French novelist. He was born into a poor merchant family in Nimes and lived in poverty. He used to be a school inspector (similar to a counselor). /kloc-when he was 0/7 years old, he went to Paris and went to the toilet literary world with the poem "Female Lovers" (1858). 1866 became famous for his prose and story "letters from the mill". This is an excellent collection of essays. The author takes the human feelings, customs, legends and anecdotes of his hometown Provence as the theme, and expresses deep local feelings with poetic style. Some of them are beautiful fairy tales, such as "Mr. Segan's Goat", which tells the story of a gentle and beautiful little goat of Mr. Segan, who loves freedom and is not satisfied with the grass in the backyard. He fled to the nearby hills and fought bravely with wolves until he was exhausted and swallowed by wolves. The Secret of Master Gonier describes that after the opening of the flour mill in Tarascon City, the windmill of the local mill stopped running, but the windmill of Master Gonier's mill still kept running. It turned out that he used quicklime to pretend to be wheat and ground it into powder. His hard work won the sympathy of the residents. A letter from the factory
Two years after publication,
Dude's first novel, Little Things, was published. This is a semi-autobiographical work, which narrates the author's life experience and inner feelings in a brisk style. This novel is the masterpiece of Dude, which embodies the author's artistic style, without malicious irony or implicit sadness, that is, the so-called "tearful smile". Therefore, Dude is known as "Dickens of France".
1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Dude was drafted into the army. War life provided him with a new creative theme. 1873 published a famous collection of short stories, The Story of Yue Yao Ri, most of which reflected the patriotic feelings of the French people during the Franco-Prussian War. The last lesson and the siege of Berlin are both well-known masterpieces. The Last Lesson has been translated into languages all over the world, and is often selected as a Chinese textbook for primary and secondary school students, and there are also translations in China. The novel is set in the event that Prussia forcibly annexed Alsace and Lorraine after defeating France. Through what a pupil saw, heard and felt in the last French class, he deeply expressed the deep patriotic feelings of the French people.
Dude's short stories have a unique style of euphemism, twists and turns and hints. 1878 and 1896 successively published Selected Stories and Winter Stories.
After the Franco-Prussian War, Dude wrote the novel Dadaland in Tarascon (1872 ~ 1890), his younger brother Fromond, his older brother Leslie (1874), Jacques (1876) and Richie (65438). Dodd created a typical image of a boastful and mediocre man in Dadaland, Tarascon. The novel satirized the "heroism" of some people in the bourgeoisie with cartoons. Jacques told the story of a poor boy's life experience and struggle.
and
"Little things" are similar. In The Rich, the author wrote a story of a nouveau riche who went bankrupt or even died after arriving in Paris, which vividly outlined the ugly social fashion during the Second Empire. Nouma Lumes Dang is about how a politician who is good at finding a job climbed to the high position of a minister and successfully created a typical image of a bourgeois politician. Immortals satirize the highest scientific institution, the French Academy. The protagonist in the book is just a mediocre pedant. He worked hard all his life and finally got into the French Academy, becoming an immortal academician, but his works were found to be pseudoscience. Sappho is a vulgar love novel about the romantic woman Sappho, which was criticized by French Marxist critic lafayette.
Dodd is a prolific writer. In addition to a large number of novels, 1888 also published two memoirs, Memories of a Writer and Thirty Years of Paris. His play The Girl in Alai City (1872) was once composed as an opera by French musicians.
Gustav Flaubert (182 1- 1880) was a French realistic writer in the middle of19th century. Born in Rouen, Normandy, France, to a family of doctors. His childhood was spent in his father's hospital, and the hospital environment cultivated his habit of observing and analyzing things carefully, which had a great influence on his later literary creation. Flaubert loved romantic works and worked in literature in middle school. Early works have a strong romantic color. From 65438 to 0840, he went to Paris to study law, during which he met Hugo. 1843 give up law and concentrate on literature. 1846, I returned to Rouen and met Louise Collet, a poetess. After that, I had contacts for nearly ten years. During his stay in Rouen, he buried himself in writing and occasionally visited friends in the literary and art circles until the last moment of his life. In his later years, he carefully directed Mo Bosang's writing.
From 65438 to 0857, Flaubert published his masterpiece Madame Bovary, which caused a sensation in the literary world. However, the work was accused by the authorities of corrupting morality and slandering religion. After that, he once turned to the creation of ancient themes, and published the novel Salembo on 1862. However, the novel Emotional Education published by 1870 is still a work with real life as its theme. The novel is similar to Madame Bovary in revealing the social factors of personal tragedy. In addition, he also wrote The Temptation of San Antonio (1874), the unfinished Boide and Peizhuxie, the script The Candidate (1874) and The Collection of Short Stories (1877). A Simple Heart, a collection of novels, is a masterpiece of his short stories, which vividly depicts the image of an ordinary working woman.
Flaubert advocates that novelists should seek truth from facts like scientists and accurately describe them through on-the-spot investigation. At the same time, he also advocates the creation theory of "objective indifference" and opposes novelists expressing themselves in their works. In terms of artistic style, Flaubert never describes the environment in isolation, but tries to use the environment to contrast the mood of the characters and achieve the artistic realm of blending scenes. He is also a master of language, paying attention to the unity of thought and language. He believes: "The better the thought, the more sonorous the words, and the accuracy of the thought will lead to the accuracy of the language." He also said: "The closer the expression is to the idea, the more appropriate and beautiful the words are." Therefore, he often painstakingly honed, dismally managed, and paid attention to honing his own language and sentences. His works are concise, accurate and powerful, and they are "model essays" in the history of French literature.
De Mo Bosang, born on August 5th, 1850, is an outstanding French critical realist writer in the second half of19th century. He wrote more than 350 short stories, 6 novels and 3 travel notes in his life. Mo Bosang's artistic achievements in short story creation are particularly outstanding, and he is called "the world master of short stories".
Mo Bosang was born into a poor aristocratic family in Normandy. He spent his childhood in the country. His mother was born in a noble family and rich in literary accomplishment. His uncle is a poet and novelist. Therefore, Mo Bosang was influenced by literature at an early age. /kloc-entered the affiliated school of Ivo Monastery at the age of 0/3, and was expelled from the church for writing poems satirizing religious rules that bound the body and mind. After studying in Lyon Middle School, under the guidance of the famous poet Louis Buye, he began to engage in various styles of work. Mo Bosang went to Paris to study law. Soon, the Franco-Prussian War broke out and Mo Bosang was drafted into the army. Although the war was short, it left a deep impression on him. Many of his later novels were set in the Franco-Prussian War. After the war, Mo Bosang settled in Paris. Since 1872, he has worked as a clerk in the Ministry of the Navy and the Ministry of Education for decades. This experience enabled him to have a profound understanding of the living conditions and spiritual realm of petty clerks, which also became an important theme of his later novel creation. At the same time, he used his spare time to create literature. Flaubert, a famous writer, is a good friend of Mo Bosang's uncle and mother. Since 1873, Mo Bosang has been studying under Flaubert, so he met famous writers such as Zola, Dude, Goncourt and Turgenev. Under Flaubert's strict requirements and careful cultivation, Mo Bosang grew into an excellent artist.
Mo Bosang's short stories depict various life scenes, people of various social classes and occupations, and reflect the French social life during the period of 1870- 1890 from different angles and sides.
The Road to Suicide is the first novel published by Mo Bosang, and it is also a wonderful work in his short stories. It tells the story of ten residents of Lyon occupied by the enemy who fled in a carriage. Residents include aristocratic landlords, capitalists, nouveau riche and their respective wives, as well as two Catholic nuns, a fake patriot who calls himself a "revolutionary party" and a prostitute nicknamed "boule de suif". Carriage is the epitome of a society.
Boule de suif fled because he didn't want to be insulted by Prussian soldiers, and the three bourgeois, one was to avoid the disaster of war, the other was to transfer their property to a safe area, and the other was to give Harvard a large sum of money. At first, the wives of the three property owners whispered that boule de suif was "prostitution" and "social shame", while the three property owners talked about money and eating and drinking with contempt for the poor. When the carriage was bumpy for a day, hungry, and there was no food on the road, only boule de suif prepared food for three days, the atmosphere took a dramatic turn. Boule de suif ran out of food, so contempt turned into intimacy and abuse turned into praise.
The blocking of the carriage at Pu Jun checkpoint is the key to the development of the plot, and it is also an important link to show the characters' personalities. In order to force female compatriots to yield to the shameless demands of Prussian officers, the passengers on the bus staged various plots: the nouveau riche advocated tying boule de suif up and handing it over to the enemy; Earl huber was born in a noble family who has been an ambassador for three generations, and he has the demeanor of a diplomat. He advocates using clever skills to make boule de suif yield. The old nun quoted the story in the Bible as saying that as long as the intention is just and the motive is pure, any behavior can be forgiven by God. The kind boule de suif finally sacrificed his virginity for the whole car.
The carriage is on the road again. The atmosphere on the bus has changed again. Everyone seems to be invisible to her, unable to recognize her, and no one misses her. They each enjoy their own delicious food. But for the life of this car, boule de suif, who didn't prepare food in a hurry, was almost frozen with hunger. This is in stark contrast to the first scene on the carriage. The novel ends with boule de suif's tears and sobs.
Mo Bosang has written six novels in his life: Life, Beauty, Hot Springs, Pierre and John, A Promise of Life and Death and Our Hearts.
Mo Bosang was tortured by illness when he was in his twenties. In the tenacious struggle against the disease, he still insisted on writing. 1893 died at the age of 43.