From June, 5438 to February, 2002, Unit 5, Volume 6, Chinese, a textbook for three-year and nine-year compulsory education in junior high school published by People's Education Publishing House, extracted two ancient writings about Zhuge Liang: one was Long Zhong Dui and the other was Model, which reflected a historical and cultural phenomenon in such a concentrated way, which was the first time in the textbooks after liberation. However, many problems have also been found in the use of teaching materials.
First of all, the explanation of Longzhong Dui is: "Longzhong Dui, the name of the mountain, is in Xiangfan today." That's not bad. Secondly, the explanation of "Nanyang farming" in the model is: "Nanyang, county name, now Xiangyang, Hubei." This makes people wonder: Xiangyang in Hubei Province belonged to Nanjun in the Han Dynasty, and Nanyang County, which is separated from Nanjun by a river, governs 37 counties. These are two parallel counties. When did Nanyang go to Nanjun? Thirdly, on the color page in front of the textbook, the front model written by Yue Fei is on the top and the memorial archway of Wuhou Temple in Longzhong is on the bottom, giving people the feeling that Yue Fei wrote the front model in Longzhong. Yue Fei's famous calligraphy masterpiece "Former Teacher's Watch" in Nanyang Wuhou Temple was completed in one go, but this is indisputable! What's more "coincidentally" is that Yue Fei's calligraphy has a beginning and an end, but there is no "I am wearing a cloth and plowing in Nanyang", because this is what Zhuge Liang said. If there is this sentence, wouldn't the "Longzhong Right" of plowing be shaken? Looking at these three places together, there seems to be an obvious logical reasoning: Longzhong pair should be a dialogue in Longzhong (in fact, it should be Cao Lu pair), Nanyang is in Xiangyang, and Yue Fei's calligraphy "Former Teacher's Watch" is closely related to Gu Long. In this way, Zhuge Liang's bitter struggle in Xiangyang is really an eternal ironclad case.
Just when people were wondering why there was such a mistake in the general textbook promulgated by the state, on July 18, 2003, Xiangfan Evening News published an article interpreted by its reporter-"Behind Longzhong Dui's Return", which was divided into five parts (origin, proposal, running around, success and voice) to introduce in detail how Xiangfan made Longzhong Dui. The article also quoted a student's parents as saying: "When our children grow up, there will be no more disputes between Xiangyang and Nanyang. After all, this matter has been clearly stated in the textbook. " They "understand", but we are at a loss-is Zhuge Liang working in Nanyang or Xiangyang?
The dispute between Nanyang and Xiangyang never started here, but for the famous Zhuge Liang's "land of farming". He even went to Beijing to work on Friday. This kind of thing can really be described as "never before, never after". I wonder if Zhuge Liang knows that underground, he will cry and laugh when he hears such a thing.
Zhuge tilled the fields in Nanyang.
In the "Teacher's Watch" written by Zhuge Liang before he left for the Northern Expedition in the 5th year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 227), there is an account about Zhuge Liang's visit to Liu Bei: "I am a minister of cloth,
I joined Nanyang, taking the world by storm, and didn't ask Wen Da to be a vassal. The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, and his accusation was self-defeating. He took care of his ministers in the thatched cottage and consulted them on contemporary affairs, so he was grateful and promised the first emperor to drive him away. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Shou collected Zhuge Liang's model in the History of the Three Kingdoms.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ji Shu of Wang Yin claimed that there was Zhuge Liang's "old residence" in Longzhong, and the Han, Jin and Chunqiu who studied dentistry claimed that Longzhong belonged to Deng County of Nanyang County, which triggered a long-standing dispute between Nanyang and Xiangyang about land cultivation. Since the beginning of self-study, there have been documents related to Zhuge Liang in Longzhong, Xiangyang in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Li Daoyuan defined Zhuge Liang's "home" and "house" as the land of plowing according to the theories of kings and others in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, Zhuge Liang's theory of plowing Xiangyang and being in the middle of the country has been formally formed.
Since then, there have been many commentators in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Those who compete for Nanyang and Xiangyang have their own opinions and do not give in to each other. Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Ming Dynasty, didn't know which was which. The book says that Xiangyang has three worries, Yunnan is hard and people are confused. In the Qing Dynasty, the dispute between the two sides was so fierce that Gu Jiaping, who was a magistrate in Nanyang at that time, made such a couplet: "The heart is in the court, regardless of the original owner; Famous in the world, how can you distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang? " Although the intention was to make peace, it could not convince both sides.
1987, the state decided to issue "three visits to the thatched cottage" stamps, and where the "three visits to the thatched cottage" happened became an unavoidable practical problem, which triggered a nationwide academic dispute. When the stamp issue was settled and Nanyang won a small game, there was a "textbook incident" with great public opinion. This newspaper once published a commentator's article and pointed out: "The dispute over the cultivation of Nanyang Xiangyang in the textbook incident is no longer an academic dispute, but a dispute over interests."
The name "Longzhong Dui" should actually be called "Cao Lu Dui". When Chen Shou compiled Collected Works of Zhuge Liang, he still used the name "Cao Ludui". When this article was included in Selected Works of Prince Liang Zhaoming in Southern Dynasties, it was confused by the words of Hanshu Jin Chunqiu and named Longzhong Dui. Later generations spread misinformation, and Wen Gu Guanzhi, the most widely circulated ancient Chinese reader in Qing Dynasty, also used this statement, which is probably the main basis of Chinese textbooks in middle schools.
The reason for the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang is that Zhuge Liang once lived in Xiangyang and had an indissoluble bond with Nanyang. He first went to Xiangyang with his uncle to go to Liu Biao, but because his uncle was ill, he didn't want to go to Liu Biao, so he moved to Nanyang and joined in it. So Xiangyang had Zhuge's hometown, and Nanyang was a place of practice. The three visits to the thatched cottage took place in Wollongong.
Longzhongyuan belongs to Nanjun.
Zhuge Liang clearly said in the "Model": "I am dressed in cloth and cultivated Nanyang." So Nanyang Wuhou Temple should be reasonable. Xiangyang said Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, which belonged to Deng County, Nanyang County at that time. Therefore, seclusion in Longzhong is to cultivate Nanyang, and Longzhong is Zhuge Liang's real seclusion. This is the focus of argument between Nanyang and Xiangyang. It seems that the crux of the problem lies in: did Nanyang County include Longzhong in the Han Dynasty?
The name "Longzhong" first appeared in Wang Yin's Ji Shu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wang Yin's Hanshu Jinshu Chunqiu. "Ji Shu" says: "When Jin Yongxing, General Zhennan went to Longzhong to visit his former residence, set up an altar, and ordered a teacher to praise him, saying,' The son of heaven ordered me to keep my grandson, listen to the drum and think about it forever, and the legacy of ordinary sages will be honored. Looking from a distance, Longshan is the hometown of Shi Zhuge ... "Is the Longshan here today? Not necessarily. Because Li Xing said that "the son of heaven ordered me to be in the Mianyang", the word "Yang" is worth studying. In ancient China, mountains and rivers flowed south and the sun basked in the north, and the Han Dynasty was no exception. "Mianyang" here should refer to the north of Hanshui River, obviously not Longzhong, south of Hanshui River today.
Xi's "Han Shu Jin Shu Chun Qiu" makes it very clear: "Liang Jia is in Dengxian County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and his name is Longzhong." However, the statement that "Longzhong belongs to Deng County" has not been found in the historical records of Han and Jin Dynasties. The name of Nanyang county basically conforms to the meaning of ancient mountains and rivers. According to Records of Historical Records and Qin Benji, Wanxian County was founded in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Xianggong (272 years ago). Yin Yi said, "Qin is in Nanyang County, north of Hanshui River." Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty and a native of Nanyang, once said that his hometown is "the south of Beijing and the yang of the Hanshui River". In other words, Nanyang is south of Luoyang and north of Hanshui River. Geography of the Book of Jin records "Jingzhou" with a cloud: "In the Six Kingdoms, the land was Chu. There is also Qin ... Nanyang County stands north with the Han of Chu. " Hu Sansheng's annotation "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" also said: "Qin is located in Nanyang County, south of Shan Zhi and north of Hanshui River." All these records show that Nanyang County in Han Dynasty was north of Hanshui River. Xiangyang belongs to Nanjun. According to Qin Bu Xiangyang Ji, "Qin and the world, from Hannan to Nanjun". Nanyang County and Nanjun County in Qin and Han Dynasties seemed to be bounded by Hanshui River. Of course, this boundary with Hanshui is not absolute. Only from a large regional perspective, that is, most of Nanyang County is in the north of Hanshui River. Because Nanjun County and Nanyang County were divided by Hanshui River in the early Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty began to break through this boundary, such as Wudang County and Zhuyang County in Nanyang County west of Hanshui River. However, in terms of hundreds of miles from Du Shan to Xiangyang East, until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the two counties were still bounded by Hanshui River.
If you refer to the Atlas of Chinese History, this problem will be clearer. Hanshui River originates in Wudang County and flows from northwest to southeast. After crossing Du Shan County (now Gunan, Hubei Province), it began to flow eastward. Xiangyang turns east and south. Generally speaking, the north and south of Hanshui River refers to 100 miles from Dushan South to Xiangyang East. Since Nanyang County and Nanjun County are bounded by Hanshui River here, how can Longzhong, which is located south of Hanshui River, belong to Deng County of Nanyang County? Has Longzhong become an "enclave" like Alaska?
Judging from the establishment time of Nanjun and Nanyang County, Nanjun was built in 278 BC (Historical Records of Qin Benji: Twenty-nine Years of the King of Qin, "White Attack on Chu, Taking Ying as Nanjun"), and Nanyang County was built in 272 years ago. Nanjun County was established six years earlier than Nanyang County. When Qin established Nanjun in the south of Hanshui River, it was impossible to leave a Longzhong alone, and it was transferred to Dengjun in the north of Hanshui River six years later. In addition, there are many differences in Xi's own records about Xiangyang and Nanyang. In Xiangyang Ji, Xi Chishao said "Qin and the world, from Hannan to Nanjun", but did not say that the Han Dynasty had changed, saying that Longzhong belonged to Dengjun in northern Han Dynasty. Isn't this a contradiction?
Liu Bei's crime of "being good at joking"
Liu Bei manages Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage, so where should Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage or his farmland be? The general system led by ancient generals should be somewhere near Xinye City where Liu Bei was stationed.
From the relationship between Liu Bei and Liu Biao, we can see where the plowed land is. After Liu Bei came to Jingzhou, the supply from the army to the garrison and even rations was obtained from Liu Biao. In fact, he has become a department under Liu Biao, and it is natural to be subject to everywhere. Besides, there is Cao Cao, a strong enemy in the north of Xinye, and Liu Biao, a hundred thousand armor in the south. Liu Bei himself is too weak to make a move. He can only honestly rely on others to defend the north gate of Jingzhou.
Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei with courtesy, he didn't trust him. The main reason is that Liu Biao is afraid of being a man. Liu Bei has been in the army 10 for many years, and he has never won his own fixed territory, and the number of troops he has mastered is not much. Successively took refuge in Cao Cao, Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao and others. Because he secretly cultivated personal political power and developed his own military power, it was not long before he was either driven away or betrayed by others. At that time, Cao Cao, Sun Ce brothers, Lu Xun and others all called him a "cunning" man. Liu Bei is fickle. He is quite clear about his own character. In character, Liu Biao is just a narrow-minded, resourceful, indecisive, talented but unable to use, smelling good but unable to accept. Therefore, although he is "very kind to Liu Bei" on the surface, he is very distrustful, "useless" and "not very trustworthy" in his heart.
In the spring and summer of the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao marched north to Wu Huan. At this time, "Liu Bei said that the table attacked Xu, but the table did not follow." Cao Cao led the army to the north to make a personal expedition. Liu Bei took advantage of the emptiness of the rear forces and suggested attacking Xudu. It should be said that this suggestion is correct, but Liu Biao was wary of him and did not adopt it. In order to win over Liu Bei, Liu Biao sometimes invited him to "hold a banquet" in Xiangyang to show his "grace", appease his heart and let Liu Bei guard the North Gate, but he always took a distrustful attitude towards him. "The heavy responsibility lies in the fear of restraint, but Liu Bei is useless." So Liu Biao had to guard against it. As Liu Bei stayed in Xinye for longer and longer, his influence gradually expanded, and Liu Biao became more and more wary of him. "Suspicion of his heart, lingering sound" made him more vigilant, and Liu Bei was not allowed to come to Xiangyang, his political and military stronghold. And Liu Bei's attitude towards Liu Biao will not be ignored, but he is desperate and has no choice.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a well-known military law, the Fangchang Law, which stipulated that generals who led troops to send troops without the orders of the emperor or superiors, or those who left the customs or left the Ministry without authorization, would be severely punished by military law. "Han Shu Justice Table" contains: "Hou Lishou took the Wei Wei, went out of Chang 'an boundary, and sent Hou from Haixi to Gao Qiao ..." Li Shou, an officer stationed in the capital, left Chang 'an without authorization and was sentenced to death according to military law. The Biography of Han Wang Zun also said: "Wang Zun, a captain who transferred to the army to protect Qiang, was surrounded by Qiang soldiers on the way to escort rations. He rode a thousand Qiang thieves, and his exploits were not listed. If he leaves his subordinates without authorization, he will be pardoned and returned to China. " It can be seen that the military law stipulates that going out of bounds without authorization and leaving the headquarters without permission will cost hell.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, during the period of melee and even tripartite confrontation, warlords strictly controlled their generals and soldiers, so they also insisted on implementing the "law of prospering" and "law of governing scholars". Cao Cao's "At the beginning of the world, many people were arrested and fled, so it is more important to kill their wives"; Sun Quan's Time and Law: Conspiracy and Punishment. The purpose of implementing this law is nothing more than firmly grasping generals and troops and soldiers in order to win the war.
As the initiator, Liu Bei naturally knew the result of violating the "Xinglong Law". He can only be loyal to his duties and move within the garrison designated by Liu Biao, and dare not cross the border. Without Liu Biao's order, he dared not raise troops or go out without authorization. In the seventh year of Jian 'an, Liu Biao invaded the leaves, and in the eighth year of Jian 'an, Liu Biao "made (prepared) Xiahou? In the ban, it is equal to Wang Bo. " It shows that Liu Bei's military action is controlled by Liu Biao, and he can never act without Liu Biao's order.
The linear distance from Xinye to Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) is more than 100. The most convenient means of transportation for ancient military commanders is riding horses. Liu Bei's three visits to Zhuge Cao Lu provoked the masses and disturbed the village. Liu Biao had never heard of this, which definitely violated his "suspicion". Once Liu Bei's behavior exceeded the boundaries of Xinye and left his subordinates without authorization, he would never venture to visit Zhuge Liang in Xiangyang Longzhong. Therefore, it is impossible for Zhuge Liang to plow in Xiangyang Longzhong.
The Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, hidden among pines and cypresses, is the place where Zhuge Liang once lived. At present, there are nine Wuhou temples in China, and Nanyang Wuhou Temple is located on Wolong Mountain in Nanyang City, second only to Chengdu Wuhou Temple. It is said that from the Jin Dynasty, Nanyang people built a temple on Wollongong to commemorate Zhuge Liang. After the war, it was built and destroyed again and again, and it was not until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty that it was rebuilt according to its original appearance.
The Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties' Annals of Nanyang said: "Wollongong is located in the west seven miles of Nanyang Mansion, starting from Song Shan Zhinan and stretching for hundreds of miles. At this point, it completely stopped, rotating like a bird's nest, but the grass was inside ... its bottom was as smooth as a palm, that is, the land where the harem plowed. " This passage describes the geographical situation of Wollongong, which stretches for hundreds of miles like a hovering dragon. Obviously, this place is a treasure trove of feng shui. Because of its nickname "Wolonggang", Zhuge Liang chose to cultivate Long Mu here, and because of the land, he was called "Long Fu" or "Wolong". "Geography of Ming Dynasty" said: "At that time, people were called Kongming Wolong, so they were named Gangyun." In the story of rebuilding Zhuge Ting in Ming Dynasty, General Yu said: "When Mr. Zhuge Liang plowed Nanyang, people called Nanyang' Long Fu', hence the name Wollongong, and the place where he lived was named after Mr. Shan." Whether it is a person named after the land or a mountain named after Mr. Wang, it shows that Zhuge Liang lives in Wollongong, Nanyang, where Wuhou cultivated.