Wang Guowei, formerly known as Guo Zhen, also known as Apollo, was born in Haining, Zhejiang. Wang Guowei is a famous scholar who enjoys an international reputation in the modern history of China. In his early years, he pursued new learning, accepted the influence of bourgeois reformism, integrated western philosophy and aesthetics with China's classical philosophy and aesthetics, studied philosophy and aesthetics, and formed a unique aesthetic ideological system, which later attacked ci poetry and drama, and later ruled history, ancient philology and archaeology. Guo Moruo called him a pioneer of new historiography. More than that, he became a self-taught teacher all his life, got married, made remarkable achievements and made outstanding contributions, and had profound thoughts and innovations in education, philosophy, literature, drama, aesthetics, history and ancient literature, leaving a profound academic legacy for the cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation.

First, family background

Wang's ancestral home is Kaifeng. The History of Song Dynasty contains Wang's ancestors, his distant ancestors, Bing Wang, Wang Xun and other outstanding figures. Among them, Wang Gui, Bing Wang and Wang Xun died in the national disaster, especially Bing Wang died in the first year of Jingkang, and died in Taiyuan to resist nomadic people and defend the city against the enemy. He is an outstanding national hero against gold. Bing Wang's grandson, Wang Ling, went south with Song Gaozong, attacked Lord Anhua, made him the first salt official, and settled here for more than 800 years. Wang Guowei's father, Wang Naiyu, is the grandson of the king of Anhua County in Song Dynasty. The Old Anhua Temple in Haining began in Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, and was destroyed by fire in Renji period of Jiajing, then rebuilt and moved to the east of the city. Today, this ancient temple no longer exists. The Wang family has long been admired by local people in Haining for resisting Venus Wang Bing, attacking the former knights and giving it to the tomb of the first salt official. Wang Guowei was also very proud of this and wrote "Supplementing the Genealogy: A Biography of the Loyalty and the Lies".

Second, academic activities and main experiences

Wang Guowei, 1877 to1February 3, 877 (October 29th, 3rd year of Guangxu reign), was born in Shuang Ren Lane, Yan Guan Town, Haining City, Zhejiang Province. His childhood and adolescence were mainly spent in his hometown of Haining, until he went to Shanghai from 1899 to study agricultural society and oriental literature society. When he was four years old, his mother, Ms. Ling, passed away. His life with his sister Yu Yun is mainly taken care of by his aunt and grandmother, while his study life is mainly influenced by his father Wang Naiyu. Wang Naiyu, whose real name is Zhai Zhai, studied in a tea paint shop in his early years. In his spare time, he devoted himself to calligraphy and painting, seal cutting, ancient poetry and prose, and was knowledgeable and diligent in studying, especially the theory of calligraphy and painting. He wrote eight volumes of travel catalogs, one volume of ancient currency checks and other manuscripts, and several volumes of poems and paintings. Wang Guowei lived in a well-educated family and was smart and studious since childhood. From 65438 to 0883, at the age of seven, he studied in a neighboring school with Pan Zigui (Mao Chang) and Mr. Chen Shoutian, and received the teacher's enlightenment education. Under the guidance of his father, Wang Naiyu, he read extensively, dabbled in many fields of traditional culture, initially came into contact with modern advanced scientific and cultural knowledge and reform ideas, and gradually formed his ambition and interest in reading.

1892, Wang Guowei entered Chinese studies, ranking sixtieth. In the same year, he went to Hangyingfu to try but failed. 1893 Go to Hangyingke to try again, 1894 Go to Hangzhou Koren Chongwen Academy. Since he was admitted to the state university, he has not spent his main energy on preparing for the exam, but has developed an interest in history, collation, textual research and new learning from extensive reading. 1894 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, western culture and science were imported into China in large quantities, and Wang Guowei came into contact with new cultures and ideas, and he had a strong desire to pursue new learning. Although he can't afford to study abroad because of his poor family, he still cares about current affairs, studies foreign political books, dangerous words in prosperous times, times news, and compilation of wisdom. At 1897, when Chen Jia was a teacher, he was very uneasy about being a tutor in his hometown, so his father asked someone to recommend him to study abroad, hoping to study abroad.

/kloc-in the first month of 0/898, Wang Guowei, accompanied by his father Wang Naiyu, embarked on a voyage to Shanghai to study. He arrived in Shanghai by water and entered the current affairs museum. In February, he joined the Oriental Literature Society run by Luo Zhenyu. At that time, he studied under the Times to improve Paijia, and also under the Japanese teachers Fujita Hafeng and Shikoka Zuozhi of Oriental Literature Society. Besides studying Japanese, he also studied English and math. Wang Guowei was deeply wronged by the death of six gentlemen in the national defense reform in 1989. "He scratched his head and asked the truth, which was quite generous" (according to Wang Naiyu's diary). 1in the spring of 900, with the support of Luo Zhenyu and the help of two Japanese teachers, Fujita and Tiangang, Wang Guowei went to Tokyo Physics School in June and February of 1900. Due to illness, he returned to Shanghai from Tokyo on April 26 of the following lunar calendar and returned to China for illness in May. After August, I went to Wuchang Agricultural School as an interpreter. Wang Guowei's editing work began when Wang was in the Oriental Literature Society, and then he studied in Japan. He published a large number of translations of Education World in Luo Zhenyu and became the editor-in-chief and acting editor-in-chief of the magazine. He introduced a large number of modern western scholars and foreign advanced ideas in the fields of science, philosophy, education, aesthetics and literature through compilation and his own exposition. He went to Shanghai from1898 (when he was 22 years old) and from 1906 to 30 years old. Besides studying in Dong Literature Society and Du Dong, he also teaches in Nantong Normal School and Jiangsu Normal School. At this time, he mainly attacked philosophy, studied the philosophy of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, and combined the pre-Qin philosophers and Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty to attack western ethics, psychology, aesthetics, logic and education. His translation of famous books on psychology and logic is groundbreaking. He called this period a period of "learning all over the world" and "autonomous learning". Representative works include A Dream of Red Mansions Review, Jing 'an Poetry Draft, Ren Jian Ci, etc. In addition, Wang Guowei served as the General Affairs Department of the Ministry of Education and the Book Compilation Bureau of the Ministry of Education. After thirty, I switched to literature. He introduced the Russian writer Tolstoy to China for the first time, compared Shakespeare, Dante and Goethe, and introduced Tolstoy's masterpieces War and Peace, anna karenine, Resurrection, British/Kloc-Byron, a romantic poet in the 9th century, etc. At the same time, Wang Guowei also studied aesthetics and Ci-poetry, wrote the famous Ci-poetry on earth, studied the history of China opera, and wrote Qulu and other works, which laid the foundation for the completion of the Song and Yuan opera grading examination.

After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), the Qing government disintegrated, and Wang Guowei and his family went to Japan with Luo Zhenyu and lived there for more than four years. With the help of Luo Zhenyu, I had the opportunity to settle down and study, and my research direction turned to classics and primary schools. He and his neighbors in Luo Zhenyu usually learn from each other, discuss and study back and forth, help Roche sort out the books in Dayun Library, get a glimpse of the Yi rubbings and other stone products in its collection, and have extensive exchanges with Japanese scholars, which is a quick academic ability. He said in the preface of "Jin Wen Narration of Zhou Dynasty": "After the eastward crossing, I asked the counselor (referring to Roche) about the research of ancient Chinese characters, because I wanted to read all my rubbings." His treatment of Oracle Bone Inscriptions began at this time. Because I specialize in newly discovered historical materials, I can study ancient history based on ancient philology, from ancient artifacts to ancient books, costumes and architecture, so I have dabbled in a wide range and written a lot. In addition, there has also been a major breakthrough in the study of traditional Chinese opera, and the book A Textual Research on Traditional Chinese Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties has been hailed as a "summative masterpiece in the study of the history of traditional Chinese opera". During his stay in Japan, Wang Guowei felt the turmoil of the current situation and the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Combined with his life experience, he published some poems and compiled a collection of poems. During this period, his life was quite stable, and he also made achievements academically. He said here that "life is the simplest, but learning has changed a lot." Many books are the crown of life. "Because of the livelihood problem, fellow countryman Zou An invited him back to Shanghai to compile an academic series magazine for the Englishman Ha Tong. He didn't want to live in Luo Zhenyu with his family, so 19 16 returned to China. In Harbin, he is the editor-in-chief of Guangcang Learning Embarrassment and Academic Series, and a professor at Cangsheng Ruizhi University. He is mainly engaged in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and has made achievements beyond his predecessors. He once participated in the compilation of Zhejiang Tongzhi, and compiled the Collection of Miyun Building in Wujiang, Wucheng for Jiang Ruzao, a famous bibliophile in the south of the Yangtze River. Important research achievements since 1911 have been compiled into Guanlin, including eight volumes of Yilin, ten volumes of Shilin and two volumes of Miscellaneous Forest, which have great influence on later generations.

1in the spring of 923, at that time, Puyi's small court wanted to choose a knowledgeable scholar in China, and Wang Guowei was recommended to be the south study room of Puyi, the grandson of Emperor Xun. According to the practice of the Qing Dynasty, most of the people who worked in the South Study Room should be well-educated celebrities above Hanlin. Although Wang Guowei was born in cloth, with his knowledge, he also worked in the south study room with Yang, Wen Su. Fortunately, he saw what was hidden in Ouchi and checked the books in Jingyang Palace. The following winter, Feng Yuxiang's "forced palace" incident occurred, and Wang Guowei ended his work of "going south to study". Therefore, Hu Shi and Gu Jiegang, who admired his knowledge, recommended him as the dean of the newly established Tsinghua University Institute of Chinese Studies, but Wang Guowei refused to be the dean and only taught. He teaches courses such as New Proof of Ancient History, Shuowen and Shangshu, and is engaged in Zhu collation and research on Mongolian history and Yuan history. He influenced Tsinghua scholars with his profound knowledge, simple style of study, scientific research methods and simple life, and trained and brought up a group of experts and scholars in philology, history and archaeology. At the same time, his own scholarship is more refined and academic. He made great contributions to the study of ancient history and geography and won the admiration and respect of scholars at home and abroad.

1On June 2nd, 927, Wang Guowei drowned himself in Kunming Lake, Yuzaoxuan in the Summer Palace, at the age of 50. /kloc-buried in August/April in the original site of Room 7, Liucun Village, Dongyili, Tsinghua Campus. There is a monument of Wang Guowei in Tsinghua University, which still exists today. 1960 1 Tsinghua University moved his coffin to Beijing Futian cemetery for capital construction. 1985 In August, a monument was erected. The inscription was written by Dai Jiaxiang, a famous epigraph expert and disciple and professor of East China Normal University, and written by Sha Menghai, a famous calligrapher. The Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics attached great importance to the restoration of Wang Guowei's tomb, and invested funds and manpower in the restoration in 1985. Wang Guowei's former residence is located in Yan Guan Town, Haining, Zhejiang, a tidal resort, and was also restored in 1985. It has been designated as a key cultural relics protection unit in Zhejiang Province and a patriotic education base for young people for Chinese and foreign scholars and tourists to visit.

Wang Guowei was born smart and virtuous when he married the Mo family. After Mo's death, he succeeded Pan Shi and gave birth to Ci Ming and Dong Ming and Song Ming.

Third, academic contributions and writings.

Wang Guowei is knowledgeable and rich in writings. He is well versed in Japanese, English and French, and has made great contributions to the study of philosophy, literature, drama history, ancient Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Yin and Zhou history, Han and Jin bamboo slips, Han and Wei stone carvings, Han and Tang history, Dunhuang documents, northwest geography, Mongolian history, Yuan history, library management and edition bibliography. He is proficient in a subject, with profound attainments, and can make achievements beyond his predecessors and times with his own opinions. Wang Guowei's academic thoughts and achievements "have great influence on the academic circles at home and abroad and enjoy an international reputation." "He is indeed a thinker and scholar in the modern history of our country, learning from others and becoming an expert." Although he has been away from us for more than half a century, many of his writings, textual research, proofreading, postscript, monographs, etc. in academic research have been proved by long-term practice to be "invariance" which conforms to historical reality and is highly praised by Chinese and foreign academic circles. Preface to the first and third episodes of Wang Guowei's academic research.

Wang Guowei used Oracle Bone Inscriptions to study the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which is an unprecedented initiative in academic circles. His achievements in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are manifold. He pays attention to solving new problems with new materials and methods, and makes comprehensive comparison. The mutual reference between Oracle bone inscriptions and other historical materials has made great achievements in historical geography, ancient sacrifices, system, ancient Chinese characters discrimination, Oracle bone dating, Oracle bone conjugation research and so on, and has great influence in academic circles. He has made outstanding achievements in the textual research of the Yin Wang family. His Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins are the greatest contributions to the study of Shang Dynasty history, which is not only the greatest achievement of Wang Guowei's academic research, but also a major event in modern academic history. Based on the textual research of place names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ancient documents, he compiled Textual Research on Place Names Seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, and wrote Notes on Geography of Three Generations, Textual Research on Ghost Fang Kun, Talking about the Eight Games, Talking about Business, Talking about Millies, Talking about Geng and Talking about Yin with documents and inscriptions. He also discussed the sacrificial ceremonies in Yin Dynasty in detail, and wrote a paper on Yin etiquette. Some important arguments he put forward are still accurate and rare. His research results on the ritual system of the Yin Dynasty are of great help to inspire future generations to study the cultural system of the Yin Dynasty. The book On Yin System uses Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ancient documents to prove each other, and discusses the evolution of China's ancient social history and political and cultural system. His research method is the "double evidence law" initiated by him, which has become a scientific method for later generations to excavate and prove ancient history, and it is still of great significance.

In terms of historical research, Wang Guowei is not only the originator of China's application of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions to study and explain the ancient history of China, but also known for his "familiarity with historical events in the Han Dynasty". He co-edited quicksand Zhu Jian with Luo Zhenyu, and engaged in the textual research of bamboo slips in Han and Jin Dynasties. In the study of the history of Qin and Han dynasties, he focused on the textual research of historical events, Han county and Xiqiao ancient geography. In the study of Tang Shi, he was the first to make textual research on Tang Shi based on the Tang Dynasty, and made new breakthroughs in historical events such as the system of serving officials and the system of land equalization. The famous Wei Zhuang's ode to Fu Qin is the longest verse narrative poem in the history of China's poetry. Because of its taboo, it didn't spread to the world for a long time, and it wasn't until Wang Guowei referred to the story of the North Dream and checked the remnants of each other that it was re-transmitted. He also supplemented Tang Shi, filling the gap in the two works of the Tang Dynasty.

In the study of Xiongnu history, Wang Guowei studied the historical evolution of the names of various ethnic groups and their relationship based on the textual research of ancient artifacts and ancient characters. He was the first scholar to study the origin of Xiongnu in modern domestic history circles, and also the first person to put forward his own views on the national origin of Xiongnu, pointing out that the ghost party in Yin Dynasty was the ancestor of Xiongnu. He found out from ancient artifacts and ancient characters that their ethnic origin came from ghost party, Kunyi and Yi. He made great contributions to the study of Hun history. His representative works, Examination of the Ghost Fang Yi Guan, Examination of the West Hu and Examination of the West Hu Ji, have extensively collected ancient documents and inscriptions on Zhongding Yi wares, and studied the history of ancient nomadic tribes in northern China, which is of great academic value for studying the origin, official position, cultural system of Xiongnu and its relationship with Han nationality. Up to now, it still has far-reaching influence in academic circles and has become a valuable document for future generations to learn from.

Wang Guowei's research on Mongolian history and Yuan history focuses on the textual research of relevant historical materials, carefully sorting out and analyzing based on historical documents and other relevant materials, and incisive textual research to study the existence and development of Mongolians in history. His textual research on the development of Mongolians in history is not limited to Yuan history. He believed that the rise of Mongols was inextricably linked with the rise and fall of Khitan and Nuzhen, so he combined Mongolian history with Yuan history, Liao history and Jin history. He studied the history of the Yuan Dynasty and recorded seven kinds of ancient travel notes since the Tang and Song Dynasties, each of which collected more than two versions for proofreading. While proofreading historical books, he studied the economic and cultural relationship between Mongolian rulers and Han nationality and the early development and evolution of Mongolians. He investigated historical materials and wrote monographs, including Biography of Ye Lu Wen Gong Zheng, Notes on Records of Mongolian Tatars, Notes on Events of Black Tatars, Notes on the Main Causes of the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty, Notes on Mongolian History and Notes on Tatars (with chronology attached).

Wang Guowei also devoted himself to the research and arrangement of the ancient historical and geographical masterpiece "Notes on the Water Mirror". He mastered the remnants of Zhu in the Song Dynasty and the main versions and manuscripts since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He not only carefully collated the Notes on the Water Mirror, and achieved fruitful results, but also studied the edition, manuscript, origin and completeness, enabling him to study and explain ancient artifacts and ancient geography.

Wang Guowei was influenced by western philosophy in his early years. He studied philosophy when he was young. He thinks that the philosophy of Kant and Schopenhauer is "great metaphysics, strict logic and pure aesthetics", and Yan Fu's positivism is "trustworthy people are not lovely". As a scientist, Wang Guowei tends to be positivist, but he systematically introduced Schopenhauer's philosophy. The opposition between the two philosophical thoughts in modern times is also reflected in Wang Guowei's philosophical thoughts. This contradiction is reflected in his philosophical thought and academic research, which is manifested in his indifferent love for speculative philosophy (which he calls "pure philosophy") and his positive spirit of respecting objective knowledge. He can reflect on the "conceptual world" in the spirit of positivism and summarize his research methods from a philosophical point of view. He made a unique contribution in analyzing and criticizing the traditional philosophical categories and consciously using empirical methods. Cai Yuanpei once said: "Wang's introduction to Schopenhauer and Nietzsche's theories is certainly very concise, and his observation of philosophy is not comparable to that of contemporary people." (China's philosophy in the last 50 years) Some achievements of Wang Guowei's philosophy of attacking and ruling have been included in the Collection of Jing 'an and its sequels, and 32 other papers have been published in the education field, including 2 General Philosophy, 65,438+00 China Philosophy (all papers) and 20 Western Philosophy (6 papers and 65,438+04 biographies).

Wang Guowei attaches importance to aesthetics and literature, not philosophy. He once said, "One writer is better than a hundred politicians." In the history of modern literature in China, he introduced Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Byron, Stevenson, Goethe, Schiller, H, Tolstoy and other great foreign writers. He also studied China literature and wrote the famous Ci Hua on Earth. His "realm theory" and other aesthetic and literary theories combine Chinese and western aesthetic and literary thoughts, which has far-reaching influence. His "Three Realms of University, Great Career" has profound connotation and has been widely read up to now. The Review of A Dream of Red Mansions is the first important paper in the history of the study of a dream of red mansions, which systematically and comprehensively discusses various problems of a dream of red mansions and has pioneering and breakthrough significance in the study of a dream of red mansions. His poetry creation also has a unique style. His Poems on Earth 1 15 is good at lyricism, diverse in style and profound in philosophy, which shows his wisdom, sensitivity, clarity and significance, and is the crystallization of his putting aesthetic and literary theories into practice.

Wang Guowei's research on the history of China's classical operas has reached an unprecedented height. Guo Moruo once pointed out: "Wang Guowei's History of Drama in Song and Yuan Dynasties (a study of drama at the end of Yuan Dynasty) and Lu Xun's History of China Novels are undoubtedly double walls in the study of China's literary history. It is not only a groundbreaking work, unprecedented, but also an authoritative achievement, and has been leading the post-research. " Wang Guowei combined his profound academic origin and China literature accomplishment with the advanced western drama literature theory and scientific and meticulous research methods, unveiled the origin and formation of China drama art for the first time, outlined the outline of the development history of drama in Song and Yuan Dynasties, accumulated systematic data for the study of drama history, raised drama art to the category of historical science, and won its due position in the history of literature for Yuan Zaju and Nanxi. He has written eight monographs on the history of China's classical operas, and his research achievements have attracted worldwide attention.

Wang Guowei has done a lot of useful work in pedagogy research. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, he put forward some bourgeois educational viewpoints from the standpoint of maintaining new learning and western learning, which reflected the desire of a group of advanced intellectuals in China at that time to promote the introduction of western ideas and revitalize China through educational reform. He put forward a series of expositions on educational purpose, epistemology, higher education and school management. Especially in the history of education in China, he was the first to put forward the educational proposition of cultivating a complete personality with all-round development in body, intelligence, morality and beauty, and also put forward the exposition of "complete knowledge" and the exposition of normal education and higher education, which had a certain influence on the establishment of modern education system and the development of educational thoughts in China. His pedagogy thesis and translation of pedagogy and teaching materials are mainly published in Education World.

Wang Guowei has also made outstanding achievements in library science, edition science and bibliography. When I worked in the library of this department in my early years, I actively introduced new foreign disciplines (namely, logic) and psychology, and compiled A Brief History of Universal Library in the English Encyclopedia, which was collected in the archives of this department. While introducing the history of library, he also systematically introduced the introduction of library science and the development and evolution of ancient, medieval and modern libraries, especially the libraries in the Renaissance, the libraries in the United States and Britain, and the libraries and library management laws in other countries and regions in the world. In China in the late Qing Dynasty, Wang Guowei actively introduced the general situation of foreign libraries. Although its translation was published in 1930s, it was circulated internally and had certain influence. In 1930s, it was also an important academic translation of library science, which promoted the cause of library at that time. Wang Guowei's works, such as Collection of Library, Collection of Chatashan, Preface of Collection of Jingyetang and Collection of Chuanshulou, describe the general situation of cabinet collection and the evolution of private collection from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty, and are precious documents for studying the history of China library. Wang Guowei has an in-depth study of bibliography and has read important bibliography works in the history of the school. He also compiled bibliographical works, personally compiled catalogues and indexes, and compiled previously published texts such as Song editions of the Five Dynasties, ancient editions of Guangdong and Guangxi, and rare editions collected in Chuanshu Hall, which filled a big gap in the study of edition evolution. He is also brave in innovation and creation. He sorted out ancient books and examined more than 90 kinds of bibliographies/kloc-0. All the books he compiled became rare books, and most of them were collected by the special collection department of Beijing Library for future generations.

Wang Guowei wrote more than 60 kinds of works before his death. He edited and published Collected Works of Jing 'an and Guan Lin in the world. After his death, there were other publications, such as suicide notes, complete works and letters. There are many kinds of posthumous works published by modern people.

As a great scholar, Wang Guowei studied knowledge endlessly all his life. He doesn't care about political circles, making a living, making friends with powerful people, advocating wealth and enjoying himself. He lives in seclusion and lives a simple life. Although he didn't have many friends, he had extensive contacts with contemporary scholars, except Luo Zhenyu, Miao and Shen, and kept close correspondence. Learning is his life's work and career, and he occupies a unique position in academic circles at home and abroad with his outstanding contributions. 1987 In the early summer, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Wang Guowei's death, an international symposium hosted by East China Normal University was held in Shanghai, and a symposium was also held in Taiwan Province Province to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Wang Guowei's death. 1994, the academic seminar of Wang Guowei on both sides of the Taiwan Strait was held in Haining and hosted by Beijing Normal University. We inherit and develop his academic legacy, which will be beneficial to the construction of socialist spiritual civilization in China and the development of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation.