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The origin and historical significance of the educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude began with Confucius, which can be said to be the embryonic form or embryonic form of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. This teaching mode of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is mainly manifested in answering different questions of different "talents", restraining the strong, encouraging the weak and making them all develop. The idea of "loyalty and forgiveness" runs through Confucius. Confucius gave different answers to different questioners, because they all emphasized benevolence, filial piety and politics. If Zhong Gong asked Ren, Confucius replied, "Going out to do business is like receiving distinguished guests and ordering ordinary people to accept big gifts. We must be careful. If you don't like doing something, don't do it for others. No resentment at work means no resentment at work. " When asked about Ren, Confucius said, "Love is also". Sima Niu asked Ren, and Confucius said, "Benevolent people speak slowly." When Yan Yuan asked about benevolence, Confucius replied: "Restrain your own desires and make your words and deeds conform to the ceremony. This is benevolence. Once you do this, people all over the world will praise you as a kind person. Practicing benevolence depends entirely on yourself, but on others? " (The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan). Yan Hui and Zhonggong are not only pleasing to children, but also benevolent. So Confucius gave them a profound answer, Sima Niu was "talkative and impetuous" (Biography of Disciples of Zhong Ni in Historical Records). Fan Chi's ambition is not high, so his answer is simple and to the point. Therefore, by talking, observing and asking questions, Confucius deeply understood the individual differences of students and grasped their interests, abilities, personalities, ambitions, learning attitudes, learning specialties and age differences for teaching. Use the method of inspiration and induction to give full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of students, so as to achieve the training goal. The successful practice of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can be summarized as follows: ① Give different education according to students' different intelligence level and acceptance ability. (2) according to the different advantages and disadvantages of students, suit the remedy to the case, make up for it, and let students develop normally. This kind of education, which has advantages and disadvantages, helps the poor and helps the poor, embodies Confucius' dialectics. ③ Develop students' specialties according to their hobbies. Confucius acknowledged the existence of people's special hobbies and talents. For example, he said, "If Zang Wuzhong knows, people don't want him, and he is brave in frontier village, and the skill of Ran Qiu ..." "Knowing", "unwilling", "brave" and "skill" means that he understands that Zang Wuzhong and others have different special talents. Another cloud says, "The knower enjoys water, and the benevolent enjoys Leshan. The knower moves, the benevolent is quiet ... ". 4 do what you can. For example, when "birds are boys" have the idea of "quick success and instant benefit", Confucius immediately sent people to educate them and correct their wrong thoughts and behaviors. ⑤ Personal conversations should be tailored to individual needs. ⑥ Combination of criticism and praise. ⑦ Teaching by subject and cultivating specialty. Confucius treated the disciples who were proficient in the six arts differently and educated them in different subjects such as morality, speech, politics and literature. There is a passage in The Analects of Confucius Advanced: "Virtue, Yan Yuan, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong, Yan, Zi Gong. Politics, You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature, Ziyou, Xia Zi. " It shows that Confucius conducted interdisciplinary teaching. So the students he taught have different grades. Although Confucius' teaching students in accordance with their aptitude seems simple and simple, it is a precedent in the history of education in China.

Mencius inherited Confucius' thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and advocated that "teaching should also be versatile". ("Mencius": "The Next") Starting from the theory of good nature, he believes that although people are born with good nature, there are individual differences in talents due to different environments and personal cultivation. Therefore, he first classified the objects of education, and then adopted different teaching methods for different types of students. He said: "There are five ways to educate a gentleman: the way to irrigate everything in time, the way to improve moral character, the way to train talents, the way to answer questions, and the way to learn charm for future generations. These five are also the methods of gentleman education. " In other words, the students with the highest ability only need timely guidance; Cultivate a virtuous student and make him a person with complete virtue; Give correct guidance to students who are good at talent types and make them become knowledgeable people; For ordinary students, we can solve their difficulties and doubts by answering questions, so that they can become useful people; There are also students who can't find a job, and they can achieve the purpose of education by stealing others and teaching themselves. Mencius' individualized teaching is beyond the scope of Confucius' individualized teaching mode, that is, he expanded the teaching individuals with different characteristics to different types of teaching groups, virtually expanding the number of educated people and improving the social benefits of education. This is the development of Confucius' thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

Xueji is a summary work of the pre-Qin Confucian educational thought, which advocates "saving the lost by being good", emphasizes teaching students in accordance with their aptitude on the basis of understanding their characteristics, and makes a more concrete analysis of their various characteristics in learning. "There are four mistakes, the teacher will know. People learn too much, or lose too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or lose too much. These four things are mutually incompatible. Know his heart, and then you can make up for the loss. Teaching and learning. Save the lost for good (Book of Rites, Learning). Teachers should "know their good and evil", make up the evil with good, save the loss with good, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. It can be seen that Xue Ji has further deepened this teaching principle. Not only Confucianism educates students, but Mohist Mozi's education of disciples is by no means uniform. He asked his disciples to be "eloquent, storytellers can tell stories, and practitioners can engage in it" (Mozi pays more attention). In particular, education is also carried out according to the different levels and abilities of disciples. "Deep is deep, shallow is shallow, benefit is beneficial, and respect is respected" (Mozi Daqu). The book Mencius, a Confucian classic published during the Warring States Period, also recorded a large number of examples of Mencius adopting different teaching methods for different students. For example, after rejecting Qi Weiwang's gift, Mencius explained to Marco that "there is no gentleman who can pick up goods (accept property)"; When he left the State of Qi, he explained to Yu Chong the truth of "not complaining about others" (Under the Ugly Sun). Explain to Gong Sunchou the truth of "forty years old indifference" and "I am good at nurturing my noble spirit" (under Gong Sunchou); And tell Peng Geng the truth of "eating ambition" and "eating merit"; An analysis of the truth of Zhang Wan's "crusade to the east and sue to the west": Explain to Gong Duzi, "How can you argue? To get the "truth" ("Teng Wengong"); Wait a minute.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the unified feudal monarchy was formally established, especially after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the cultural and educational policy of "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone", the central official schools and local schools in counties and cities established by feudal countries were established one after another, which made the education in feudal society start to be school-oriented, systematic, standardized and socialized. This is an epoch-making progress. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is regarded as valuable experience by feudal education and widely adopted by educators in past dynasties. Some educators since Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and they all had their own opinions on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Dong Zhongshu said: "Being a good teacher is not only the beauty of its way, but also its prudence ... to save what it does and make it stand out, so it is a great achievement for nothing." Jade Cup in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zheng Xuan said that "everyone is right because of his loss", and The Analects of Confucius said that it is easy to save those who lost it, and it is advanced to stop with less. The Book of Rites and Learning Records. Xu Gan said: "Guidance must be based on its nature, and water control must be based on its potential. It is said that from the perspective of success, I have not given up. " The "middle theory" means that education should vary from person to person in order to achieve positive results. Educators in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also paid attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. For example, Liu Xie, a writer in the Southern Dynasties, pointed out the mutual differences of individual innate genetic qualities in Wen Xin Diao Long. Since there are such innate differences, everyone's learning methods should be different. Everyone should choose his own style to determine the direction and method of learning and cultivate and develop talents according to his own natural conditions. Liu Xie's view of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is the evolution and development of traditional educational methods in learning theory, which deserves full recognition.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination began to become an examination system for selecting officials in feudal society, and the school system was gradually improved, especially in private schools, where some famous teachers and scholars appeared. They paid attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and trained a group of outstanding talents for the society at that time. Wang Tong of Sui Dynasty inherited the traditional Confucian teaching experience of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and applied it to his own teaching practice. For example, he saw that Wei Zhi's personality was "straightforward", and at the same time, Wei Zhi also showed in front of him the desire of "wisdom is king, devoting himself to thinking, and making up for it" (the second part of heaven and earth). Therefore, he directed Wei Zhi, and later he was able to give advice to Emperor Taizong in Wei Zhi. Confucius in the Tang Dynasty also attached great importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and thought that "the method of teaching people should be based on years. If you are old and wise, you will teach great things and more about them; If you are young and stubborn, you should teach less trivial things and less. " On the other hand, Han Yu adopted different methods to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. He advocates that educators should use wood separately like clever carpenters, so that all kinds of wood can be used reasonably and the talents of the educated can be fully exerted. In other words, cultivating talents is like the wood needed to build a house, with different sizes. Teachers should not be stereotyped, love the big and abandon the small, but should make students become useful talents of different sizes according to their texture. This is the teacher's responsibility. Obviously, this is a unique teaching in accordance with their aptitude. At the same time, he is enthusiastic about cultivating literary youth, guiding them in literary creation and giving full play to their talents; In addition, he also asked those in power to do their best in employing people. It can be seen that Han Yu unified teaching and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Liu Zongyuan in the middle Tang Dynasty believed that the key to education was to conform to children's nature and the natural laws of children's growth and development. He once took planting trees as an example to illustrate this truth. It is necessary to educate students according to the laws of nature, that is, "to follow the nature of wood and make it natural" and "not to harm its length". (Biography of Planting Camels) This view of discussing educational methods from the perspective of children's own development law is a new development of Confucius' theory of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Teaching practice has broken the scope of school teaching. When teaching students, we should not only "preach, teach and solve doubts", but more importantly, guide young people to become talents from the aspects of moral quality, work ability and active use of the world. Because of this, students at that time came to ask for advice in order to get ahead.

In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, Hu Yuan, a famous educator, initiated the system of subject-based teaching and major and minor courses, and his ideological and theoretical basis was the teaching principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Established a unique and complete set of teaching theories and methods, known as "Su Hu teaching method" in history. In teaching, he is good at organizing teaching according to students' interests, hobbies and specialties, mobilizing students' enthusiasm for learning, and making students choose professional courses according to the closeness of gender. Therefore, everyone can do their best and learn something. Among Humen disciples, "there are those who are good at learning classics, those who are good at talking about soldiers, those who are good at literature and art, and those who are good at saving righteousness." He divided these students into two groups according to their abilities and interests, namely, "studying classics" and "directors", and "teaching in groups". (Chen Li: Secretary Reading) "Those who study righteousness should choose people who are clear-headed, well-equipped and able to do great things, so as to explain the Six Classics. Those in charge should take care of one thing separately and take a photo at the same time. For example, if you manage the people to live in peace, talk about martial arts to prevent their bandits, weir water will benefit their fields, and the calendar will be clear. " (Song and Yuan learning cases: stable cases) This kind of teaching in accordance with students' aptitude not only has the nature of teaching in different subjects, but also has the guiding role of choosing career direction for students and enabling them to obtain the knowledge and skills they need for employment. This is a pioneering work in education. After more than 20 years of education and teaching practice in Su Hu and Jingshi University, Hu Yuan has trained more than 1,700 disciples, all of whom can benefit the world. In A.D. 1044, it was declared as the law of imperial academy by Song Renzong, and it jumped from the local teaching method to the teaching method of central institutions of higher learning. In the history of China's education system, Mr. Hu Yuan's "Su Hu Teaching Method" is the first time to set up a study room and a study room in the same school. For the first time, practical subjects and Confucian classics are placed in the same position; For the first time, the system of combining subject teaching with compulsory and elective courses was established and implemented. It is the first time to put forward the idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude through subject teaching under collective teaching conditions, which is a step forward compared with the previous teaching in accordance with their aptitude under individual teaching conditions. In the history of the world teaching system, it is "400 years earlier than other countries in the world". Zhang Zai believes that "it is extremely difficult to teach people, and it is necessary to give full play to their talents and not mislead others" (Seven Quotations from Zhang Zi), which requires teachers to have profound attainments in knowledge and morality and have a comprehensive understanding of people. Zhang Zai's teaching concept of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and giving full play to their talents not only inherits the thoughts of Confucius and Xue Ji, but also has his own experience and invention, which is rich and comprehensive in connotation and superior to predecessors and peers.