family background
Yuan Haowen claimed to be a descendant of Jie Yuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty [2], and his grandfather Yuan Zixi was a Tongshanling in the Jin Dynasty. His father Yuan Deming lived in seclusion. He is famous for his poems and has written three volumes of Dongyan Collection.
Adolescent intelligence
Yuan Haowen was born on the eighth day of July in the first year of Ming Chang in Jin Zhangzong (A.D. 1 190). Seven months after his birth, he was adopted by his uncle Ge Yuan. At the age of four, I studied with my mother Zhang and received a perfect education. When I was five years old, I lived with my uncle in Yexian (now Shandong). Yuan Haowen was called a prodigy at the age of seven [3]. At the age of eleven, Ge Yuan moved to Jizhou, and Yuan Haowen moved with his uncle. Ge Yuan hired a bachelor, Professor Lu Ze Yuan Haowen. At the age of fourteen, Ge Yuan moved to Lingchuan again, and Yuan Hao asked Hao Tianting, a famous scholar in Lingchuan [3][4].
When Yuan Haowen was sixteen, he went to Bing to try. On the way, he met a goose catcher and told him that one wild goose was caught today and the other was caught. But the goose that broke free from the net cried and died after landing. Yuan Haowen bought these two geese, buried them by the river, and wrote Qiu Yan Ci [5]. The first sentence, "Ask what the world is like, teach life and death", is still popular today.
At the age of eighteen, Yuan Haowen returned to his hometown to get married and then returned to Lingchuan.
Kekechang road
After studying with Hao Tianting for six years, Yuan Haowen began to travel around at the age of twenty and began his career of "seeking an official". Since he started trying at the age of sixteen, his idea of being an official has remained unchanged. At the age of twenty-one, his uncle Ge Yuan died of illness in Longcheng Rensuo. Yuan Haowen ended his wandering life and helped the coffin back to Xinzhou. In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Dynasty (12 14), the Mongolian army captured Xiurongcheng, and Brother Yuan Haowen was killed. Yuan Haowen, then 25, took refuge in the northern mountainous area of Yangqu, a neighboring county. In May 4th (12 16), Yuan Haowen got wind that the Mongolian army was going south again and his family was going to Henan to avoid chaos. During this period, Yuan Haowen witnessed the war and wrote many works of grief and indignation, including Mount Ji and Qintai. Yuan Haowen began to take exams in Chang 'an at the age of twenty, and took several imperial examinations until he was twenty-eight, but he didn't get good grades. At the age of twenty-eight, he went to Bianjing to see Zhao Bingwen, the then minister of does. The latter greatly praised Lushan and Qintai, "thinking that there was no such work in modern times". Yuan Haowen is famous in Beijing. [3][6][7] However, Yuan Haowen at this time, due to his unsatisfactory official career, has already revealed his troubles and frustration with being an official in the imperial examination. Before that, although his poems reflected the sufferings he saw in his travels, they were still full of vigor and vitality, revealing great ambitions. After the age of 28, he woke up from the dream of being an official. At this time, there have been poems such as "One inch of fame fades, ten years of dreams come back" ("Cui Shi Scheler") [8], "unprovoked academic back-to-back, such as loss of phase" ("Inviting neighbors to drink with Wang Zanzi after the snow") [9] and so on.
12 18 Spring, Yuan Haowen moved to Songshan at the age of 29. At this time, Yuan Haowen felt that his ideal was difficult to realize and his thoughts were at a low ebb, but it also provided him with an opportunity to broaden his horizons. He focused on more realistic things, began to make a living, paid attention to farmers' lives, and wrote a series of works close to farmers and reflecting their feelings. At the same time, insinuations about current politics began to appear in his works. In Yuan Haowen's life's works, few poems with this theme also appeared in this period. [ 10]
Ten years of official seclusion
The decade from 32 to 42 is the second stage of Yuan Haowen's life. Difficult times make Yuan Haowen, who is full of patriotic feelings, unable to completely give up his ideal of being an official [1 1]. Troubled by this contradiction, Yuan Hao asked Jinshi Ji for five years (122 1), but Zhao Bingwen, the examiner at that time, refused to choose on the grounds of over-release and demotion. Three years later, Yuan Haowen was persuaded by Zhao Bingwen and Yang to choose Hongci, and was called into the compilation of national history after the election.
In the following years, Yuan Haowen was actually in a state of being an official and hiding. On the one hand, he longed to be an official to change the current situation and make a difference, on the other hand, he gradually realized the darkness of officialdom and was tired of complicated political struggles, which deepened Yuan Haowen's ideological contradiction. Yuan Haowen resigned and left Beijing shortly after being edited by the National History Institute [12]. Later, he served as the county magistrate of Zhenping (1226) [13] and Neixiang (1227) [14], and left his post because of his mother's death. Three years later (123 1 year), he moved to Nanyang county [15]. Soon, he was sent to Bianjing, and Ren Shangshu was saved. This year, his wife Zhang died of illness [16][ 17]. However, for Yuan Haowen, the following year of Star (1232) was an eventful autumn. In March and December, the Mongols besieged Bianjing twice. At this time, Yuan Haowen was promoted to Shangshu Province Zuo Si. In March of the first year of Tianxing, his third daughter also died young [18]. In May, Zhao Bingwen, who appreciated and supported him, passed away [16]. When the Mongols besieged the city for the second time, Jin Aizong led his troops to abandon the city and break through [19]. Bianjing City ran out of grain, the price of rice soared and many people starved to death, which has developed to the point of cannibalism [20][2 1]. /kloc-in the first month of 0/233, Cui Li, the commander-in-chief guarding the west of the city, surrendered to the Mongolian army with Bianjing City, calling herself Zheng Wang [22][23].
After the Mongols occupied Bianjing, Cui Li thought that he had saved millions of people in Beijing, and asked Yuan Haowen and other scholars to set up a monument to praise him. On the one hand, Yuan Haowen and other civil servants regarded Cui Li as a traitor, unwilling to put pen to paper, and on the other hand, afraid of being hurt by Cui Li, so they found Liu Qi, a scholar with no official position, as their inscription [24]. In later memories, Liu Qi recorded that she insisted on resigning at first. Later, Yuan Haowen and others repeatedly forced him to write an inscription on his behalf, which was revised by Yuan Haowen and carved into an inscription [25]. Later, Yuan Haowen wrote to Lu Ye Chucai, recommended a group of well-known scribes and asked the latter for protection. These two things made Yuan Haowen question his "integrity" and have been bothering him ever since. On April 29th, Yuan Haowen was escorted out of Bianjing as an official of the Jin Dynasty [26]. In May, Yuan Haowen took his friend's youngest son, Bai Pu, and crossed the Yellow River in the north [27].
The country has begun to close its doors.
In the autumn of the second year of Aizong Tianxing (1233), Yuan Haowen was detained in Liaocheng (now Shandong) for a long time by the Yuan regime. In the third year of Tianxing (the 10th day of the first month in the sixth year of Yuan Taizong, namely1February 9, 234), Aizong committed suicide and the ruler perished. Two years later (1235), Yuan Haowen moved from Liaocheng to Guanshi (now guanxian, Shandong) for four years. The demise of the Jin Dynasty and the misery of the people dealt a great blow to Yuan Haowen, who failed to save the nation from extinction. In addition, Cui Li's meritorious service monument also made him regret and blame himself, and the resulting slander made him depressed [28]. During this period, Yuan Haowen often used wine to drown his sorrows. But this sad and depressed mood also contributed to Yuan Haowen's success in poetry. Most of the "mourning poems" representing his highest achievements in thought and art came into being in this period.
At the age of fifty, Yuan Haowen returned to his hometown of Xinzhou. At this time, his thoughts were depressed and he felt world-weary. He even thought that "more people were misled by reading" and asked future generations to learn to plant trees instead of learning to read. He began to believe in the philosophy of eating, drinking and having fun, revealing fatalism.
But Yuan Haowen also showed a positive side in his actions. After returning to his hometown, Yuan Haowen began to run around and made great efforts to compile unofficial history under extremely difficult conditions. He first compiled Zhongzhou Collection, recorded history with poems, and collected lost poems at the same time. He also wrote Nanguan Lu, which recorded the words and deeds of the ancestors of Yuanshi County and the deeds of rulers and ministers. Yuan Haowen began to write these two books when he was in Liaocheng, which had a great influence on the later Golden History. After that, there are Records of Chen's Words and Actions and Miscellaneous Records. Yuan Haowen built the unofficial history Pavilion in his hometown, which shows his ambition in history. In addition, he also paid attention to the protection of literary works and documents, so that the literary origin of the Jin Dynasty was not interrupted by the death of the country. Editor-in-chief "Selected Poems of Dongpo Yuefu" and "Advocacy of Tang Poetry", devoted to preserving the culture of Jin Dynasty.
In his later years, Yuan Haowen devoted himself to the protection of the history and culture of the Jin Dynasty, on the other hand, he began to run a museum and give lectures. He gave lectures with Zhang Dehui and Ye Li in Fenglongshan, with many students, and was called "Three Old People in Longshan" [29]. At the age of sixty-three, Yuan Haowen and Zhang Dehui went north to see Kublai Khan, persuaded him to accept the success of respecting Confucianism, and asked him to be a "master of Confucianism", prompting him to appoint Confucian scholars to govern the country [30].
On the fourth day of September, Yuan Xianzong (1257, 12), Yuan Haowen died in Huolu (now Hebei) [1] and was buried in Xiashan Village, Zhoushan (now Hanyan Village, Xizhang Township, Xinfu District, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province).
Poetry and prose
Yuan Haowen's collection of books includes Zhongzhou Collection, which preserves a large number of literary works of the Jin Dynasty. In addition, there are forty volumes of Collected Works of Mr. Yishan, four volumes of Continued Simple Records, three volumes of Yuefu of Yishan and five volumes of Yuefu of Mr. Yishan. There was a reprint of The Complete Works of Mr. Yuan Yishan in Guangxu Reading Room in Qing Dynasty.
His poetry is vigorous, his prose is broad and his writing is clear, but his shortcoming is that Yuan Haowen's poetry can be said to be the representative of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. There are 136 1 poems today, which are rich in content. Liu Xizai commented in Qing Dynasty: "The landscape poems in Jin and Yuan Dynasties are the victories of Du, Han, Su and Huang, and they are of comprehensive significance. Literally, it can be said that it is a combination of the achievements of the Song Dynasty. " [3 1]
Yuan Haowen's poetry, according to its style changes, can be roughly divided into three periods: early years, before and after Jin and Wu, and later years [32]. In his early poems, he retained a strong color of Song poetry. With the enrichment of Yuan Haowen's life experience and the deepening of the national crisis, he began to gradually form a unique poetic style full of vigor, simplicity, depression and sadness. The poems before and after the Golden Death of Tang Dynasty into Song Dynasty are mellow and natural in style, emphasizing artistic conception and avoiding discussion. His mourning poems can best reflect his intense and sad style. The contents of the poems vividly reflect the social unrest and people's sufferings at that time, such as Qiyang and Renchen's December Drive East again, which are gloomy and sad, catching up with Lao Du and can be called a generation of "history of poetry". In his later years, Yuan Haowen's poetic style tends to be mature, his language is simpler, his feelings are deeper, and his anger and excitement are eliminated. His landscape poems express the beauty of mountains and rivers, with fresh artistic conception and wide popularity. The change of his poetic style is inseparable from his life experience [33].
Yuan Haowen's essays inherited the tradition of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is fresh and energetic, with random length, carefully prepared by everyone. It is a giant of literary criticism in Jin Dynasty, imitating the style of Du Fu's six quatrains, which has a great influence in the history of literary criticism. He inherited Dongpo's poetic theory, which made him take the spirit of lingyun's remonstrance with the wall, and his character was strong, regardless of his affection for children. Hua Yan's southern literature is more derogatory [34], and northern literature is more respected [35]. Especially influenced by Zen Buddhism, it advocates the style of "natural, complacent and detached". [36][37]
There are 377 poems in existence today, with Su and Xin as models in art, and all kinds of styles are bold and graceful, so they should be the first person in the field of gold pronouns. There are only nine Sanqu songs, which are based on vulgarity, innovative and groundbreaking. The continuation of Jane Yizhi is one of the few existing note novels in the Jin Dynasty. Zhong Zhou Ji and Miscellaneous Books of People and Officials compiled by him are mostly used in this edition of Jinshi.
To annotate ...
1.1.01./Hao Jing's "Epitaph of Mr. Yishan" begins by saying that "Mr. Yishan died in Lujia on September 4." It can be seen that Yuan Haowen's death time is the fourth day of September in the fourth year of Ding's old calendar. In addition, according to the converted AD years in Ding Si's entries, only 1 197 and 1257 are closer to their survival time. In case the year of his death is really 1 197, how can I help Liu who died in the second year of Yuan Guang (1223) to write Liu's epitaph? So it can be confirmed that he died in 1257.
2. Journal of Anhui Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), Koichi Takahashi, 2004, 02.
3.3.0 3. 1 3.2 (Yuan) The History of Jin Arts and Literature Yuan De Akiko is inquisitive.
4. Wang Shizhen's "On the Red Monument" said: "There are two Hao Tianting between Jin and Yuan, one is Yuan Yishan's teacher and the other is his disciple."
5. Yuan Haowen's preface to touching fish in Yishan Xinle House, Volume I: "Yi Chou went to try Bingzhou at the age of 19, saying that every goose catcher said: You can get a goose today, kill it, and those who broke the net groaned and couldn't go, so he threw himself to the ground and died. Because I bought it, I was buried by the Fenshui River. I was tired of stones, so I called it Qiu Yan. Most of my peers are poems, and I also have Ci. "
6. Biography of Jin Shiyuan Haowen
7. Sister Liu, History of China Literature Development, Taipei: Han Jing Culture,1June 992. Page 7 14
8. Yuan Haowen asked "Lei She Ren"
9. Yuan Haowen asked "Inviting neighbor Wang Zanzi to drink after the snow"
10. Wang Yusheng, On Yuan Haowen's Life Thought, included in Yuan Haowen's Research.
1 1. Yuan Haowen asked "Preface to Taiyuan Zhuangyuanlou Banquet Collection Taiyuan Gong Family": "I will be a strange person and a famous minister, and I will be responsible for the Millennium."
12. Yuan Haowen asked "When I left Beijing History Museum, I was told to wait on Songshan Mountain": "If I don't deserve to be an official, I'll sue you."
13. Yuan Haowen's "Except Night" and "Collected Works of Mr. Yishan" Volume 8.
14. Yuan Haowen, Changqing Xincang, collected works of Mr. Yishan, Volume 32.
15. Yuan Haowen's Record of New Warehouse in Dengzhou and Collected Works of Mr. Yishan, Volume 33.
16.16.016.1Miao Cheng, dated Yuan Yishan.
17. Yuan Haowen, epitaph of filial daughter: "Thirteen-year-old, suffering from Wan Ling, mother Zhang is sick."
18. Tomb inscription of filial daughter Axiu: "Xing Kairen died in March."
19. Yuan Haowen asked "After founding ceremony in December, Renchen drove East"
20. Liu Qi's "Return to Qian Zhi" Volume 11 "Record the Girder": "People can't survive without food. Rice rose to 22 ounces of silver. The poor often eat people, and the dead face. Officials drive several cars out of the city every day, and everyone eats meat all night. The gentry, women and children are walking in the street, and the people have food for their children. "
2 1. History of Jin (Volume 115): "At that time, the border outside Beijing was impassable, and the rice rose to two taels of silver. People are miserable, and the dead look at each other. Many gentry women beg in the city, and even eat their wives. "
22. Liu Qi's "Gui Qianzhi" Volume 11, "Recording Girders"
23. History of Jin Dynasty (volume 1 15), The Legend of Goddess and Cui Lichuan.
24. Jiongfan. The melting of history. To Bookstore Publishing Group. 2009.ISBN 9789579663953。 200-20 1 page.
25. Liu Qi's "Gui" Volume XII, "Cui Lu"
26. Yuan Haowen "Guisi leaves Beijing on April 29th"
27. Yuan Haowen asked "May 3 Qiuci Beidu"
28. Yuan Haowen asked "Farewell to Li": "Six years in Shuozhou, easy to slander the mountain", Yuan Yishan set.
29. The History of the Yuan Dynasty (Volume 163) Biography of Zhang Dehui: "He and Li He sealed Longshan, then named Longshan Sanlaoyun."
30. History of the Yuan Dynasty 163 Biography of Zhang Dehui: "Renzi, Dehui and Yuan Yu made a pilgrimage to the north, and asked their ancestors to be masters of Confucianism, and they accepted them."
3 1. Liu Xizai, Introduction to Art, Ci and Qu, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1978.
32. Cai Houshi, On the Evolution of Yuan Haowen's Poetic Style, Literary Heritage, 1990, No.4..
Jin Shiyuan Hao Wen wrote in his biography: "His poems are extraordinary and unique, ingenious and beautiful. Five words are lofty and ancient, and seven words Yuefu does not need ancient questions, which is unique and innovative. The song is generous and quiet. "
34. For example, one of the five songs in "After the Collection of Zhongzhou" wrote: "Cao Liu is full of lofty sentiments in the summer night, and Xie Yun in Jiangdong is especially high. Talking about poetry from flashy, Wu got a robe. "
35. For example, on the quatrains of poetry: "Generous ballads don't spread, and the vault is natural. Zhongzhou Yingqi also went to Yinshan Chilechuan. " Praise Hu's Song of Chile.
36. Guo Shaoyu, A History of China's Literary Criticism, Taipei: Wu Nan Books, 1994 August ISBN 957 1 108889 pp. 280-292.
37. Sister Liu, the history of China literature. Page 7 15-7 17.
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