Two-cavity system of (1) singing
The multi-channel schools of traditional Henan opera are actually included in the two big-cavity systems of "East Henan" and "West Henan", as shown in the following table:
The language basis of eastern Henan vocal cavity is the intonation of eastern Henan (the area centered on Shangqiu) in Zhongzhou Yinyun, and the vocalization is mostly falsetto ("double tone"), with a high pitch and a range of "upper five tones". The so-called "top five tones" means that the basic melody lines of eastern Henan tunes are: sol, la, re, si, la, sol, re, fa, and the melody mostly goes up, the tonic falls on sol, and the melody is mainly between sol——re zones. The syntactic structure of singing is that the eyes fluctuate up and down.
The language basis of western Henan vocal cavity is the western Henan (centered on Luoyang) intonation of Zhongzhou phonology, and most of the voices are true voices ("big voice"), and most of the vocals are medium-cold rhymes (crying cavity). The singing features are rough, solemn and stirring, deep and vigorous.
The basic melody lines of tune in western Henan are: sol, do, la, sol, sol, mi, re and do. The melody mostly goes down, the tonic falls on do, and the melody mainly goes in the SOL-DO interval. Therefore, the vocal cavity in western Henan is generally called "the next five tones" singing method. The syntactic structure of aria is generally upper plate and lower plate.
In addition to the four major types of positive plates, there are many derivative plates of Henan Opera. For example, in the adagio category, besides Adagio, Moderate Adagio (also known as "interlocking") and Fast Three Eyes (also known as "golden hook"), there are also derivatives such as Leading (inverted) Bantou, Seven Tricks (also known as "30% off"), Five Tones, Crying Sword, etc. In addition to [28 board], [slow 28 board], [middle 28 board], [28 board], [fast 28 board], [tight 28 board] and [tight 28 board], there are also derivatives of [28 board], [stack board], [stumble] and [click mouth]. The derivative plates of the water board are [two gongs drill] and [pour rice to send] (see Wang Jixiao's Introduction to Henan Opera Singing).
Henan opera has always been a great singer, and the key points of the plot have big-board singing. The singing is fluent, rhythmic and colloquial. Generally speaking, the articulation is clear, the lines are smooth, and the audience can easily hear it, which shows its unique artistic charm. First of all, the style of Henan opera is full of passionate masculinity, and it is good at expressing grand scenes with strong emotional power; Secondly, it is rich in local characteristics, simple and popular, and naturally close to the lives of ordinary people; Thirdly, the rhythm is clear and powerful, the contradictions and conflicts are sharp, the story begins and ends, and the characters are angular.
The stage installation of the early Henan Opera performance is very simple, only a reed mat and a foil are needed, and a table and two chairs on the stage can start the performance. Those who beat gongs and drums also serve as "inspection points" After entering the city, with a fixed theater, the stage equipment has been improved. Yusheng Theater has adopted some curtains and scenery, and Dan Jiao's costumes pay attention to "Old Danqing, Zheng Danjun, Hua Dan Romantic". Since then, influenced by Beijing opera costumes, it is basically the same as Beijing opera costumes.
The traditional craft of Henan Opera has strong local characteristics of Henan. Constantly innovating in long-term artistic practice, creating from coarse to fine, from coarse to fine; From vulgarity to elegance, the performing arts are becoming more and more perfect. At the same time, a large number of artistically successful actors have emerged from all walks of life.
The music of Henan Opera belongs to the Bangzi acoustic cavity system, which is a banqiang type. According to Lvyuan Li's Qiludeng (1777) and Qixian Annals (1788), in the forty-two years of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, local Bangzi opera was popular in Kaifeng and Qixian, also known as "Bangzi". According to the legend of artists, the earliest educators of Henan Opera were Jiangmen and Xumen. Jiangmen is in Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, and Xumen is in Ji Qinghe, east of Kaifeng. They also have classes. In the process of its development, Henan Opera has formed regional art schools with different styles due to the influence of local voices and folk music. That is, the "auspicious tone" centered on Kaifeng; "Eastern Henan Tune" centered on Shangqiu; "Western Henan Tune" centered on Luoyang (also known as "Xifu Tune"); "Sha Hetiao" was formed in Shahe area in southern Henan. Among them, "Xiangfu Tune" and "Shahe Tune" are similar to "Yudong Tune" in plate structure, mode, melody, rhythm, syntactic composition and pronunciation, so they are collectively called "Yudong Tune". Therefore, today's Henan Opera aria is generally divided into "Eastern Henan Tune" and "Western Henan Tune". Therefore, today's Henan Opera aria music is generally divided into "Eastern Henan Tune" and "Western Henan Tune", each with its own characteristics. The vocal cord of "Yudong Tune" is "5", which is based on the phonology of Zhongzhou and the pronunciation of Shangqiu and Kaifeng. In traditional singing, falsetto (two tones) is used, which is high and thin, rich in color, passionate, bold, clear and fancy. The lead singer of "Yuxi Tune" is "1", which belongs to Zhongzhou Tune. In the early stage of the development of Henan Opera, these two major operas were "each playing its own horn and each singing its own tune". There was communication in the 1930s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, we should get rid of the "open door concept", communicate with each other, learn from each other, learn from each other's strengths, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. The above is the traditional classification of different regions according to distribution in the past, including eastern Henan tune, enjoying happiness tune, Shahe tune and western Henan tune; In addition, according to the differences of vocal music in singing range, the first three categories are unified into Yudong tune, commonly known as "Shangwuyin". Corresponding to these is the western Henan tune with a low range, commonly known as the "next five tones".
The vocal music structure of Henan Opera belongs to plate variation, which has four types: Adagio, Erba, Liuban and Sanban. Erbaban is the most expressive and varied of the four major plates of Henan Opera. In addition to Baer's basic board, it can also be divided into slow 28 board, medium 28 board, 28 board, fast 28 board, tight 28 board, tight 28 board and slow singing. It got its name because it used to be composed of two eight boards (eight bars) that were reused. With the continuous enrichment of performance content, this fixed and rigid program has been broken through. Today's Er Ba Ban combines the singing methods of the two major schools, namely, Eastern Henan Tune and Western Henan Tune, and can form hundreds of large aria with two-quarter beats at a time, which are mainly used for narration. It can also change according to the needs of the plot and the emotional changes of the characters, which can not only show bright, lively and happy, but also show anxious, nervous, angry and sad scenes. In addition, Balban can also be derived from big mouth, dog bite, kicking, folding boards, moving benches and so on.
Flexboard includes Flexboard, Golden Hook, Anti-Golden Hook and Windward Board. Generally speaking, it is a three-eye board with 4/4 beats. The singing of the upper and lower sentences starts from the middle eye and falls on the board. The desensitization of the former sentence is free, and the desensitization of the latter sentence is different from that of western Henan. Adagio is one of the commonly used plates in Henan Opera singing. Its prelude has many forms, among which the most commonly used are "six rings", "four rings", "four rings" and "one ring against the wind". The cavity form of adagio can be divided into whole board and scattered board. The whole board is called "the first sentence cavity", and the scattered board is to sing the first sentence (the last sentence) as "planting the board" or "lifting the board" and enter the [soft board] from the second sentence (the next sentence). The basic structure of ordinary sentences in adagio is to divide an aria into two clauses with a small door in the middle; After the whole sentence is sung, there is a falling "eight tones" at the end of the sentence (it can also be reduced to four tones or completely omitted). In addition to the above-mentioned basic structural forms, the linear cavity of the flexible board also has a variety of flower cavities caused by local changes. The first sentence has "first sentence cavity" and "three sentence cavity", and the next sentence has "single board" and "double board". The cavity closing of {Adagio} is also called "lock board", and its basic structure is the same as that of the ordinary next sentence, except that the cavity closing speed gradually slows down, and there is a short door with the sound of closing the cavity. The speed of adagio is flexible. According to the different emotions of its content, it can be fast, medium and slow three.
Running board is also one of the boards commonly used in Henan opera, which is divided into running board, jogging board, running board and running board. Singing is generally in the form of attracting attention and attracting attention. You can change different speeds as needed. The melody is free and flexible, the melody is smooth, and the rhythm jumps, which is suitable for both cheerful and lively scenes and depressing sad emotions. It also derived cribbing, two gong drills and so on. Its main feature is that there are a lot of syncopation rhythms across bars in the melody. Whether it is the ups and downs of singing or the ups and downs of singing melody, most of them appear in the eye position. [Running board] The first sentence falls freely, and the next sentence falls "5" or "1". In the ordinary upper and lower sentence structure, with the fall of the last sentence of the aria, there is generally a voice that follows the cavity. Its introduction prelude is basically the same as [28 board], but the understanding of leaf spring head is different. There are many forms of opening and closing the cavity of the running water board. The key subsidiary boards of the running board mainly include the running board and the two gongs and two praises.
Flying board, also known as "non-board", has no board and no eyes, and its rhythm is free. It is an enduring singing method and belongs to the pine board category. In addition, there are white rolling, board planting and challenges. There are also three formats: cry rhyme, line rhyme and unique rhyme. "Cry Rhyme" expresses grief and sorrow; "Rhyme" is mostly used for vocalization and narration, while "Jueyun" is suitable for expressing decisive and passionate emotions. Generally speaking, the aria of flying board is relatively short, and four, six and eight sentences are transferred to other boards.
The lyrics of the above four genres are generally cross sentences of "334" or seven sentences of "223" meter. Sometimes some long and short sentences with different words are used. For example, clapping in Balban is based on five sentences, and rolling white in Feiban is a prose sentence with singing and white.
Henan opera has always been known for its singing skills, smooth singing and distinct rhythm. In recent years, most actors sing with real voices, so they can generally pronounce the words clearly and the audience can easily hear them clearly. Coupled with exquisite performance, true and touching, and easy-to-understand words, it has become the most attractive drama in Bangzi Opera. Today, Henan Opera is not only spread all over the province, but also spread to neighboring provinces and provinces, cities and autonomous regions such as Gansu, Qinghai, Tianjin, Jilin, Jiangsu, Xinjiang and Tibet, and many professional troupes have been established in various places.