Resume:
Date and place of birth1926165438+1October 24th, China.
American nationals
current location
Professor, Columbia University, new york, USA.
Learning calendar
1943-44
Zhejiang University, Guizhou Province, China
Because of the war, Zhejiang University moved from Zhejiang to Guizhou.
1945
China, Kunming, Yunnan, Southwest United University.
(From Peking University and Tsinghua, where Beijing moved south, and
Nankai University, moved south from Tianjin)
1946-49 University of Chicago, USA, 1950 received his doctorate.
honour
1957 nobel prize in physics
1957 Einstein Prize for Science
1969 G. Bude Medal of French National Academy
1977 G. Bude Medal of French National Academy
1979 Galileo medal
1986 Order of the Supreme Knight of Italy
1994 peace science prize
1995 China international cooperation award
1997 named asteroid 3443 Li Zhengdao star.
1997 new york Prize for Science
1999 Order of Pope Paul
1999 Italian government medal of the Ministry of the Interior
2000 New York Academy of Sciences Award
2007 Japan Rising Sun Shigemitsu Medal
honorary degrees
1958 Doctor of Science, Princeton University
1969 Doctor of Literature, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
1978 Doctor of Science, City University of new york
1982 Pisa, Italy, Ph.D. in Physics, Teachers College.
1984 Doctor of Science, Bader College
1985 Doctor of Science in Peking University
1986 Doctor of Literature, Drexel University, USA
1988 Doctor of Science, University of Bologna, Italy
1990 Doctor of Science, Columbia University, USA
199 1 Doctor of Science, Adelphi University, USA
1992 Doctor of Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
1994 Doctor of Science, Rockefeller University, USA
Doctor of Science, University of Nottingham, UK, 2006.
Job resume
1950 assistant researcher, department of astronomy, university of Chicago
1950-5 1 assistant researcher and lecturer at the university of California, Berkeley
195 1-53 Member of Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
1953-55 Associate Professor, Columbia University
1955-56 Associate Professor, Columbia University
1956-60 Professor, Columbia University
1960-62 Adjunct Professor of Columbia University
Professor, Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
1962-63 Visiting Professor, Columbia University
1963-64 Professor, Columbia University
Professor of Fermi Physics, Columbia University.
1984- Professor of Columbia University
1986- director of China advanced science and technology center (CCAST, WL)
1986- Director of Beijing Modern Physics Center (Peking University)
1988- Director of Zhejiang Modern Physics Center (Zhejiang University)
Director of Riken-BNL research center
2004-Honorary Director of Riken -BNL Research Center
Member of Board of Directors
1985-93 member of the board of directors of Princeton institute for advanced studies
1990- Member of the Board of Directors of Tel Aviv University, Israel
Honorary professor
198 1 University of Science and Technology of China
1982 Jinan University
1982 Fudan university
1984 Tsinghua University
1985 Peking University
1985 Nanjing University
1986 Nankai University
1987 Shanghai Jiaotong University
1987 Suzhou University
1988 Zhejiang university
1993 Xi An Northwest University
1998 Shanghai University
Lanzhou University in 2000
Xiamen University in 2002
2003 Northwestern Polytechnical University
Invited lectures and academicians
1957 invited lecture by Loeb, Harvard University, USA
1957 academician of academia sinica
1959 Academician of American Academy of Arts
196 1-63 researcher in Si Long, USA.
1962 researcher of American philosophical society
1964 invited lecture by Loeb, Harvard University, USA
1964 Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
1966 American Guggenheim researcher
1982 Academician of National Academy of Sciences in Lindsay, Italy
1986 Speech by Jesse and John Danz, University of Washington.
1994 foreign academician of China academy of sciences
1995 academician of the third world academy of sciences
1995 Herman Feshbach lecture on physics at MIT.
Fellow of the Vatican Academy of Sciences, 2003.
2004 Consultant to the Science and Technology Commission of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government
write
Introduction to particle physics and field theory
Harewood Science Press, 198 1
Selected Works of Li Zhengdao 1-3, edited by G. Fernberger.
Burkhouse Boston Company, 1986
Parity is not conserved for 30 years —— Li Zhengdao's 60th birthday symposium
Burkhouse Boston Company, 1988
Symmetry, asymmetry and particle world,
Washington University Press, 1988
Selected Works of Li Zhengdao, 1985- 1996, edited by Haicang and Pang Yang.
Gordon and the Breakthrough, 1998
Editor-in-Chief of Science and Art: Li Zhengdao, Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Liu Huaizu.
Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2000.
The Challenge of Physics, by Li Zhengdao
China Economic Publishing House, 2002.
Debate on the discovery of parity non-conservation, edited by Ji Cheng, Liu Huaizu and Li Teng.
Gansu Science and Technology Press, 2004 (Simplified Chinese Version)
Hong Kong Tiandi Books Co., Ltd., 2004 (Traditional Chinese Version)
Overview of life:
Li Zhengdao was born in Shanghai, China, and his ancestral home is Suzhou, Jiangsu. His father, Li, is the first graduate of the Department of Agrochemistry of Jinling University. Li Zhengdao studied in Dongwu High School and Jiangxi United Middle School. Because of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, I didn't graduate from middle school. 1943 He was admitted to the Physics Department of Zhejiang University, where his classmates moved to Guizhou. He embarked on the road of physics and studied under professors such as Wang. 1944, due to the Japanese invasion of Guizhou, Guizhou Zhejiang University was forced to drop out of school. When he transferred from 65438 to 0945, he was a sophomore in Southwest United University, studying under professors such as Ye. 1946 went to the United States to enter the University of Chicago and studied under Professor Fermi. 65438-0950, after receiving his doctorate, engaged in the research of turbulence in fluid mechanics, phase transition in statistical physics and polaron in condensed matter physics. From 65438 to 0953, he served as an assistant professor at Columbia University, mainly engaged in particle physics and field theory research. Three years later, 29-year-old Li Zhengdao became the youngest full professor in the history of Columbia University for more than 200 years. He opened up scientific research fields such as symmetry breaking in weak interaction, high-energy neutrino physics and relativistic heavy ion collision physics. From 65438 to 0984, he won the highest title of university professor and is still one of the most active professors in scientific research at Columbia University. Now, his interest has turned to the study of high temperature superconducting boson characteristics, neutrino mapping matrix and new ways to solve Schrodinger equation. Now in his eighties, he is still struggling in the front line of physical research and publishing scientific papers.
Since the early 1970s, he and his wife began to visit China, making great contributions to the science and education of the motherland. He actively suggested attaching importance to the cultivation of scientific and technological talents and basic scientific research, promoting Sino-US cooperation in high-energy physics, suggesting and assisting in the construction of the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, setting up a natural science fund, setting up a CUSPEA, establishing a postdoctoral system, setting up China Hi-Tech Center, Modern Physics Center, Peking University, Zhejiang University and other academic institutions, and setting up a private education fund. He has a strong interest in art and the history and culture of China. Personally, he likes sketching and actively advocates the combination of science and art.
1926165438+1On October 25th, Li Zhengdao was born in Shanghai. He loved reading since he was a child and kept reading all day. He even takes books to the bathroom. Sometimes he doesn't bring toilet paper, but he never forgets to bring books. During the Anti-Japanese War, he went to the southwest to study, and lost all his clothes along the way, but he didn't lose any books, and he lost more and more every time.
1946, 20-year-old Li Zhengdao went to the United States to study. He was only a sophomore at that time, but after a rigorous examination, he was admitted to the graduate school of the University of Chicago. Three years later, he passed the doctoral thesis defense with "special insights and achievements" and was known as "Dr. Child prodigy", when he was only 23 years old.
Li Zhengdao, who was precocious in science, was promoted to a famous professor at Columbia University from 65438 to 0956 at the age of 30. He personally realized that scientific talents must be cultivated from an early age, so when he met with President Mao Zedong on May 30, 1974, he suggested setting up a juvenile class in China University of Science and Technology, and his suggestion was adopted. 1979 during the visit, I visited the students of HKUST Junior Class and wrote an inscription: "Shine on you, there will be successors." Li Zhengdao cares about the development of science in China. He suggested setting up the National Natural Science Foundation, establishing the postdoctoral system, building the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, and establishing the Modern Physics Center in China Advanced Science and Technology Center and Beijing ... All these suggestions were realized one by one. 1985 July 16, when meeting with Li zhengdao, Deng Xiaoping said to him, "thank you for considering so many important issues and putting forward so many good suggestions."
199865438+1On October 23rd, Li Zhengdao saved 300,000 US dollars all his life, and set up the "China University Student Research Fund" in the name of him and his late wife Qin Hui (Zhu Jun) to help undergraduates from Peking University, Fudan University, Lanzhou University and Soviet University to engage in research funding. Li Zhengdao did his best for the development of education and science in China.
Li Zhengdao, 1957 Nobel Prize winner in physics.
Calendar of important events
1926 was born in Shanghai.
1943 graduated from Jiangxi United Middle School.
1943 studied in the Physics Department of Zhejiang University.
1944 to Kunming National Southwest Associated University.
65438-0946, a sophomore at General Assembly University, was recommended by Wu Dayou to study in the United States (Department of Physics, University of Chicago).
1950 received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and worked in astronomy in Canada.
195 1 employed by the Institute of Advanced Studies of Princeton University.
1953 to teach at Columbia University.
1956 and Yang Zhenning jointly put forward the theory of parity non-conservation.
1957 Sharing the Nobel Prize with Yang Zhenning.
1958, together with Yang Zhenning and Wu Jianxiong, won the physics prize of Princeton University and was awarded an honorary doctorate in physics from Princeton University.
1960 Professor, Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
196 1 was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
1963, he returned to Columbia University, and his wife, a physics professor who was the first Fermi Professor, returned to Chinese mainland after 26 years' absence.
1964, Yang Zhenning was invited to participate in the theoretical seminar of particle physics and was elected as a member of the advisory committee of this meeting.
1984 returned to China to attend the 16th Academician Conference of Academia Sinica.
1986 became the lifelong director of China Advanced Science and Technology Center; And served as the director of Beijing Modern Physics Research Center. In February of 65438+, Columbia held a 60th birthday celebration for Li Zhengdao.
1988 hosted an international symposium on synchrotron radiation applications in Beijing.
Isaac newton (isaac newton1642.12.25 ——1727.3.20).
British physicist, mathematician, astronomer and natural philosopher.
brief introduction
The most famous mathematician, scientist and philosopher, he was also an alchemist in England at that time. The law of gravitation and Newton's law of motion put forward by him in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published on July 5, 1687 are the cornerstones of classical mechanics. Newton and Leibniz also independently invented calculus. He left more than 500,000 words of alchemy manuscripts and 6,543,800 words of theology manuscripts. British physicist Newton's IQ: 190
Young Newton
1643 65438+1October 4th, Newton was born in a farmer's family in Wolthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. Newton was a premature baby, weighing only three pounds at birth. The midwife and his relatives are worried about whether he will survive. No one expected that this seemingly insignificant little thing would become a giant of science and live to be 85 years old. Three months before Newton was born, his father died. When he was two years old, his mother remarried to a priest and left Newton to his grandmother. 1 1 years old, my mother's step hubband passed away, and my mother returned to Newton with a son and two daughters born with step hubband. Newton was taciturn and stubborn since childhood, which may come from his family situation.
From about the age of five, Newton was sent to public schools. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a teenager. He has average qualifications and average grades, but he likes reading books, reading books that introduce various simple mechanical model making methods, and being inspired by them, he makes some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on.
Legend has it that young Newton made a model of the mill after thoroughly understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a corn in front of the wheel, just out of the mouse's reach. The mouse wants to eat corn, so it keeps running, so the wheel keeps turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, he hung a small lamp on the rope. In the evening, the villagers were surprised to find that a comet appeared. He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the water bell will automatically drop water on his face to wake him up. He also likes painting and carving, especially carving sundials. His sundial was placed in the corner of his house and everywhere on the windowsill to observe the movement of the shadow.
Newton entered Grantham Middle School not far from home at the age of 12. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of doing so and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was studying in Grantham Middle School, he lived in a pharmacist's house, which influenced him by chemical experiments.
Newton's achievements
Contribution to mechanics
Newton made an in-depth study on the basis of the work of Galileo and others, and summed up three basic laws of motion of objects (Newton's three laws): ① When any object is not subjected to external force or the resultant force of external force is zero, the original motion state remains unchanged, that is, the original motion continues to be stationary and the original motion continues to move in a straight line at a constant speed. ② Under the action of external force, the motion state of any object changes, and the rate of change of its momentum with time is directly proportional to the resultant force. Generally speaking, it can be expressed as: the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the acting force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object, and the direction of acceleration is consistent with the direction of the acting force. (3) When object A gives object B a force, object B must give object A a reaction force at the same time. Force and reaction force are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, on the same straight line. These three very simple laws of motion have laid a solid foundation for mechanics and exerted great influence on the development of other disciplines. Galileo once put forward the content of the first law, and then R Descartes made a formal improvement, and Galileo also informally mentioned the content of the second law. The content of the third law was obtained by Newton after summing up the achievements of C Lane, J Wallis and C Huygens.
Newton was the discoverer of the law of universal gravitation. He began to think about this problem in 1665 ~ 1666. 1679, R. Hook wrote to him that gravity should be inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the trajectory of the projectile at the height of the earth is elliptical. Suppose there is a crack in the earth, the projectile will return to its original place, instead of the spiral line towards the center of the earth as Newton imagined. Newton didn't answer, but adopted Hooke's opinion. Based on Kepler's laws of planetary motion and other people's research results, he mathematically deduced the law of universal gravitation.
Newton unified the mechanics of objects on the earth and celestial mechanics into a basic mechanical system and established a classical mechanical theoretical system. It correctly reflects the macro motion law of macro objects at low speed and realizes the first great unity of natural science. This is a leap in human understanding of nature.
Newton pointed out that the viscous resistance of fluid is proportional to the shear rate. He said: the resistance caused by the lack of lubricity between fluid parts, if everything else is the same, is proportional to the separation speed between fluid parts. At present, fluids that conform to this law are called Newtonian fluids, including the most common water and air, and those that do not conform to this law are called non-Newtonian fluids.
When Newton gave the resistance of a flat plate in the airflow, he adopted a particle model for the gas, and concluded that the resistance was proportional to the sine square of the angle of attack. This conclusion is generally incorrect, but because of Newton's authoritative position, later generations have long regarded it as a creed. In the 20th century, T Carmen said humorously when summing up the development of aerodynamics that Newton made the plane go to heaven a century later.
Regarding the speed of sound, Newton correctly pointed out that the speed of sound is directly proportional to the square root of atmospheric pressure and inversely proportional to the square root of density. However, because he regards sound propagation as an isothermal process, the result is inconsistent with reality. Later, P.-S. Laplace revised Newton's formula of sound speed from the perspective of adiabatic process.
Contribution to mathematics
Since17th century, the original geometry and algebra have been difficult to solve many new problems raised by production and natural science at that time, such as: how to find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of an object? How to find the tangent of the curve and the length of the curve (planetary distance), the area swept by the vector diameter, the minimum value (such as perihelion, apohelion, maximum range, etc.). ), volume, center of gravity, gravity, etc.; Although Newton had made some achievements in logarithm, analytic geometry and infinite series before, he could not solve these problems satisfactorily or universally. The greatest influences on Newton at that time were Descartes' Geometry and Varis's arithmetica infinitorum. Newton unified various special methods for solving infinitesimal problems since ancient Greece into two algorithms: downstream calculus (differential) and countercurrent calculus (integral), which are embodied in the application of infinite polynomial equation in 1669, stream calculus and infinite series in 167 1 and infinite series in 1676. The so-called "flow" is an independent variable that changes with time, such as x, y, s, u, etc. The "flow number" is the speed of flow change, that is, the rate of change, writing, etc. There is a difference between the "differential rate" and the "variable rate" he said. At the same time, he first published his binomial expansion theorem in 1676. Newton used it to discover other infinite series, and used it to calculate areas, integrals, solve equations and so on. 1684, Leibniz introduced and lengthened S as the symbol of calculus from the tangent study of curves, and the calculus founded by Newton was rapidly popularized in mainland countries.
The appearance of calculus has become another important branch in the development of mathematics besides geometry and algebra-mathematical analysis (Newton called it "analysis by the method of infinite polynomial equation"), and further developed into differential geometry, differential equation, variational method and so on, thus promoting the development of theoretical physics. For example, J Bernoulli of Switzerland seeks the solution of the steepest descent curve, which is the initial problem of variational method, and no mathematician in Europe can answer it within half a year. 1697, Newton overheard it one day, and it was solved in one fell swoop that night, and it was published anonymously in the Journal of Philosophy. Bernoulli said in surprise, "I recognized the lion from this claw."
Newton put forward the "flow method" on the basis of predecessors' work, established binomial theorem, and founded calculus almost at the same time with G.W. Leibniz, and obtained the concepts and operation rules of derivative and integral, clarifying that derivative and integral are reciprocal operations, which opened up a new era for the development of mathematics.
Optical contribution
Newton devoted himself to the study of color phenomena and the nature of light. 1666, he studied sunlight with a prism and came to the conclusion that white light is a mixture of different colors (that is, different wavelengths), and different wavelengths of light have different refractive indexes. Among visible light, red light has the longest wavelength and the smallest refractive index. Violet light has the shortest wavelength and the largest refractive index. This important discovery of Newton became the basis of spectral analysis and revealed the secret of light color. Newton also pressed the convex surface of a fine grinding convex lens with a large radius of curvature on a very smooth flat glass. Under the irradiation of white light, we can see that the contact point of the center is a dark point, surrounded by a concentric circle of light and dark. Later generations called this phenomenon "Newton's Ring". He founded the "particle theory" of light, which reflected the essence of light movement from one side, but Newton did not object to the "wave theory" of light. From 65438 to 0704, he published a book "Optics", which systematically expounded his research achievements in optics.
Contribution of heat
Newton established the law of cooling, that is, when there is a temperature difference between the surface of an object and its surroundings, the heat lost per unit area in unit time is directly proportional to this temperature difference.
Contribution to astronomy
Newton made reflecting telescope in 1672. He used the universal gravitation between particles to prove that the external gravitation of a spherically symmetric sphere can be replaced by particles with the same mass in the center. He also explained various phenomena of tides with the principle of universal gravitation, pointing out that the magnitude of tides is not only related to the phase of the moon, but also related to the orientation of the sun. Newton predicted that the earth was not a right sphere. Precession is caused by the disturbance of the equator by the sun.
Philosophical contribution
Newton's philosophy basically belongs to spontaneous materialism, and he admits the objective existence of time and space. Like all the great figures in history, Newton made great contributions to mankind, but he was inevitably limited by the times. For example, he regarded time and space as things separated from moving matter and put forward the concepts of so-called absolute time and absolute space; He attributed the temporarily unexplained natural phenomena to God's arrangement, and proposed that all the planets started to move under the action of some foreign "first driving force".
Newton's most important work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, was published in 1687. The book summarizes many important discoveries and research achievements in his life, including the above-mentioned laws about the movement of objects. He said that this book "mainly studies the resistance of heavy and light fluids and other forces that attract motion, so we study the mathematical principles of natural philosophy." After the book was introduced into China, Li, a mathematician from China, partially translated it, but it was not published and the translation was lost. The existing Chinese version was translated by mathematician Zheng Taipu, entitled Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which was reprinted twice by the Commercial Press 193 1 first edition, 1957 and 1958.
Newton's interest in nature
Because Newton was influenced and cultivated by mathematics and natural science in Cambridge, he was very interested in exploring natural phenomena. During the two years from 1665 to 1666, he was full of thinking in the field of natural science, brilliant, and came forth in large numbers, thinking about problems that his predecessors had never thought about, stepping into fields that his predecessors had never set foot in, and creating unprecedented amazing achievements. At the beginning of 1665, he established the approximation method of series and the law of transforming binomial with arbitrary power into series. In June of the same year 165438+ 10, the forward serial number method (differential) was established; In June of the following year, I studied color theory; In May, I began to study the reverse flow number method (integral). In this year, Newton also began to think about gravity and wanted to extend the theory of gravity to the orbit of the moon. He also deduced from Kepler's law that the force that keeps planets in orbit must be inversely proportional to the square of their distance from the center of rotation. The legend that Newton didn't realize gravity until he saw the apple fall to the ground was also an anecdote that happened at this time. In a word, during his two years in his hometown, Newton engaged in scientific creation with more vigorous energy than before and cared about natural philosophy. It can be seen that Newton's great scientific thoughts in his life were conceived, germinated and formed in his short two years of youth and keen thinking.
Newton returned to Cambridge University in 1667, and was selected as the companion of Trinity College Middle School in June 1 2007, and was selected as the companion of primary school in March 16 the following year. Barrow had a full understanding of Newton's talent at that time. 1669101On October 27th, Barrow asked Newton, who was only 26 years old, to replace him as the professor of Lucas Lecture. Newton gave his lectures on optics (1670 ~ 1672), arithmetic and algebra (1673 ~ 1683), mathematical principles of natural philosophy (hereinafter referred to as principles) Part I (1684 ~ 653). From 172, he was elected as the president of the Royal Society. During this period, Newton had the most correspondence with scientists at home and abroad, such as R. Boyle, J. Collins, J. Framsted, D. Gregorian, E. Harley, Hook, C. Huygens, G.W.F F. von Leibniz and J. Wallis. After writing Principles, Newton was tired of being a university professor. With the help of C. montague, an aristocratic descendant he met in college, Newton got the position of supervisor of the Mint Bureau in 1696, was promoted to director in 1699, and resigned from Cambridge University in 170 1. At that time, the British monetary system was chaotic, and Newton used his knowledge of metallurgy to make new coins. He was knighted on 1705 for his contribution to the reform of the currency system. In his later years, he studied religion and wrote "Historical Textual Research on Two Major Errors in the Bible". Newton died in Kensington Palace, a suburb of London, on March 3rd1,1727 (julian calendar 20th) and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.
The invention of "optics" and reflective telescope, like optics and mechanics, was valued in ancient Greece. In order to meet the needs of astronomical observation, the manufacture of optical instruments was developed very early. The law of light reflection was well known as early as Euclid's time, but the law of refraction was not discovered by Dutch scientist W Snell until shortly before Newton was born. The production of glass has spread from Arabia to western Europe. /kloc-in the 0/6th century, the handicraft industry of grinding lenses in the Netherlands flourished. Microscopes or telescopes can be made by properly combining lenses into a system. The invention of these two instruments played an important role in the development of science. Before Newton, Galileo first made astronomical observations with his telescope. Cangue telescope is a kind of telescope with convergent lens as eyepiece and divergent lens as objective lens. There is also the popular Kepler telescope consisting of two converging lenses. Neither telescope can eliminate the dispersion of the objective lens. Newton invented a mirror made of metal as an objective lens instead of a converging lens, thus avoiding the dispersion of the objective lens. At that time, the telescope made by Newton was 6 inches long, with a diameter of 1 inch and a magnification of 30 ~ 40 times. After improvement, in 167 1 year, he made a second larger reflecting telescope and sent it to the Royal Society for review. This telescope was collected as a precious scientific relic by the Royal Society. In order to make a reflective telescope, Newton personally melted the alloy and ground the mirror. Newton liked to make models and do experiments by hand since he was a child, which was of great help to the success of his optical experiments. As early as BC, people were speculating about the color of light, linking the color of rainbow with the color formed by the edge of glass sheet. From Aristotle to Descartes, it is believed that white light is pure and uniform, which is the essence of light, while colored light is only a variant of light. None of them did the experiment as seriously as Newton.