few days, and finally the whole army was wiped out and had to retreat. At that time, Zhao Hao, the garrison commander of Chencang, had only 65,438+0,000 Wei soldiers.

Zhuge Liang was the most famous and legendary politician and strategist in ancient China. Since the Three Kingdoms period, he has been praised by the world 1700 years. He is almost the perfect idol of China people's ideal of "cultivating self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world". In fact, Zhuge Liang in history is not as unpredictable and perfect as described in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.